PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Cells and
Tissues
3
PART D
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Body Tissues
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue
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Epithelial Tissues
 Locations
 Body coverings
 Body linings
 Glandular tissue
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion
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Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
 The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
 The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a
basement membrane
 Avascular (no blood supply)
 Regenerate easily (readily divide) if well
nourished
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Epithelium Characteristics
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia
 Number of cell layers
 Simple—one layer
 Stratified—more
than one layer
 Pseudostratified
Columnar – appears
to have several
layers but only has 1
layer
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia
 Shape of cells
 Squamous
 flattened
 Cuboidal
 cube-shaped
 Columnar
 column-like
Figure 3.17b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple Epithelia
 Simple Squamous
 Single layer of flat cells
 Usually forms membranes
 Basement membrane anchors
epithelium to underlying
connective tissue.
 Location: Capillary walls,
blood vessels, air sacs in
lungs, inner surface of ear
drum, lymph vessels
 Function: filtration, diffusion,
osmosis, protection
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18a
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Simple Epithelia
 Simple Cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-like
cells
 Closely packed
 Basement Membrane with
free surface
 Location: Common in
glands and their ducts,
walls of kidney tubules,
covers the ovaries
 Function: protection,
secretion, and absorption
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18b
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Simple Epithelia
 Simple Columnar
 Single layer of tall cells
 Basement membrane
 Location: Lines digestive
tract (stomach and intestine
wall), uterus
 Function: Secretion (often
includes mucus-producing
goblet cells),absorbs
nutrients from digested food,
protection, moves eggs
 Can be ciliated or
nonciliated
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18c
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Simple Epithelia
 Pseudostratified Columnar
 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
 Often looks like a double layer of cells
 Commonly ciliated (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium)
 Basement membrane
 Location: Respiratory tract (trachea, nasal cavity,
bronchi, bronchioles, lungs)
 Function: Secretion, Protection, Moves mucous
 Goblet cells within tissue secrete mucous
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18d
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Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified Squamous
 2 or more layers
 Cells at the apical surface are flattened (in the
deeper layers, they may be cuboidal or columnar)
 Tightly packed
 Basement membrane
 Function: Found as a protective covering where
friction is common, regeneration of cells,
keratinization (in epidermis)
 Locations: Epidermis, lines oral cavity, esophagus,
vagina, anal canal
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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18e
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Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two or more layers of cube shaped cells
 Basement Membrane
 Location: Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat
glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
 Function: protection, secretion, and absorption
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Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified Columnar—surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
 Location: male urethra, ducted deferens, pharynx
 Function: protection and secretion
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelia
 Transitional epithelium
 Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
stretching
 Function: Change in response to increased
tension – expandable lining
 Location: Lines organs of the urinary system
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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18f
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Glandular Epithelium
 Glands
 One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product
 Exocrine Glands – glands that secrete
their products into ducts that open onto
surfaces (skin, digestive tract)
 Endocrine Glands- glands that secrete
their products into tissue fluid or blood.
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Glandular Epithelium
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless since secretions diffuse into
blood vessels
 All secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands
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Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have a poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance—mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide
molecules
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen (white) fibers
 Elastic (yellow) fibers
 Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of
 Osteon, central canal, lamella, osteocytes,
solid matrix of calcium salts, collagen
fibers
 Location: In spongy and compact bone (femur,
humerus)
 Function: Protection, support, framework,
mineral storage
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19a
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Connective Tissue Types
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common type of cartilage, glassy
appearance
 Composed of:
 Chondrocytes, collagen fibers, rubbery
matrix
 Locations: ends of bones, end of nose, ribs,
larynx
 Function: Support, framework, smooth
surface, bone growth/development
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19b
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Connective Tissue Types
 Elastic cartilage
 Location: Supports the external ear
 Function: Provides elasticity, more flexible
than hyaline
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible, tough, collagenous
fibers
 Location: Forms cushion-like discs between
vertebrae, knee, pelvic girdle
 Function: Shock absorption
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19c
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Connective Tissue Types
 Dense Regular Connective Tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
 Main matrix element is collagen fiber (tightly packed)
 Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
 Locations:
 Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
 Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints
 Dermis—lower layers of the skin
 Function: strength, support, bind organs, connects
bones to bone, and muscles to bones.
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19d
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Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue types
 Loose Areolar Tissue
 Most widely distributed connective tissue
 Soft, loosely intertwined, pliable tissue like
“cobwebs”
 Contains all fiber types (elastic and collagen), in a
gel-like matrix
 Location: below epithelial tissues, between muscles, in
wall of stomach and intestines, dermis, blood vessels
 Function: flexibility, support, connects epithelium to
muscle, “packing tissue”, can soak up excess fluid
(edema)
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19e
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Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue types
 Loose Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules
predominate
 Adipocytes store fat (lipid deposits) in droplets in
cytoplasm
 Nucleus is pushed to the side, against plasma
membrane
 Location: Under skin, around joints, around organs,
behind eye ball
 Functions: Insulation, protection, support, energy
storage
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19f
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Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue types
 Reticular connective tissue – NOT ON TEST
 Delicate network of interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma (internal supporting
network) of lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19g
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Connective Tissue Types
 Blood Connective Tissue (vascular tissue)
 Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called
blood plasma
 Formed Elements: Red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets
 Fibers are visible during clotting
 Location: In blood vessels (veins, arteries,
capillaries), heart chambers
 Function: Transport vehicle for materials
(oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones),
immunity
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19h
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Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:
 Striated
 Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
 Long, cylindrical
 Function: Voluntary movement of bones,
produces heat, facial expression
 Location: attached to bones of the skeleton
(biceps, quadriceps)
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20a
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
 Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated disks
 Striated
 One nucleus per cell
 Branching cells
 Location: Heart Wall
 Function: Contraction of heart wall (pump
blood), involuntary, produces heat
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20b
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Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
 Spindle-shaped cells
 Location: Wall of hollow organs (stomach,
intestines, colon, bladder, uterus, blood
vessels)
 Function: Involuntary movement of organs
(digestion), produce heat
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20c
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Nervous Tissue
 Composed of:
 Neuron – Axon, dendrite, cell body
 Neuroglia (support cells)
 Location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
 Function: Send impulses to other areas of the
body
 Irritability
 Conduction of sensory information and motor
impulses
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Nervous Tissue
Figure 3.21
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Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same
kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
(scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 A clot walls off the injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Growth of new capillaries
 Rebuild collagen fibers
 Regeneration of surface epithelium
 Scab detaches
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Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous
membranes)
 Fibrous connective tissues and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal
cord
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Developmental Aspects of Tissue
 Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary
germ layers
 Muscle and connective tissue arise from the
mesoderm
 Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
 With old age, there is a decrease in mass and
viability in most tissues
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings