Forestry & Society
Reforestation
HORT/RGSC 302
J.G. Mexal
Spring 2001
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Outline
•
•
•
•
World Overview
US Overview
Types of Reforestation
Artificial Reforestation Practices
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ Threatened Original
forests-The Africa & Russia/ WRI 1997
Second growth forests
Low to no threat
Medium to high threat
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ Threatened Original
forests-The Americas/ WRI 1997
Unknown
Low to no threat
Medium to high threat
Second growth forests
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Needs/ World/ WRI 1997
18000
1000
km2
15000
12000
Original Forest
40%
70%
9000
25%
Remaining Forest
30%
6000
71%
3000
0
Russia &
Europe
Asia
North
America
South
America
Africa
Oceania
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ World/ WRI 1990-1991
Country
USSR
S. Amer.
Africa
Asia
Canada
USA
Europe
Oceania
E
Forest Land
Reforestation
KK acres
KK acres
2,295
2,120
1,691
1,215
1,078
731
393
390
11.22 (0.5%)
1.88 (0.1%)
0.88 (0.05%)
14.10 (1.2%)
1.78 (0.2%)
4.39 (0.6%)
2.58 (0.5%)
0.29 (0.07%)
KK seedlings
~6,700
~1,130
~ 530
~6,000
~1,100
~2,500
~1,500
~ 174
Annual Reforestation in Brazil/
Bacha Appl Econ 35(6):631:2003
140000
Hectares
120000
100000
80000
60000
Pulp & Paper
Charcoal
Farmers
40000
20000
0
1988 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Small Farm Reforestation in Brazil/
Simmons et al. Agrofor Sys 56:89:2002
Species
Latin name
Mahogany
Swietenia macrophylla
6,465 (6)
Brazil nut
Bertholletia excelsa
3,472 (6)
Teak
Tectonia grandis
2,400 (3)
Freijo
Cordia sp.
3,500 (2)
Andiroba
Carapa guianensis
700 (3)
Ipe
Tabebuia sp.
600 (2)
Other
Number (cases)
264 (7)
In northwest China, the Taklimakan's sands
are shifting toward poplar trees planted west
of Aksu in a vast project intended to halt
desertification.
• 42 billion trees have been
planted since 1982
• number of sandstorms has
grown from 5 in the ‘60's to
24 in the ‘90's
• deserts are expanding at a Stuart Isett/Polaris, for The New York Times
rate of 3,800 square miles a
year
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Outline
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•
•
•
World Overview
US Overview
Types of Reforestation
Artificial Reforestation Practices
Forest Plantations Importance/
Sedjo For.Chron. 77(2):221:2001
• US produces 30% of worlds industrial wood
production
– Industry provides 95% of industrial wood
• Global Harvests:
–
–
–
–
–
Old growth
2nd growth, minimal management
Indigenous 2nd growth, managed
Indigenous industrial plantations
Exotic industrial plantations
22%
14%
30%
24%
10%
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi
Percent
of Population
35
FWRC Res. Bull. FO172
30
25
Reforest
Cut’nRun
20
15
10
5
0
<50
<100
<250
<500
<1000
Size of Land Holding (ac)
<5000
>5000
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi
Percent
14 of Population
FWRC Res. Bull. FO172
12
10
Reforest
Cut’nRun
8
6
4
2
Total Household Income
10
0,
00
0
>$
10
0,
00
0
00
<$
90
,0
<$
00
80
,0
<$
00
70
,0
<$
00
60
,0
<$
00
50
,0
00
<$
40
,0
0
<$
0,
00
<3
00
20
,0
<$
<$
10
,0
00
0
Forestry and Society
Forest Service Receipts by Program FY 1993
USDA FS Ecosystem Management 1993 Ann.
Rep.
Million Dollars
Timber
73%
981
Other
5%
Grazing
1%
Recreation
4%
Minerals
17%
70
50
220
Total 1993
Receipts
$1.330 billion
Forestry & Society
US Acres Reforested/
TPN 49:5:1999
Acres (K)
3500
CRP
3000
2500
SCS
2000
1500
1000
Dust Bowl
500
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ Who plants
what?
Million hectares
Industry
NIPF
NFS
Other public
Science Findings PNW 31:2/01
Forestry & Society
US Acres Reforested/
Acres Planted
TPN 49:5:1999
Seedlings Planted
North
North
4%
West
West
17%
5%
17%
South
79%
2,636,102 ac
South
78%
1,624,000,000 seedlings
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation: Top 10 states in
1992
State
Oregon
Washington
California
Georgia
Mississippi
Alabama
Arkansas
Idaho
North Carolina
South Carolina
Production
(billion board-ft)
6.0*
4.4*
3.9*
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.4
Seedling
Production (kk)
87
85
61
251
38
237
120
55
104
99
Forestry & Society
US Seedling Production-1997/
TPN 49:5:1999
Seedlings (millions)
350
300
1997
250
200
2002
150
100
50
0
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W
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Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Outline
•
•
•
•
World Overview
US Overview
Types of Reforestation
Artificial Reforestation Practices
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ Types of Reforestation
• Natural
– Seed
– Stump sprouts (coppicing)
• Artificial
– Seeding
• seed tree
seeding
(aerial or manual)
– Planting
• bareroot
container

cutting
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/ Seed Tree
Regen.
P. echinata Natural Regeneration
Following Harvesting Intensities/SJAF
27(3):206:’03
1,000 sound seed/ac
700
600
500
400
300
Harvest
2
0 Remaining
(clearcut) Pine5BA (ft )
40
25
70
80
100(control)
200
Blown-in Seed?
100
0
1993
1994
1995
Seed Year
1996
Natural Regeneration of
Appalachian Forests/
Beckage et al. Can.J.For.Res. 30:1617:2000
Seed Rain (seed/m2)
Seedlings (#/ha)
600
9000
1 ha = 10,000m2
500
8000
7000
Seeds/m2
400
6000
Seedlings/ha
5000
300
4000
200
3000
2000
100
1000
0
0
Betula lenta
Acer rubrum
Oxydendrum
arboreum
Liriodendron
tulipifera
Species
Quercus sp.
Nyssa sylvatica
Carya sp.
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Outline
•
•
•
•
World Overview
US Overview
Types of Reforestation
Artificial Reforestation Practices
Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Costs & Benefits
• Benefits
– Earlier Reestablishment of
Forest
– Faster Growth
– Regenerate Desired
Species
– Plant Genetically Improved
Seedlings
– Reduced TSI Costs
• Costs
– More Expensive
– Environmental
Criticisms
•
•
•
•
“monoculture”
pesticides
soil degradation
biodiversity
Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Practices
•
•
•
•
Site Preparation
Planting/Seeding
Aftercare
Timber Stand Improvement (TSI)
Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Practices
Harvest
Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Practices
On-site chipping
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Site Preparation
Helicopter application of herbicide
Tree Crusher
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Site Preparation
Logging damage
Site prep. burn
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/ Site Preparation
Tree crush & burn, AR
Burn & Rip, OK
KG blade
Site prep, AR
Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Practices-Ripping
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/ Site Preparation
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Bareroot Nursery
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Stocktype
• South
– 1+0 bareroot seedling (pine & hardwoods)
– containerized seedling (longleaf pine)
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Stocktypes
West
bareroot seedling:
2+0, Plug+1,
1+1, 2+1
containerized
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/NW US & BC Canada/
GTSRS-25, 1999
Seedlings (Millions)
500
BC container
NW bareroot
NW container
400
300
252
229
200
100
0
140
109
47
52
1995
1997
Forestry & Society
Tissue Cultured Douglas-fir
Reforestation/Stocktypes
Bareroot Douglas-fir (cull)
Containerized
western hemlock
Bareroot Sitka Spruce
Containerized longleaf pine
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Nursery
Vegetative Propagation
-mother plants
Cuttings
Hybrid poplar
1yr
Gmelina
6yr
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Nursery Harvest
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/
Container Seedling Survival in Canada/
Scagel & South, unpubl
Survival (%)
100
Nursery1
Nursery2
Nursery3
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Seedling Diameter at Planting (mm)
AUSFNMC Newsletter Fall’00
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Planting Season
• South & West
– Winter, rainy season
– Trees are dormant (tolerant to abuse)
• Rocky Mountain Region
– Rainy season (late summer)
– Trees are actively growing
– “Fall is for Planting”
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Planting
Hand Planting
Machine planting
Forestry & Society
Reforestation Practices/Planting
4-yr-old plantation
Bareroot
seedling
Planted seedling
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Site Preparation/
10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf.
Basal Area Growth (ft2/yr)
Pinus taeda-15 yr Piedmont GA
KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk, Oust, AmNit
KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk
KG, Chop & Velpar
KG & Chop
Fell
Control
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Site Preparation/
10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf. p318
Height (ft)
DBH (in)
70
Pinus taeda- 15 yr Piedmont GA
60
50
6
40
30
4
20
2
10
0
0
ol
r
t
n
Co
ll
Fe
KG
&
op
h
C
,
C
,
KG
H
,
B
,
,P
G
K
D
P,
,
KG
,H
D
,
B
,F
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
Atributos morfológicos
Propagación por Esqueje / Pinus radiata
2
1
3
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
Forestry & Society
Reforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard
Forestry & Society
Reforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard
Forestry & Society
Reforestation- Mexico
Forestry in Mexico
Overview
• Tremendous forest
productivity
• Diverse forest species
• Growing human population
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation
Teak
E. urophyla
Gmelina
Zorra
Ceiba
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:India
Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:India
Forestry & Society
Reforestation/Review Questions
• Compare reforestation efforts in North America with
other regions of the world.
• What are the different types of reforestation methods?
• What are the costs and benefits of artificial reforestation?
• What are the important timber producing states in the
US?
• Describe growth responses to different site preparation
practices.