SOLAR RESOURCES AND CARBON FOOTPRINT OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER IN DIFFERENT REGIONS IN EUROPE
Mariska de Wild-Scholten
SmartGreenScans, Wagenmakersweg 22, 1873 GH Groet, the Netherlands
[email protected]
Valérick Cassagne
Total – New Energies, France, [email protected]
Thomas Huld
Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
T.P. 450, I-21027 Ispra, Italy, [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The 2011 world average carbon footprint of PV system manufacturing is estimated as 1798 kg CO2eq/kWp using technology shares (multi, mono, film Si, CdTe, CIGS) as weighting factors. The electricity mixes of all
production countries of poly-Si, wafer, cell and modules was taken into account. New yearly irradiation data (kWh/m2)
and PV energy output (kWh/kWp) are calculated for different regions in Europe on NUTS level 1 and 2 for horizontal,
optimum and vertical angle. The world average carbon footprint of PV electricity generation is estimated as 55 g CO2eq/kWh with cumulative installations as weighting factors. Lowest value of 38 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Cyprus which has a
high irradiation and the highest value of 89 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Iceland which has a low irradiation. It is assumed that
the PV modules are installed at optimal angle to the sun and end-of-life treatment is excluded. The majority of countries
can decrease the greenhouse gas emission of electricity generation by increasing the share of photovoltaics.
Keywords: energy performance, environmental effect, carbon footprint
1
INTRODUCTION
The 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1] states that 1)
continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause
further warming and changes in all components of the
climate system and 2) limiting climate change will
require substantial and sustained reductions of
greenhouse gas emissions. This raises the question
whether photovoltaics could contribute to decreasing the
life-cycle greenhouse gas emission (carbon footprint) of
electricity generation. In other words: What is the
mitigation potential of photovoltaics?
In this paper we will estimate carbon footprint of PV
electricity for different countries and several regions in
Europe. First we determine the life-cycle world average
carbon footprint of PV systems (in kg CO2-eq/kWp).
Combined with regional specific data for irradiation (in
kWh/m2.year) and cumulative installations (MWp) we
calculate the world average carbon footprint of PV (g
CO2-eq/kWh).
Country average irradiation levels
have been
published [2-4] but since there is often a large regional
variation of this irradiation this paper presents new
irradiation data for different regions in Europe on NUTS
(Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques,
Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics) level 1
and 2 for horizontal, optimum and vertical angle of the
installed PV module.
2
CARBON FOOTPRINT OF MANUFACTURING
The carbon footprint of photovoltaic system
production (kg CO2-eq/kWp), status 2011, is calculated
using Life Cycle Assessment and based on data collected
by SmartGreenScans [5,6] and auxiliary data from the
ecoinvent 2.2 database. It is assumed that all potent
greenhouse gases like NF3, SF6 and CF4 are properly
abated in the case they are used in manufacturing.
Reliable information on the use and direct emission of
these gases is missing. End-of-life treatment is excluded.
For the electricity mixes used at the manufacturing sites
we used the electricity mix of the countries where the
actual production takes place (Table 1). For Balance-ofSystem components we used the unmodified ecoinvent
2.2 data. The life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are
calculated with Simapro 7 software using the
IPCC2007GWP100a impact assessment method.
Technology market shares of mono- and
multicrystalline silicon, thin film silicon, CdTe, and
CIGS are used as weighting factors to calculate the world
average carbon footprint of PV system manufacturing per
kWp module power (Table 2): 1798 kg CO2-eq/kWp.
3
PV ENERGY OUTPUT
PV energy output (kWh/kWp.year) is estimated using
models of irradiation (kWh/m2.year) and the performance
of the PV system and are shown in Table 3 and 4.
Irradiation is estimated using the PVGIS solar
radiation database [2]. In most of Europe, this is based on
solar radiation estimates from satellite data, processed by
the CM SAF collaboration (www.cmsaf.eu). North of 60
degrees North the solar radiation data is a gridded dataset
interpolated from ground station data [3]. The min - area
weighted average - max irradiation values per year for
European
countries
are
1)
780-1252-1982
kWh/m2
for
horizontal,
2) 963-1463-2233 kWh/m2 for optimal angle and
3) 751-995-1331 kWh/m2 for vertical installation.
PV performance is calculated using a model for the
PV power as a function of irradiance and temperature [7].
The modules are assumed to use crystalline silicon solar
cells. The balance-of-system energy losses are assumed
to be 10%. The min – area weighted average – max PV
energy output values per year for European countries are
1) 630-995-1532 kWh/kWp for horizontal,
2) 767-1163-1724 kWh/kWp for optimum angle,
3) 611-798-1025 kWh/kWp for vertical installation.
However, the calculation of the world average carbon
footprint is based on a performance ratio of 0.75, power
degradation of 0.23% per year and lifetime of 30 years
for all technologies and all countries since detailed
calculation of PV performance outside Europe is missing.
Irradiation and PV energy output are calculated for
horizontal-, optimum- and vertical angle of the PV
module and for regions in Europe classified according to
NUTS levels 1 and 2. The complete Excel file is
available for download [8].
For other countries area-weighted irradiation data are
taken from Breyer [4].
4
CUMULATIVE INSTALLATIONS
Cumulative installation for the year 2013 are taken
from EPIA [9] and IEA PVPS [10]. Data for regions in
Europe are available for EPIA members.
5
AVERAGE CARBON FOOTPRINT PER REGION
Per region the average carbon footprint is calculated
using the cumulative installation per region as weighting
factors (Table 5). The carbon footprint of the country
electricity production mixes (excluding import of
electricity) are shown as well and provide the mitigation
potential of photovoltaics.
6
2-axes PV systems, 25th European Photovoltaic Solar
Energy Conference, Valencia
[5] M.J. de Wild-Scholten (2014) Life Cycle Assessment
of Photovoltaics Status 2011, Part 1 Data Collection,
report published by SmartGreenScans
[6] M.J. de Wild-Scholten (2013) Energy payback time
and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic
systems, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 119:
296-305
[7] T. Huld, G. Friesen, A. Skoczek, R.P. Kenny, T.
Sample, M. Field, E.D. Dunlop (2011) A powerrating model for crystalline silicon PV modules, Solar
Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 3359-3369
[8] T. Huld (2014) Yearly global irradiation and PV
energy output in European countries on NUTS levels
1 and 2 (Excel file, version 1), published by the
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra,
Italy,
download:
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/download/Yearlyglobal-irradiation-and-PV-energy-output-inEuropean-countries.xlsx
[9] EPIA (2014) Global Market Outlook for
Photovoltaics 2014-2018
[10] IEA (2014) Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2013,
Report IEA-PVPS T1-24:2014
Table II: Calculation of average carbon footprint of PV
system manufacturing with technology shares as
weighting factor
CONCLUSIONS
The world average carbon footprint is estimated as
55 g CO2-eq/kWh with the lowest value of 38 g CO2eq/kWh for Cyprus which has a high irradiation and the
highest value of 89 g CO2-eq/kWh for Iceland which has
a low irradiation. Assumed is that the PV modules are
installed at optimal angle to the sun and end-of-life
treatment is excluded. The majority of countries can
decrease the greenhouse gas emission of electricity
generation by increasing the share of photovoltaics.
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Technology
Technology shares
Carbon footprint PV system
Photon International March
2012
kg CO2-eq/kWp
2011
2011
mono c-Si
30.9
2728
multi c-Si
57.0
1536
ribbon c-Si
0.0
a-Si/μc-Si
3.4
876
CdTe
5.5
574
CIS
2.4
750
other
0.8
100.0
EPIA kindly provided cumulative installation per
region in Europe.
8
REFERENCES
[1] Working Group I, Contribution to the IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report, Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers,
http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
[2] M. Súri, T. Huld, E.D. Dunlop (2005) PV-GIS: a
web-based solar radiation database for the calculation
of PV potential in Europe, J. Sustain. Energ. 24, 55–
67.
[3] T. Huld, R. Müller, A. Gambardella (2012) A new
solar radiation database for estimating PV
performance in Europe and Africa. Solar Energy, 86
1803-1815
[4] Ch. Breyer, J. Schmid (2010) Population density and
area weighted solar Irradiation: global overview on
solar resource conditions for fixed tilted, 1-axis and
1798
weighted average
Table I: Production (capacities) of poly-silicon, wafers, cells and modules in different regions in the world
Europe
xSi
Solar Silicon
Wafers
Cells
Modules
film-Si
CdTe
CIGS
Modules
Modules
Modules
capacity 2011
capacity 2012
production 2012
production 2012
production 2011
capacity 2012
production 2012
production 2011
capacity 2012
production 2012
production 2011
capacity 2012
production 2012
Grunwald 2012
EPIA 2013
EPIA 2013
Sage 2013
Mehta 2013
EPIA 2013
EPIA 2013
Mehta 2013
EPIA 2013
EPIA 2013
Mehta 2013
EPIA 2013
EPIA 2013
10%
17%
20%
19%
7%
8%
7%
6%
5%
5%
12%
13%
14%
Americas
23%
28%
34%
26%
1%
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
4%
3%
4%
Arabia-Africa
0%
production 2011
production 2011
production 2011
Photon Int 2012
Photon Int 2012
Photon Int 2012
65%
15%
22%
13%
14%
19%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
Asia-Pacific
26%
20%
19%
24%
25%
13%
12%
30%
22%
27%
15%
11%
13%
22%
70%
59%
China
41%
35%
27%
31%
67%
78%
80%
62%
71%
66%
66%
73%
69%
0%
0%
0%
Table III: Area-weighted yearly global irradiation (kWh/m2) and PV energy output (kWh/kWp) on horizontal-, optimumand vertical angle for regions in Europe classified according to NUTS levels 1
NUTS
code
AT1
AT2
AT3
BE1
BE2
BE3
BG3
BG4
CH0
CY0
CZ0
DE1
DE2
DE3
DE4
DE5
DE6
DE7
DE8
DE9
DEA
DEB
DEC
DED
DEE
DEF
DEG
DK0
EE0
EL1
EL2
EL3
EL4
N_A
ES1
ES2
ES3
ES4
ES5
ES6
ES7
FI1
FI2
FR1
FR2
FR3
FR4
FR5
FR6
FR7
FR8
FR9
Region name
AUSTRIA
Ostösterreich
Südösterreich
Westösterreich
BELGIUM
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest
Vlaams Gewest
Région Wallonne
BULGARIA
Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria
Yugozapadna i Yuzhna Centralna Bulgaria
SWITZERLAND
Schweiz/Suisse/Svizzera
CYPRUS
Kýpros / Kibris
CZECH REPUBLIC
Ceská republika
GERMANY
Baden-Württemberg
Bayern
Berlin
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Hessen
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Niedersachsen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Rheinland-Pfalz
Saarland
Sachsen
Sachsen-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thüringen
DENMARK
Danmark
ESTONIA
Eesti
GREECE excluding Mount Athos
Voreia Ellada
Kentriki Ellada
Attiki
Nisia Aigaiou; Kriti
Mount Athos
SPAIN excluding Atlantic Islands
Noroeste
Noreste
Comunidad de Madrid
Centro (ES)
Este
Sur
Canarias
FINLAND
Manner-Suomi
Åland
FRANCE excluding overseas departments
Île de France
Bassin Parisien
Nord - Pas-de-Calais
Est
Ouest
Sud-Ouest
Centre-Est
Méditerranée
Départements d'outre-mer
Area
(km2)
83866
23532
25968
34366
30662
164
13605
16893
111010
68303
42707
41294
41294
9302
9302
78902
78902
357796
36063
70638
887
29673
385
767
21127
23060
47779
34127
19825
2565
18457
20501
15748
16194
43125
43125
45383
45383
131938
56586
53993
3808
17551
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
1138
1162
1165
1102
1074
1074
1083
1066
1432
1426
1440
1194
1194
1982
1982
1097
1097
1081
1145
1120
1071
1075
1039
1037
1070
1058
1042
1048
1093
1112
1062
1075
1042
1051
1007
1007
966
966
1698
1601
1726
1816
1895
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
923
933
947
898
859
859
865
855
1134
1122
1153
972
972
1532
1532
884
884
867
921
902
855
860
831
831
859
849
835
839
876
891
854
861
835
847
804
804
773
773
1341
1269
1363
1426
1487
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1329
1340
1376
1287
1237
1242
1254
1223
1633
1619
1654
1396
1396
2233
2233
1254
1254
1251
1325
1291
1245
1252
1212
1212
1227
1240
1211
1212
1251
1272
1228
1248
1225
1208
1192
1192
1152
1152
1924
1829
1951
2050
2119
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
1072
1080
1112
1037
995
998
1007
984
1293
1275
1321
1121
1121
1724
1724
1015
1015
1008
1070
1044
996
1004
973
977
988
1000
974
973
1007
1023
992
1004
986
976
955
955
927
927
1510
1444
1525
1602
1654
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
927
918
970
900
863
870
882
848
1062
1049
1082
963
963
1331
1331
860
860
874
913
891
877
883
862
861
849
882
856
851
861
870
860
879
877
841
865
865
840
840
1185
1159
1190
1239
1246
498607
45535
70386
8026
215184
60484
98992
0
337383
336059
1324
549211
12063
146650
12461
48315
85876
104459
71065
68322
0
1688
1395
1586
1727
1710
1680
1851
0
839
839
960
1299
1192
1203
1116
1178
1287
1363
1323
1533
0
1323
1109
1250
1355
1341
1319
1432
0
672
672
770
1033
946
959
892
943
1023
1079
1058
1214
0
1970
1626
1873
2021
1993
1990
2132
0
1056
1056
1178
1520
1377
1394
1295
1364
1511
1600
1550
1828
0
1539
1288
1474
1579
1559
1557
1643
0
858
858
952
1212
1097
1116
1040
1097
1207
1271
1237
1441
0
1275
1089
1247
1306
1283
1321
1334
0
822
821
884
1042
950
959
907
936
1049
1092
1054
1241
0
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
761
745
801
742
696
702
711
684
847
830
874
792
792
1025
1025
699
699
708
741
724
707
713
696
697
687
715
692
687
695
701
699
711
709
684
696
696
681
681
938
925
940
971
971
1007
870
992
1035
1014
1047
1038
0
675
675
719
836
758
770
731
756
840
872
850
994
0
NUTS
code
HR0
HU1
HU2
HU3
IE0
IS0
ITC
ITF
ITG
ITH
ITI
LI0
LT0
LU0
LV0
ME0
MK0
MT0
NL1
NL2
NL3
NL4
NO0
PL1
PL2
PL3
PL4
PL5
PL6
PT1
PT2
PT3
RO1
RO2
RO3
RO4
SE1
SE2
SE3
SI0
SK0
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
TR7
TR8
TR9
TRA
TRB
TRC
UKC
UKD
UKE
UKF
UKG
UKH
UKI
UKJ
UKK
UKL
UKM
UKN
Region name
CROATIA
Hrvatska
HUNGARY
Közép-Magyarország
Dunántúl
Alföld és Észak
IRELAND
Ireland
ICELAND
Ísland
ITALY
Nord-Ovest
Sud
Isole
Nord-Est
Centro (IT)
LIECHTENSTEIN
Liechtenstein
LITHUANIA
Lietuva
LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg
LATVIA
Latvija
MONTENEGRO
Crna Gora
MACEDONIA
Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija
MALTA
Malta
NETHERLANDS
Noord-Nederland
Oost-Nederland
West-Nederland
Zuid-Nederland
NORWAY
Norge
POLAND
Region Centralny
Region Poludniowy
Region Wschodni
Region Pólnocno-Zachodni
Region Poludniowo-Zachodni
Region Pólnocny
PORTUGAL excluding Atlantic Islands
Continente
Região Autónoma dos Açores
Região Autónoma da Madeira
ROMANIA
Macroregiunea Unu
Macroregiunea Doi
Macroregiunea Trei
Macroregiunea Patru
SWEDEN
Östra Sverige
Södra Sverige
Norra Sverige
SLOVENIA
Slovenija
SLOVAKIA
Slovensko
TURKEY
Istanbul
Bati Marmara
Ege
Dogu Marmara
Bati Anadolu
Akdeniz
Orta Anadolu
Bati Karadeniz
Dogu Karadeniz
Kuzeydogu Anadolu
Ortadogu Anadolu
Güneydogu Anadolu
UNITED KINGDOM
North East (England)
North West (England)
Yorkshire and the Humber
East Midlands (England)
West Midlands (England)
East of England
London
South East (England)
South West (England)
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Area
(km2)
56518
56518
93028
6903
36640
49485
69999
69999
102649
102649
301027
57940
73457
49935
61614
58081
163
163
64918
64918
2608
2608
64642
64642
13849
13849
25371
25371
311
311
35514
8631
10119
9490
7274
324001
324001
311905
53745
27510
74845
66248
29371
60186
88957
88957
0
0
238313
68309
72572
36205
61227
449503
50310
84930
314263
20242
20242
49088
49088
772044
5285
43067
89275
49343
73027
88513
91043
74069
35092
70802
77440
75088
245072
8641
14181
15440
15670
13029
19219
1594
19155
23989
20870
79127
14157
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
1370
1370
1296
1291
1297
1296
998
998
780
780
1521
1384
1598
1752
1366
1526
1141
1141
1016
1016
1090
1090
1000
1000
1367
1367
1497
1497
1918
1918
1067
1049
1054
1095
1069
820
820
1082
1090
1081
1093
1074
1090
1064
1734
1734
0
0
1295
1210
1308
1385
1322
873
931
938
846
1255
1255
1160
1160
1658
1524
1607
1791
1554
1726
1806
1665
1491
1316
1502
1664
1823
982
945
957
983
1034
1024
1077
1086
1111
1098
1009
880
944
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
1086
1086
1032
1027
1033
1031
800
800
630
630
1202
1105
1254
1371
1090
1204
920
920
809
809
876
876
798
798
1093
1093
1193
1193
1491
1491
852
838
841
875
853
657
657
868
875
871
878
860
876
851
1356
1356
0
0
1027
966
1037
1091
1047
699
743
749
678
1007
1007
932
932
1307
1206
1272
1410
1235
1364
1409
1317
1186
1047
1192
1311
1417
788
761
769
788
828
821
863
870
890
881
812
708
759
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1581
1581
1494
1487
1496
1492
1175
1175
963
963
1768
1645
1832
1998
1614
1775
1345
1345
1178
1178
1243
1243
1176
1176
1565
1565
1711
1711
2163
2163
1244
1227
1227
1280
1239
1020
1020
1252
1259
1245
1257
1251
1262
1241
2007
2007
0
0
1488
1393
1506
1587
1515
1090
1122
1103
1082
1459
1459
1339
1339
1876
1703
1811
2040
1753
1955
2049
1884
1693
1493
1690
1861
2066
1154
1125
1121
1164
1225
1198
1275
1274
1308
1287
1177
1032
1108
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
1253
1253
1193
1187
1196
1191
951
951
767
767
1389
1298
1433
1560
1277
1397
1079
1079
938
938
1002
1002
940
940
1244
1244
1356
1356
1683
1683
997
984
983
1028
993
811
811
1009
1016
1009
1014
1005
1021
996
1565
1565
0
0
1181
1112
1195
1251
1198
879
903
883
874
1166
1166
1078
1078
1478
1353
1433
1598
1390
1542
1588
1492
1347
1194
1354
1467
1606
933
916
910
945
990
968
1028
1027
1056
1040
954
833
900
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
1046
1046
1008
1005
1008
1008
858
858
751
751
1162
1131
1171
1245
1108
1170
946
946
834
834
850
850
845
845
1019
1019
1098
1098
1308
1308
883
877
871
908
874
791
791
876
877
863
871
881
882
877
1280
1280
0
0
998
947
1012
1049
1008
841
835
799
854
991
991
919
919
1154
1054
1120
1256
1090
1198
1250
1159
1078
968
1044
1109
1254
838
833
814
854
894
865
924
912
935
918
842
757
810
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
835
835
810
807
811
809
696
696
611
611
926
915
922
974
896
931
770
770
667
667
686
686
680
680
820
820
882
882
1014
1014
711
707
701
732
704
648
648
709
710
704
706
712
717
707
1002
1002
0
0
798
762
810
833
804
689
675
643
704
804
804
746
746
913
833
887
992
868
949
978
918
860
777
831
874
981
681
680
662
695
726
701
750
739
758
744
684
616
659
Table IV: Area-weighted yearly global irradiation (kWh/m2) and PV energy output (kWh/kWp) on horizontal-, optimumand vertical angle for regions in Europe classified according to NUTS levels 2
NUTS
code
AT11
AT12
AT13
AT21
AT22
AT31
AT32
AT33
AT34
BE10
BE21
BE22
BE23
BE24
BE25
BE31
BE32
BE33
BE34
BE35
BG31
BG32
BG33
BG34
BG41
BG42
CH01
CH02
CH03
CH04
CH05
CH06
CH07
CY00
CZ01
CZ02
CZ03
CZ04
CZ05
CZ06
CZ07
CZ08
DE11
DE12
DE13
DE14
DE21
DE22
DE23
DE24
DE25
DE26
DE27
DE30
DE40
DE50
DE60
DE71
DE72
DE73
DE80
DE91
DE92
DE93
DE94
DEA1
DEA2
DEA3
DEA4
DEA5
DEB1
DEB2
DEB3
DEC0
DED2
DED4
DED5
DEE0
DEF0
DEG0
DK01
DK02
DK03
Region name
AUSTRIA
Burgenland (AT)
Niederösterreich
Wien
Kärnten
Steiermark
Oberösterreich
Salzburg
Tirol
Vorarlberg
BELGIUM
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest
Prov. Antwerpen
Prov. Limburg (BE)
Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen
Prov. Vlaams-Brabant
Prov. West-Vlaanderen
Prov. Brabant Wallon
Prov. Hainaut
Prov. Liège
Prov. Luxembourg (BE)
Prov. Namur
BULGARIA
Severozapaden
Severen tsentralen
Severoiztochen
Yugoiztochen
Yugozapaden
Yuzhen tsentralen
SWITZERLAND
Région lémanique
Espace Mittelland
Nordwestschweiz
Zürich
Ostschweiz
Zentralschweiz
Ticino
CYPRUS
Kýpros / Kibris
CZECH REPUBLIC
Praha
Strední Cechy
Jihozápad
Severozápad
Severovýchod
Jihovýchod
Strední Morava
Moravskoslezsko
GERMANY
Stuttgart
Karlsruhe
Freiburg
Tübingen
Oberbayern
Niederbayern
Oberpfalz
Oberfranken
Mittelfranken
Unterfranken
Schwaben
Berlin
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Darmstadt
Gießen
Kassel
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Braunschweig
Hannover
Lüneburg
Weser-Ems
Düsseldorf
Köln
Münster
Detmold
Arnsberg
Koblenz
Trier
Rheinhessen-Pfalz
Saarland
Dresden
Chemnitz
Leipzig
Sachsen-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thüringen
DENMARK
Hovedstaden
Sjælland
Syddanmark
Area
(km2)
83866
3939
19179
414
9529
16439
11969
7161
12635
2601
30662
164
2888
2439
2999
2111
3168
1078
3840
3843
4454
3678
111010
19089
14841
14574
19799
20289
22418
41294
8737
10012
1972
1732
11523
4486
2832
9302
9302
78902
505
11033
17612
8651
12493
13992
9251
5365
357796
10566
6912
9495
9090
17544
10325
9666
7225
7286
8561
10031
887
29673
385
767
7445
5387
8295
23060
8131
9072
15570
15006
5301
7380
6928
6509
8009
8085
4927
6813
2565
7934
6534
3989
20501
15748
16194
43125
2586
7310
12088
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
1138
1240
1145
1207
1209
1140
1129
1064
1097
1098
1074
1074
1068
1073
1081
1080
1107
1082
1086
1050
1057
1069
1432
1398
1424
1427
1456
1407
1469
1194
1259
1204
1204
1208
1138
1137
1265
1982
1982
1097
1106
1098
1096
1059
1079
1133
1111
1078
1081
1132
1133
1159
1153
1139
1141
1100
1069
1117
1095
1143
1071
1075
1039
1037
1100
1068
1044
1058
1044
1044
1041
1041
1065
1063
1052
1039
1028
1071
1072
1133
1112
1069
1039
1086
1075
1042
1051
1007
1033
1051
1015
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
923
990
921
965
985
925
912
870
901
895
859
859
853
857
864
863
885
865
868
842
849
856
1134
1103
1118
1119
1146
1130
1173
972
1023
977
968
972
932
927
1032
1532
1532
884
886
883
885
855
871
912
896
871
867
909
909
934
931
918
920
887
862
898
879
922
855
860
831
831
881
858
841
849
839
837
834
832
849
850
840
833
825
859
861
907
891
859
838
870
861
835
847
804
828
842
812
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1329
1436
1319
1391
1434
1343
1306
1249
1289
1292
1237
1242
1235
1240
1253
1248
1288
1248
1252
1206
1205
1225
1633
1589
1619
1620
1648
1619
1686
1396
1477
1407
1395
1396
1325
1320
1517
2233
2233
1254
1264
1255
1254
1206
1233
1296
1272
1235
1251
1308
1310
1347
1333
1327
1314
1259
1221
1283
1255
1325
1245
1252
1212
1212
1264
1224
1196
1240
1205
1210
1214
1212
1234
1227
1220
1200
1185
1225
1222
1303
1272
1238
1197
1260
1248
1225
1208
1192
1227
1249
1200
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
1072
1152
1064
1118
1157
1086
1055
1007
1035
1042
995
998
991
994
1006
1002
1035
1002
1005
971
973
985
1293
1252
1273
1273
1299
1295
1345
1121
1179
1136
1123
1127
1067
1065
1195
1724
1724
1015
1018
1014
1019
978
998
1047
1028
1002
1008
1054
1054
1088
1080
1072
1062
1018
988
1036
1011
1073
996
1004
973
977
1016
986
965
1000
971
973
976
973
988
986
978
965
955
986
985
1047
1023
999
971
1012
1004
986
976
955
987
1005
964
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
927
981
905
946
1011
946
901
882
909
906
863
870
869
869
882
875
908
873
874
838
827
848
1062
1033
1053
1052
1059
1064
1098
963
1016
971
949
949
916
910
1071
1331
1331
860
870
863
862
829
847
883
870
850
874
903
904
929
915
922
900
863
840
884
865
914
877
883
862
861
873
846
829
882
844
851
860
861
869
858
861
843
830
845
838
897
870
868
837
884
879
877
841
865
886
901
867
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
761
792
735
764
836
780
735
729
754
746
696
702
700
700
711
706
732
703
703
678
668
684
847
821
833
830
839
862
885
792
833
796
769
771
756
748
887
1025
1025
699
702
698
702
674
688
716
707
693
708
731
732
756
745
752
732
701
682
716
700
745
707
713
696
697
705
685
673
715
683
688
695
694
699
693
694
681
672
683
677
723
701
705
683
716
711
709
684
696
716
728
700
NUTS
code
DK04
DK05
EE00
EL11
EL12
EL13
EL14
EL21
EL22
EL23
EL24
EL25
EL30
EL41
EL42
EL43
ES11
ES12
ES13
ES21
ES22
ES23
ES24
ES30
ES41
ES42
ES43
ES51
ES52
ES53
ES61
ES62
ES63
ES64
ES70
FI19
FI1B
FI1C
FI1D
FI20
FR10
FR21
FR22
FR23
FR24
FR25
FR26
FR30
FR41
FR42
FR43
FR51
FR52
FR53
FR61
FR62
FR63
FR71
FR72
FR81
FR82
FR83
FR91
FR92
FR93
FR94
HR03
HR04
HU10
HU21
HU22
HU23
HU31
HU32
HU33
IE01
IE02
IS00
ITC1
ITC2
ITC3
ITC4
ITF1
ITF2
ITF3
ITF4
Region name
Midtjylland
Nordjylland
ESTONIA
Eesti
GREECE excluding Mount Athos
Anatoliki Makedonia; Thraki
Kentriki Makedonia
Dytiki Makedonia
Thessalia
Ipeiros
Ionia Nisia
Dytiki Ellada
Sterea Ellada
Peloponnisos
Attiki
Voreio Aigaio
Notio Aigaio
Kriti
SPAIN excluding Atlantic Islands
Galicia
Principado de Asturias
Cantabria
País Vasco
Comunidad Foral de Navarra
La Rioja
Aragón
Comunidad de Madrid
Castilla y León
Castilla-La Mancha
Extremadura
Cataluña
Comunidad Valenciana
Illes Balears
Andalucía
Región de Murcia
Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta
Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla
Canarias
FINLAND
Länsi-Suomi
Helsinki-Uusimaa
Etelä-Suomi
Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi
Åland
FRANCE excluding overseas departments
Île de France
Champagne-Ardenne
Picardie
Haute-Normandie
Centre
Basse-Normandie
Bourgogne
Nord - Pas-de-Calais
Lorraine
Alsace
Franche-Comté
Pays de la Loire
Bretagne
Poitou-Charentes
Aquitaine
Midi-Pyrénées
Limousin
Rhône-Alpes
Auvergne
Languedoc-Roussillon
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Corse
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Guyane
Réunion
CROATIA
Jadranska Hrvatska
Kontinentalna Hrvatska
HUNGARY
Közép-Magyarország
Közép-Dunántúl
Nyugat-Dunántúl
Dél-Dunántúl
Észak-Magyarország
Észak-Alföld
Dél-Alföld
IRELAND
Border; Midland and Western
Southern and Eastern
ICELAND
Ísland
ITALY
Piemonte
Valle d'Aosta/Vallée d'Aoste
Liguria
Lombardia
Abruzzo
Molise
Campania
Puglia
Area
(km2)
13177
7964
45383
45383
131938
14134
18900
9521
14031
9171
2338
11370
15564
15550
3808
3847
5379
8325
498607
29551
10649
5335
7225
10383
5055
47723
8026
94166
79399
41619
32150
23314
5020
87682
11288
12
10
0
337383
64534
9462
35352
226711
1324
549211
12063
25697
19456
12353
39561
17804
31779
12461
23673
8308
16334
32383
27510
25983
41816
45578
17065
44926
26139
27743
31876
8703
0
0
0
0
56518
24654
31864
93028
6903
11106
11333
14201
13440
17695
18350
69999
33336
36663
102649
102649
301027
25364
3262
5473
23841
10827
4431
13664
19412
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
990
972
966
966
1698
1580
1608
1568
1637
1633
1785
1761
1693
1780
1816
1831
1925
1906
1688
1441
1309
1307
1302
1482
1485
1662
1727
1630
1759
1797
1628
1739
1742
1855
1821
1822
1862
0
839
886
930
919
809
960
1299
1192
1166
1141
1159
1256
1178
1238
1116
1149
1172
1223
1290
1224
1350
1367
1385
1292
1345
1284
1479
1566
1586
0
0
0
0
1370
1442
1315
1296
1291
1286
1281
1320
1249
1296
1330
998
975
1019
780
780
1521
1383
1286
1423
1390
1485
1544
1587
1651
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
789
774
773
773
1341
1256
1271
1249
1293
1294
1405
1389
1335
1405
1426
1442
1505
1495
1323
1145
1044
1040
1033
1172
1172
1308
1355
1289
1376
1395
1284
1358
1362
1434
1413
1413
1443
0
672
710
745
735
648
770
1033
946
929
909
924
1000
938
987
892
919
937
980
1025
975
1070
1080
1097
1029
1076
1027
1171
1242
1250
0
0
0
0
1086
1140
1044
1032
1027
1024
1020
1051
996
1032
1056
800
782
817
630
630
1202
1103
1048
1125
1110
1181
1216
1241
1287
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1171
1149
1152
1152
1924
1812
1845
1789
1854
1863
2019
1996
1906
2006
2050
2077
2170
2106
1970
1678
1534
1525
1506
1734
1735
1973
2021
1905
2050
2082
1947
2042
2024
2134
2115
2040
2124
0
1056
1096
1122
1115
1032
1178
1520
1377
1344
1318
1346
1457
1373
1432
1295
1322
1358
1427
1517
1433
1588
1605
1630
1512
1580
1497
1755
1886
1846
0
0
0
0
1581
1678
1506
1494
1487
1482
1480
1521
1442
1493
1530
1175
1150
1198
963
963
1768
1648
1527
1679
1649
1716
1778
1817
1900
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
936
918
927
927
1510
1436
1455
1417
1457
1457
1578
1558
1490
1568
1602
1631
1692
1640
1539
1328
1217
1207
1193
1372
1369
1549
1579
1500
1600
1612
1528
1593
1581
1643
1637
1571
1638
0
858
888
904
898
841
952
1212
1097
1077
1056
1078
1166
1098
1148
1040
1063
1090
1148
1212
1146
1265
1273
1293
1210
1257
1202
1391
1485
1442
0
0
0
0
1253
1324
1198
1193
1187
1184
1184
1215
1153
1192
1218
951
932
969
767
767
1389
1301
1196
1317
1305
1357
1398
1414
1481
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
853
840
840
840
1185
1161
1178
1135
1148
1166
1225
1219
1157
1209
1239
1264
1295
1206
1275
1114
1049
1035
1008
1155
1151
1313
1306
1240
1315
1317
1316
1333
1302
1332
1349
1225
1317
0
822
836
833
834
815
884
1042
950
923
916
939
998
958
976
907
906
935
980
1055
1001
1092
1097
1109
1036
1074
1019
1193
1293
1207
0
0
0
0
1046
1112
995
1008
1005
1001
1002
1019
982
1009
1026
858
844
871
751
751
1162
1138
1057
1140
1132
1122
1151
1161
1221
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
685
674
681
681
938
930
939
911
910
928
961
962
913
954
971
994
1007
938
1007
887
842
828
803
920
916
1044
1035
988
1039
1029
1049
1049
1020
1036
1054
944
1019
0
675
683
676
677
672
719
836
758
741
735
754
800
769
784
731
730
755
793
845
803
873
873
887
831
867
821
955
1040
956
0
0
0
0
835
887
796
810
807
804
807
819
792
810
821
696
686
706
611
611
926
921
871
912
916
899
912
911
956
NUTS
code
ITF5
ITF6
ITG1
ITG2
ITH1
ITH2
ITH3
ITH4
ITH5
ITI1
ITI2
ITI3
ITI4
LI00
LT00
LU00
LV00
ME00
MK00
MT00
NL11
NL12
NL13
NL21
NL22
NL23
NL31
NL32
NL33
NL34
NL41
NL42
NO01
NO02
NO03
NO04
NO05
NO06
NO07
PL11
PL12
PL21
PL22
PL31
PL32
PL33
PL34
PL41
PL42
PL43
PL51
PL52
PL61
PL62
PL63
PT11
PT15
PT16
PT17
PT18
PT20
PT30
RO11
RO12
RO21
RO22
RO31
RO32
RO41
RO42
SE11
SE12
SE21
SE22
SE23
SE31
SE32
SE33
SI01
SI02
SK01
Region name
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicilia
Sardegna
Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen
Provincia Autonoma di Trento
Veneto
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Emilia-Romagna
Toscana
Umbria
Marche
Lazio
LIECHTENSTEIN
Liechtenstein
LITHUANIA
Lietuva
LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg
LATVIA
Latvija
MONTENEGRO
Crna Gora
MACEDONIA
Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija
MALTA
Malta
NETHERLANDS
Groningen
Friesland (NL)
Drenthe
Overijssel
Gelderland
Flevoland
Utrecht
Noord-Holland
Zuid-Holland
Zeeland
Noord-Brabant
Limburg (NL)
NORWAY
Oslo og Akershus
Hedmark og Oppland
Sør-Østlandet
Agder og Rogaland
Vestlandet
Trøndelag
Nord-Norge
POLAND
Lódzkie
Mazowieckie
Malopolskie
Slaskie
Lubelskie
Podkarpackie
Swietokrzyskie
Podlaskie
Wielkopolskie
Zachodniopomorskie
Lubuskie
Dolnoslaskie
Opolskie
Kujawsko-Pomorskie
Warminsko-Mazurskie
Pomorskie
PORTUGAL excluding Atlantic Islands
Norte
Algarve
Centro (PT)
Lisboa
Alentejo
Região Autónoma dos Açores
Região Autónoma da Madeira
ROMANIA
Nord-Vest
Centru
Nord-Est
Sud-Est
Sud - Muntenia
Bucuresti - Ilfov
Sud-Vest Oltenia
Vest
SWEDEN
Stockholm
Östra Mellansverige
Småland med öarna
Sydsverige
Västsverige
Norra Mellansverige
Mellersta Norrland
Övre Norrland
SLOVENIA
Vzhodna Slovenija
Zahodna Slovenija
SLOVAKIA
Bratislavský kraj
Area
(km2)
10004
15119
25853
24082
7429
6188
17733
7771
22493
22988
8510
9391
17192
163
163
64918
64918
2608
2608
64642
64642
13849
13849
25371
25371
311
311
35514
2415
3520
2696
3428
5131
1560
1442
2876
3247
1925
5064
2210
324001
5366
52581
36593
25813
49038
41218
113392
311905
18209
35536
15172
12338
25166
17785
11683
20211
29836
22448
13964
19937
9434
17976
24022
18188
88957
21256
5000
28274
2842
31585
0
0
238313
34159
34150
36824
35748
34412
1793
29252
31975
449503
7026
43284
35922
14413
34595
71917
77224
165122
20242
12201
8041
49088
2058
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
1588
1646
1792
1709
1231
1276
1388
1304
1439
1502
1524
1466
1592
1141
1141
1016
1016
1090
1090
1000
1000
1367
1367
1497
1497
1918
1918
1067
1041
1068
1032
1047
1054
1070
1064
1092
1099
1114
1067
1074
820
859
860
869
876
845
839
754
1082
1094
1088
1079
1083
1108
1098
1103
1063
1088
1056
1075
1082
1106
1080
1061
1053
1734
1622
1888
1694
1803
1815
0
0
1295
1212
1208
1226
1392
1383
1427
1375
1274
873
941
929
943
995
910
894
851
822
1255
1259
1250
1160
1212
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
1245
1292
1401
1340
1010
1040
1103
1042
1137
1184
1206
1159
1255
920
920
809
809
876
876
798
798
1093
1093
1193
1193
1491
1491
852
831
853
824
836
840
854
849
873
878
891
851
857
657
691
691
698
704
677
671
602
868
878
873
870
873
890
884
887
851
871
846
860
870
890
865
847
843
1356
1278
1467
1328
1415
1410
0
0
1027
966
965
978
1098
1090
1120
1087
1010
699
754
741
752
797
726
716
683
659
1007
1009
1004
932
966
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1818
1867
2029
1965
1478
1543
1644
1554
1674
1750
1774
1691
1855
1345
1345
1178
1178
1243
1243
1176
1176
1565
1565
1711
1711
2163
2163
1244
1218
1254
1201
1219
1223
1255
1238
1281
1284
1304
1237
1244
1020
1029
1046
1032
1029
1007
1056
993
1252
1264
1257
1243
1247
1275
1262
1269
1225
1265
1233
1250
1254
1280
1259
1233
1234
2007
1890
2164
1967
2087
2090
0
0
1488
1392
1393
1415
1600
1585
1629
1575
1460
1090
1142
1119
1105
1173
1071
1092
1075
1081
1459
1461
1458
1339
1394
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
1422
1459
1581
1537
1180
1222
1298
1228
1323
1376
1400
1336
1458
1079
1079
938
938
1002
1002
940
940
1244
1244
1356
1356
1683
1683
997
977
1006
962
977
980
1008
993
1028
1031
1049
992
997
811
834
838
829
825
790
841
786
1009
1020
1014
1008
1011
1029
1021
1028
983
1017
991
1004
1014
1035
1012
988
990
1565
1483
1675
1537
1634
1621
0
0
1181
1109
1116
1130
1263
1249
1279
1242
1157
879
922
900
883
941
858
883
870
872
1166
1170
1162
1078
1114
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
1162
1164
1244
1246
1052
1103
1133
1088
1114
1160
1170
1106
1217
946
946
834
834
850
850
845
845
1019
1019
1098
1098
1308
1308
883
872
898
855
866
866
896
878
910
909
923
874
874
791
766
793
765
754
756
828
810
876
879
875
862
865
882
869
880
855
888
872
879
878
891
887
869
878
1280
1227
1341
1264
1321
1316
0
0
998
946
949
963
1062
1048
1068
1039
979
841
851
832
799
845
781
826
841
872
991
990
993
919
947
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
914
914
971
978
876
916
913
884
889
922
934
881
967
770
770
667
667
686
686
680
680
820
820
882
882
1014
1014
711
703
724
688
698
697
723
707
735
733
745
703
704
648
627
650
624
612
614
676
670
709
712
709
704
704
714
707
715
689
718
705
710
714
724
716
699
708
1002
970
1040
994
1034
1023
0
0
798
759
765
776
844
833
845
827
782
689
690
673
641
681
629
674
692
723
804
802
807
746
762
NUTS
code
SK02
SK03
SK04
TR10
TR21
TR22
TR31
TR32
TR33
TR41
TR42
TR51
TR52
TR61
TR62
TR63
TR71
TR72
TR81
TR82
TR83
TR90
TRA1
TRA2
TRB1
TRB2
TRC1
TRC2
TRC3
UKC1
UKC2
UKD1
UKD3
UKD4
UKD6
UKD7
UKE1
UKE2
UKE3
UKE4
UKF1
UKF2
UKF3
UKG1
UKG2
UKG3
UKH1
UKH2
UKH3
UKI1
UKI2
UKJ1
UKJ2
UKJ3
UKJ4
UKK1
UKK2
UKK3
UKK4
UKL1
UKL2
UKM2
UKM3
UKM5
UKM6
UKN0
Region name
Západné Slovensko
Stredné Slovensko
Východné Slovensko
TURKEY
Istanbul
Tekirdag
Balikesir
Izmir
Aydin
Manisa
Bursa
Kocaeli
Ankara
Konya
Antalya
Adana
Hatay
Kirikkale
Kayseri
Zonguldak
Kastamonu
Samsun
Trabzon
Erzurum
Agri
Malatya
Van
Gaziantep
Sanliurfa
Mardin
UNITED KINGDOM
Tees Valley and Durham
Northumberland and Tyne and Wear
Cumbria
Greater Manchester
Lancashire
Cheshire
Merseyside
East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire
North Yorkshire
South Yorkshire
West Yorkshire
Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire
Leicestershire; Rutland and Northamptonshire
Lincolnshire
Herefordshire; Worcestershire and Warwickshire
Shropshire and Staffordshire
West Midlands
East Anglia
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire
Essex
Inner London
Outer London
Berkshire; Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire
Surrey; East and West Sussex
Hampshire and Isle of Wight
Kent
Gloucestershire; Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area
Dorset and Somerset
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Devon
West Wales and The Valleys
East Wales
Eastern Scotland
South Western Scotland
North Eastern Scotland
Highlands and Islands
Northern Ireland
Area
(km2)
15013
16244
15773
772044
5285
18910
24157
11773
32076
45426
29090
20253
24914
48113
35937
29291
23285
31303
59740
9515
26545
38009
35092
40818
29984
36679
40761
15213
33972
25903
245072
3034
5607
6821
1267
3114
2282
697
3522
8334
1543
2041
4811
4909
5950
5948
6180
901
12638
2864
3717
320
1274
5743
5499
4168
3745
7477
6120
3591
6801
13182
7688
18169
13439
6509
41010
14157
Yearly
global
horizontal
irradiation
(kWh/m2)
1216
1126
1136
1658
1524
1557
1647
1840
1867
1725
1610
1474
1657
1762
1817
1821
1770
1715
1639
1455
1472
1513
1316
1522
1475
1699
1633
1832
1839
1799
982
952
941
931
956
973
994
1027
1028
967
994
963
1001
1048
1049
1039
1009
1026
1071
1070
1101
1092
1084
1069
1136
1119
1129
1068
1111
1147
1092
1016
996
899
919
882
859
944
Yearly PV
energy output
(horizontal)
(kWh/kWp)
970
909
915
1307
1206
1233
1302
1444
1461
1365
1279
1173
1319
1386
1425
1417
1375
1354
1297
1159
1171
1202
1047
1209
1168
1331
1292
1416
1425
1408
788
765
758
750
766
782
796
824
823
776
797
772
801
839
839
833
809
822
858
856
882
875
868
856
911
896
906
856
892
921
877
818
801
723
740
708
691
759
Yearly global
irradiation at
optimum
angle
(kWh/m2)
1402
1301
1312
1876
1703
1754
1855
2103
2130
1961
1818
1661
1888
1990
2066
2069
1997
1948
1850
1650
1674
1718
1493
1712
1660
1912
1815
2069
2090
2032
1154
1131
1122
1089
1111
1144
1162
1213
1228
1143
1175
1131
1178
1238
1251
1216
1180
1202
1270
1260
1301
1281
1272
1256
1340
1319
1330
1251
1306
1350
1276
1189
1156
1058
1075
1047
1003
1108
Yearly PV
energy output
at optimum
angle
(kWh/kWp)
1122
1051
1058
1478
1353
1392
1465
1644
1657
1544
1439
1318
1497
1565
1607
1599
1545
1539
1468
1312
1330
1367
1194
1370
1332
1495
1442
1593
1621
1593
933
921
913
886
899
928
940
983
996
928
951
917
952
1000
1012
982
954
970
1024
1015
1049
1033
1025
1013
1081
1064
1074
1011
1055
1090
1032
964
936
855
873
845
808
900
Yearly global
irradiation at
90 deg.
(kWh/m2)
954
897
904
1154
1054
1098
1137
1296
1305
1211
1124
1042
1180
1207
1262
1267
1210
1201
1136
1049
1070
1092
968
1053
1032
1153
1069
1246
1277
1229
838
836
832
791
804
831
843
882
905
838
860
825
857
900
919
877
853
869
923
909
937
917
911
903
954
943
948
897
932
959
908
852
826
779
784
779
735
810
Yearly PV
energy output
at 90 deg.
(kWh/kWp)
769
733
736
913
833
871
899
1019
1025
962
894
830
943
953
993
989
943
952
901
836
855
870
777
839
820
906
844
967
997
966
681
682
679
644
652
676
684
717
737
683
699
671
696
731
747
711
692
704
749
737
761
743
738
732
774
764
769
727
755
776
735
692
670
634
638
634
597
659
Table V: Estimation of carbon footprint of photovoltaics and the country electricity production mix (excluding import) per
country and some regions in Europe
Country
Region
Irradiation on optimized
angle
Irradiatio
n
Selected reference
Selected
value
kWh/m2.
yr
optimized angle, area
weighted
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
SUM / AVERAGE /
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Montenegro
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav
Republic of
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
USA
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
BELGIUM
Brussels-Capital Region
Flemish Region
Walloon Region
Northwest region
Northcentral region
Northeast region
Southwest region
Southcentral region
Southeast region
FRANCE, Métropole
Île-de-France
Champagne-Ardenne
Picardie
Haute-Normandie
Centre
Basse-Normandie
Bourgogne
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Lorraine
Alsace
Franche-Comté
Pays de la Loire
Bretagne
Poitou-Charentes
Aquitaine
Midi-Pyrénées
Limousin
Rhône-Alpes
Auvergne
Languedoc-Roussillon
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur
Corse
FRANCE, DOM (= French
Cumulative
installed
capacity
2013
2013
2013
2013
MWp
MWp
MWp
MWp
Selected
EPIA 2014
EurObser
v'ER 2014
IEA PVPS
status 20
March 2014
EPIA, IEA
1518
135234
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
2215
1329
1237
1633
1095
1911
1581
2233
1254
1192
1152
1056
1520
1251
1924
1494
963
2027
1175
2258
1768
1603
1779
1176
1345
1178
1243
1565
1711
3255
613
2983
1020
1210
18300
20
32
2175
548
0
11
4673
35715
2579
22
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
Breyer 2010
Huld 2014
NREL, average of cities
California
1844
2163
2194
1244
1020
1252
2007
1488
0
1339
1459
1970
1090
1396
1628
1899
1876
1424
1154
2048
73
23
100
665
0
7
278
1151
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1242
1254
1223
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1589
1619
1620
1619
1686
1648
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1377
1344
1318
1346
1457
1373
1432
1295
1322
1358
1427
1517
1433
1588
1605
1630
1512
1580
1497
1755
1886
1846
54.9
55.2
613
2983
1020
690.4
2983.4
1019.2
20
32
2175
548
0
11
4673
35715
2579
22
21.7
34.8
2132.8
531.4
0.2
11.2
4697.6
36013.0
2585.8
15.4
3
1.0
17928
17614.0
1
1.5
6
30
6
30
68.1
100.0
2983.3
43.2
2229.0
711.1
917.6
111.3
80.4
58.5
53.4
245.8
368.2
4162.0
66.0
80.0
31.0
48.0
150.0
50.0
117.0
79.0
198.0
121.0
32.0
282.0
146.0
200.0
452.0
468.0
78.0
283.0
164.0
411.0
616.0
90.0
Carbon
footprint
country
IPCC2007
GWP100a
g CO2eq/kWh
Total on
grid + off
grid
2319
3
420
17928
13643
1467
1
524
212
5340
40
737
376
704
18
616
3375
12022
Carbon
footprint
PV
IPCC2007
GWP100a
g CO2eq/kWh
3255
580
2983
1020
1210
18300
2162
532
4632
35500
2579
2319
420
17600
13643
1467
73
23
665
0
7
278
1151
524
212
5340
40
737
18
616
3375
Regional data
available for
EPIA
members
2983.3
43.2
2229
711.1
917.6
111.3
80.4
58.5
53.4
245.8
368.2
4162
66
80
31
48
150
50
117
79
198
121
32
282
146
200
452
468
78
283
164
411
616
90
24.7
665.0
4.2
281.0
1022.0
537.1
254.8
4705.5
43.1
2739.3
100
650
284
1100
524
5566
43
740
376
704
15
616
2900
12022
39
65
69
53
78
45
54
38
68
72
75
81
56
69
45
57
89
42
73
38
49
54
48
73
64
73
69
55
50
320
620
251
1164
345
904
781
639
1147
392
92
680
1030
714
22
876
799
650
565
660
248
148
539
1006
47
40
39
69
84
69
43
58
1045
776
676
699
13
1162
629
676
64
59
44
79
61
53
45
46
60
74
42
380
504
526
42
24
69
69
68
70
52
54
53
53
53
51
52
54
62
64
65
64
59
63
60
66
65
63
60
57
60
54
53
53
57
54
57
49
46
46
736
521
617
729
France
France
France
France
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
overseas departments)
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Guyane
Réunion
GERMANY
Baden-Württemberg
Bayern
Berlin
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Hessen
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Niedersachsen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Rheinland-Pfalz
Saarland
Sachsen
Sachsen-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thüringen
GREECE
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Central Macedonia
Western Macedonia
Thessalia
Epirus
Ionian Islands
Western Greece
Central Greece
Peloponnese
Attica
North Aegean
South Aegean
Crete
Aegean Islands (incl. Crete)
ITALY
Piemonte
Valle d’Aosta
Liguria
Lombardia
Abruzzo
Molise
Campania
Puglia
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicilia
Sardegna
Trentino-Alto Adige
Provincia Autonoma di
Bolzano/Bozen
Provincia Autonoma di
Trento
Veneto
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Emilia-Romagna
Toscana
Umbria
Marche
Lazio
SPAIN
Galicia
Asturias, Principado de
Cantabria
País Vasco
Navarra
La Rioja
Aragón
Madrid, Comunidad de
Castilla y León
Castilla-La Mancha
Extremadura
Cataluña
Valenciana, Comunidad
Baleares
Andalucía
Murcia, Región de
Ceuta (city in North Africa)
Melilla (city in North Africa)
Canarias
UNITED KINGDOM
North East
North West
Yorkshire and the Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
Greater London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1325
1291
1245
1252
1212
1212
1227
1240
1211
1212
1251
1272
1228
1248
1225
1208
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1812
1845
1789
1854
1863
2019
1996
1906
2006
2050
2077
2170
2106
2119
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1648
1527
1679
1649
1716
1778
1817
1900
1818
1867
2029
1965
1511
1478
Huld 2014
1543
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1644
1554
1674
1750
1774
1691
1855
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1678
1534
1525
1506
1734
1735
1973
2021
1905
2050
2082
1947
2042
2024
2134
2115
2040
2124
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
Huld 2014
1125
1121
1164
1225
1198
1275
1274
1308
1287
1177
1032
1108
35714.7
4632.3
10544.3
67.3
2699.1
35.4
33.5
1668.0
1186.3
3306.3
3965.6
1733.4
367.9
1489.4
1652.9
1307.6
1025.5
2579.0
241.0
427.0
118.0
289.0
129.0
27.0
301.0
337.0
337.0
212.0
35714.7
4632.3
10544.3
67.3
2699.1
35.4
33.5
1668.0
1186.3
3306.3
3965.6
1733.4
367.9
1489.4
1652.9
1307.6
1025.5
2579
241
427
118
289
129
27
301
337
337
212
161.0
17656.5
1439.0
18.9
79.0
1944.0
660.0
163.0
651.0
2498.9
350.0
447.0
1210.0
679.0
383.0
161
17656.5
1439.0
18.9
79.0
1944.0
660.0
163.0
651.0
2498.9
350.0
447.0
1210.0
679.0
383.0
1616.0
461.0
1770.0
689.7
441.0
1015.0
1141.0
5327.3
17.0
1.0
2.6
29.8
200.0
98.0
206.0
71.0
580.0
1050.0
615.5
306.6
400.0
89.4
980.0
490.3
0.1
1616.0
461.0
1770.0
689.7
441.0
1015.0
1141.0
5327.3
17.0
1.0
2.6
29.8
200.0
98.0
206.0
71.0
580.0
1050.0
615.5
306.6
400.0
89.4
980.0
490.3
0.1
190.0
1871.0
64.6
141.0
163.9
197.3
141.4
203.9
45.3
282.3
404.0
116.0
111.3
190.0
1871
64.6
141
163.9
197.3
141.4
203.9
45.3
282.3
404
116
111.3
68
65
66
69
69
71
71
70
69
71
71
69
67
70
69
70
71
45
47
47
48
46
46
43
43
45
43
42
41
40
41
41
49
52
56
51
52
50
48
47
45
47
46
42
44
57
52
55
51
49
48
51
46
43
51
56
56
57
49
49
44
42
45
42
41
44
42
42
40
41
42
40
70
76
77
74
70
72
67
67
66
67
73
83
77