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Principles of Biology 1st Semester Review
Chemistry and Biochemistry
1.
What is an element?
2.
What is a compound?
3. What is released when chemical bonds are broken (in most compounds)?
4. Using the VISUAL VOCAB on page 45, DRAW the difference between a monomer and a
polymer. LABEL! LABEL! AND LABEL!
5.
What are Polymers?
6.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
7. What is the function of a carbohydrate?
8.
What is the monomer of protein?
9. What is the function of a protein?
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10. What are enzymes?
11. What is the function of an enzyme?
12. What is a substrate? (Remember the lock and key model???)
13. Will enzymes work on any substrate or are they very specific?
14. What are the monomers of nucleic acids such as DNA?
15. What is the function of Nucleic acids?
16. LABEL the three parts of nucleotides?
17. What is DNA and where is it found?
18. LABEL the monomers of lipids?
19. What is the function of a lipid? (PLEASE READ: Lipids have the highest energy bond.)
20. What important cell structure do phospholipids form?
21. Write out the chemical formula for glucose?
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Cell Structure and Function
22. What is the basic unit of all living things?
23. DRAW the general shape of an animal cell?
24. DRAW is the general shape of a plant cell?
25. What organelles / structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
26. What is the function / job or the cell wall in plant cells?
27. What is the function / job of the mitochondria?
28. What is the function / job of the chloroplasts?
29. What is the function / job of the Golgi apparatus?
30. What is the function / job of the cell (plasma) membrane in an animal cell?
31. What is the function / job of the ribosome?
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32. What is the function / job of the vacuole in plants?
33. What I the function / job of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)?
34. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar in their job?
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Osmosis/Diffusion
35. What is osmosis?
36. What is simple diffusion?
37. When molecules move down a concentration gradient they move from __________ to
_________ concentrations.
38. Answer the following questions about transport of molecules across a membrane.
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Energy
39. What is the energy source of the cell produced by the mitochondria?
40. Where is ATP made?
41. Which food source/macromolecule does the mitochondria use to make ATP?
Energy, Photosynthesis, and Cell Respiration
42. What is the energy source of the cell?
43. Where is ATP made?
44. Which food source do we break down to make ATP?
45. In which organelle does cell respiration take place?
46. In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
47. Write out the molecular formula for photosynthesis?
(LABEL the reactants and products of photosynthesis?)
48. Write out the molecular formula for cellular respiration?
(LABEL the reactants and products of cellular respiration?)
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49. What is the energy conversion during photosynthesis?
50. What is the energy conversion during cellular respiration?
51. Where does the majority of a plant’s mass come from as a result of photosynthesis?
(it’s not the water…)
The _____________ comes from the _____________.
52. What happens to a person’s mass during cellular respiration? Does it go up or down? (explain)
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
53. What is DNA and where is it found?
54. What are the four bases of DNA?
55. How do they pair up? G pairs with____? A pairs with____?
56. If one side of a DNA strand read C C G T A C T, what does the other side read?
57. What is a nucleotide?
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
58. How many cells result from the cell cycle?
59. Do they have the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell?
60. What type of cell is produced by the cell cycle?
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
61. What type of cell is produced as a result of meiosis?
62. How many cells result from meiosis?
63. Do the new cells of MEIOSIS have the same amount
of chromosomes as the original cell?
64. What are gametes?
65. Would these new sex cells have the same or different genetic information as the original?
(Remember gene shuffling / gene recombination).
66. What is a ZYGOTE?
67. What is cell specialization?
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Genetics
68. What is the definition of heredity?
69. What is a gene? Where are they found? What are they made of?
What does a gene do?
70. What are homologous chromosomes?
71. What is an allele?
72. What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
73. What is a genotype?
74. What is a phenotype?
75. What is a Punnett square?
76. If TT x tt is crossed in a Punnett square, what is the genotype of the offspring?
77. Draw a Punnett square to show how an individual can inherit sickle cell disease?
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78. What is meant by co-dominance?
79. What does poly mean?
What is a gene?
80. What is a polygenic trait? Give an example.
81. What is a sex-linked trait?
82. What does Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment state?
83. What can UV radiation do to the DNA of skin cells and what can that lead to?
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SCIENTIFIC REASONING
Research Summary: This passage will present you with a description of a scientific experiment and
the results of the investigation. You may be asked to evaluate the experimental method, to interpret the
results, and to appreciate some of the implications of the experimental findings.
Experiment 1
Temperature was varied to determine the effect it has on reaction rate. This experiment was done at a
pH of 7.
Experiment 2
The pH was varied to determine the effect it has on reaction rate. This experiment was done at room
temperature (22oC).
1. For which condition was the reaction rate the highest in Experiment 1?
a. A temperature of 100oC
b. A temperature of 37oC
c. A temperature of 22oC
d. A temperature of 0oC
2. Conducting Experiment 2 at a temperature of 37oC would most likely cause
a. a change in the concentration of the catalase and hydrogen peroxide
solutions.
b. the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to occur more rapidly.
c. the production of bubbles of oxygen gas to be slower.
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d. no change in the results.
3. In Experiment 1, which condition was kept the same?
a. The temperature
b. The pH
c. The amount of oxygen produced
d. The reaction rate
4. Which inference can be made based on both experiments?
a. Warmer temperatures speed up all chemical reactions.
b. This enzyme can break down many other toxic substances found in
living cells.
c. This enzyme normally functions in living cells with pH around 7 and
a temperature around 37oC.
d. At a pH of 4, catalase does not break down hydrogen peroxide.
5. An explanation for what occurs in both experiments might be that:
a. Hydrogen peroxide is not actually broken down by catalase.
b. Extremes of pH and temperature change the shape of the enzyme
making it less functional.
c. Extremes in concentrations of solutions change the shape of the
enzyme making it less functional.
d. Extremely high or low reaction rates are easily the result of chance.