Table 12-1. Chapter 12: Social Mobility, Outline
I. Social Mobility
A. Class
B. Race
C. Gender
D. Historical and Comparative
II. The Attainment Process
A. Models
1. Blau and Duncan
2. Wisconsin
B. Education
1. Attainment models
2. Critical perspectives
C. The Conflict Perspective on Status Attainment
Table 12-2. Outflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation,
1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392)
Son's Current Occupation
Father's
Occup
Up NonM
Up NM
56.8%
16.7%
11.5%
Low NM
43.1%
23.7%
Up Man
24.7%
Low Man
Lo NonM
UpManual LoManual
Farm
Total
13.8%
1.2%
100%
14.6%
17.0%
1.7%
100%
17.0%
28.6%
28.8%
1.2%
100%
17.9%
14.8%
21.9%
43.4%
1.9%
100%
Farm
10.3%
12.3%
19.3%
35.9%
22.2%
100%
Total
24.5%
15.9%
20.2%
31.7%
7.7%
100%
1962 (N=10,550)
1973 (N=20,850)
Up NM
59.4%
11.4%
12.8%
15.5%
.9%
100%
Low NM
45.1%
16.6%
16.4%
20.7%
1.2%
100%
Up Man
30.9%
12.2%
27.7%
28.1%
1.2%
100%
Low Man
22.9%
12.1%
23.9%
40.1%
1.0%
100%
Farm
16.4%
9.0%
22.9%
37.1%
14.5%
100%
Total
31.2%
11.8%
21.9%
31.0%
4.1%
100%
Table 12-3. Inflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962
and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392)
Son's Current Occupation
Father's
Occup
Up NonM
Up NM
25.4%
11.6%
6.2%
Low NM
23.1%
19.6%
Up Man
19.0%
Low Man
Lo NonM
UpManual LoManual
Farm
Total
4.8%
1.7%
11.0%
9.5%
7.0%
2.9%
13.1%
20.2%
26.3%
17.1%
2.9%
18.8%
20.1%
25.6%
29.7%
37.6%
6.8%
27.4%
Farm
12.5%
23.0%
28.3%
33.6%
85.7%
29.7%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
1962 (N=10,550)
1973 (N=20,850)
Up NM
29.3%
14.8%
9.0%
7.7%
3.2%
15.4%
Low NM
16.7%
16.2%
8.6%
7.7%
3.3%
11.5%
Up Man
20.2%
21.0%
25.8%
18.5%
5.8%
20.4%
Low Man
21.8%
30.5%
32.6%
38.5%
7.0%
29.7%
Farm
12.1%
17.5%
24.0%
27.5%
80.7%
22.9%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Figure 12-1. Percent Upward, Downward, Mobile, Immobile,
Structural and Exchange Mobility in 1962 and 1973 (Based
on Kerbo, pp. 393-394)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1962
1973
Up
Down
Mobile
47.6
50.9
15.3
17.2
66.9
68.1
Not
Structrl Xchnge
Mobile
33.1
31.9
22
18.8
44.9
49.3
Figure 12-2. Father's and Son's Occupational Distributions,
1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392)
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
Father 62
Son 62
Father 73
Son 73
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
UpNM
LoNM
UpMan
LoMan
Farm
Table 12-4. Percent of Fathers and Sons Across Occupations
in 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392)
Occupations
UpNonM
LO NonM UpManual LoManual
Farm
Total
Father's
1962
11.0%
13.1%
18.8%
27.4%
29.7%
100%
Son's
1962
24.5%
15.9%
20.2%
31.7%
7.7%
100%
Father's
1973
15.4%
11.5%
20.4%
29.7%
22.9%
100%
Son's
1973
31.2%
11.8%
21.9%
31.0%
4.1%
100%
Figure 12-3. Intergenerational Income Inheritance in the
U.S., 1950-2000 (Kerbo, p. 395)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percent
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
40%
35%
34%
32%
46%
58%
Figure 12-4. Comparative Income Inheritance in the U.S. and
European Union (Kerbo, p. 396)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Percent
Finland
Canada
Sweden
Germany
U.S.
U.K.
22%
23%
28%
34%
43%
57%
Table 12-5. Black Outflow Mobility, Father to Son
Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 400)
Son's Current Occupation
Father's
Occup
Up NonM
Up NM
13.3%
10.0%
13.7%
Low NM
8.3%
14.0%
Up Man
8.2%
Low Man
Lo NonM
UpManual LoManual
Farm
Total
63.0%
0.0%
100%
14.0%
63.7%
0.0%
100%
10.9%
10.9%
67.0%
3.0%
100%
6.7%
9.1%
11.1%
71.0%
2.1%
100%
Farm
1.2%
5.4%
7.1%
66.3
19.9%
100%
Total
4.5%
7.7%
9.4%
67.9%
10.5%
100%
1962
1973
Up NM
43.9%
11.8%
8.3%
36.0%
0.0%
100%
Low NM
19.5%
20.8%
13.4%
45.5%
.8%
100%
Up Man
16.3
13.9%
15.8%
53.7%
0.2%
100%
Low Man
12.1
12.2%
13.7%
61.0%
1.0%
100%
Farm
5.1
6.8%
16.5%
63.2%
8.4%
100%
Total
11.6
10.8%
14.7%
59.4%
3.5%
100%
Table 12-6 Father to Son Movement Bottom and Top Income
Quartiles for Blacks and Whites in 2000 (Kerbo, p. 403)
Bottom to Top
Top to Bottom
All
7.3%
9.2%
White
10.2%
9.0%
Black
4.2%
18.5%
Black-White
-6.0%
9.5%
Figure 12-5. Comparative Son and Daughter Income
Inheritance in the U.S. and European Union (Kerbo, p. 406)
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Dnmrk Finlnd Norwy Swedn
24.7%
Sons
Daughters 23.5%
27.8%
23.8%
28.2%
23.5%
25.8%
23.9%
U.K.
U.S.
30.3%
23.2%
42.2%
25.6%
Table 12-7. Kerbo's Summary of Major Points on Mobility
(Based on pp. 413-414)
•
Occupational inheritance in the U.S. is fairly high at the top (upper non-manual)
and the bottom (lower manual)
•
We have very limited data on upper class mobility, but there obviously is some
sponsored mobility
•
Mobility seems to have been pretty stable from 1910 to 1973, especially clear for
1960-1973, but may be declining since the 1980s
•
Mobility patterns for white women and black men are very different and very
different from white men
•
Women seem to inherit father’s occupation through husband and tend to be more
mobile than men, through marriage
Figure 12-6. Blau and Duncan's Path Model (Kerbo, p. 415)
X
X
.859
Father's
Education
.310
Son's
Education
.753
.394
Son's
Occupation
.440
.279
.115
.516
.281
Father's
Occupation
.224
Son's
First Job
.818
X
Figure 12-7. Wisconsin School Path Model (Kerbo, p. 417)
X
X
.859
Parents's
SES
.246
Significant
Others
Occupational
Aspirations
.441
.227
.179
Educational
Attainment
.320
.288
.261
.508
.218
Mental
Ability
.589
Academic
performance
.808
X
.778
.152
.522
.457
Educational
Aspirations
.218
.792
X
.627
Occupational
Status
.768
X
.654
X
Figure 12-8. Percent of University and Community
College Students from Bottom to Top Income
Quartiles (Kerbo, p. 422)
Figure 12-9. College Completion Rates by Entrance Test Scores
Family Income (Kerbo, p. 423)
80
70
60
50
40
Low income
30
Middle Income
20
High Income
10
0
Low
score
Mid Hi Score
Score
Figure 12-10. Structural and Individual Variables Affecting
Income Attainment (Kerbo, p. 407)
Industry:
Core/Periphery
Firm
Characteristics
Authority
Position
Property
Relations
Global Economic
Changes
Income
Occupational
Status
Occupational
Skill Level
Racism and
Sexism