SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
Renewable Energy (Technology, Implementation,
Application, Comparison and Future Financial
Viability) for Infrastructure and Real Estate
Industry
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MS. VARDAH SAGHIR, FELLOW (NPTI)
MS. PAYAL RASTOGI (MD) (CARBON FIXERS)
Submitted by
RISHI CHATURVEDI
ROLL NO: 70
MBA (POWER MANAGEMENT)
Sector-33,
Faridabad – 121003, Haryana
(Under the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India)
Affiliated to
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROTHAK
AUGUST 2013
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DECLARATION
I, Rishi Chaturvedi, Roll No 70, student of MBA-Power Management (2012-14) at National
Power Training Institute, Faridabad hereby declare that the Summer Training Report entitled
“RENEWABLE ENERGY (TECHNOLOGY, IMPLEMENTATION, APPLICATION,
COMPARISON AND FUTURE FINANCIAL VIABILITY) FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
AND REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY” is an original work and the same has not been
submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree. A Seminar presentation of
the Training Report was made on _____________ and the suggestions as approved by the
faculty were duly incorporated.
Presentation In-Charge
Signature of the Candidate
Counter signed
Director/Principal of the Institute
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CERTIFICATE
Page | iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from efforts of the person doing the project, the success of any project depends
largely on the encouragements and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion
of the project.
I thank to Mr. PAYAL RASTOGI, Managing Director, CARBON FIXERS for giving me the
opportunity to execute my Summer Internship Project.
I would also like to thank my Project In-charge Ms. Vardah Saghir, Fellow, NPTI who
always assisted me in every possible manner.
I feel deep sense of gratitude towards Mr. J. S. S. RAO, Principal Director Corporate
Planning, NPTI, Mr. S. K. Chaudhary, Principal Director, Dept. of Management Studies,
Mrs. Manju Mam, Director, NPTI and Mrs. Indu Maheshwari, Dy. Director, NPTI for
arranging my internship at Carbon Fixers and being a constant source of motivation and
guidance throughout the course of my internship.
I also extend my thanks to all the faculties and my batch mates in Dept. of Management
Studies (NPTI), for their support and guidance throughout the course of internship.
Thank you all for being there for me always.
RISHI CHATURVEDI
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Buildings of the future have to take into account the challenges and the opportunities brought
about by technological, environmental and societal changes. Smart buildings have the
advantage of automated systems that control the environment and communicate with users.
With the increasing levels of sophistication in technology, communications and connectivity,
smart buildings will become an integral part of our lifestyles – something that the
construction industry should recognise. In building new buildings or refurbishing old ones,
the ‘smart’ way to build smart buildings is to move away from traditional methods of
construction and to look at multi-disciplinary and integrated approaches, as well as end-user
perspectives. Furthermore, with the world’s increasing concern on climate change, buildings
will feature as one of the key areas for low-carbon performance. Supported by smart
technologies, green design will be a vital part of the new outlook for a building’s
performance. Lastly, societies across the world will require comfort, liveability and
adaptation to demographic change. The construction industry is well placed to play a crucial
role to take on this task.
This report contains needed steps and measures to assure green and smart
infrastructure in terms of usage of electricity, Water and other resources. Hence I have
divided my report into four aspects, each aspect enunciating the profitability of using
renewable and waste management methods over conventional methods. The four parts are:
1. Energy – Solar Panels and Solar Water Heaters
2. Application – Cooking , Laundry and Demonstration Systems for Cooling
3. Solid Waste Management – Biogas Plant
4. Waste Water management system
A Cost benefit and financial analysis is done on each aspect of these four parts so that
a general perception of not using the renewable energy sources because they are more
expensive and less economical can be removed.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Diesel rate growth trend; .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 2: 25Kwp Month wise Energy feed .............................................................................. 17
Figure 3: Pattern of Energy Generation and Capacity Factor .................................................. 18
Figure 4: Solar Water Heater ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5: Solar domestic Water Heater .................................................................................... 25
Figure 6 : Flat Plate Collector SWH ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 7: Evacuated tube collector SWH................................................................................. 29
Figure 8: Combined Capital and operating cost of SWH ........................................................ 31
Figure 9: SWH systems in Delhi ............................................................................................. 36
Figure 10: SWH systems in Apartments .................................................................................. 36
Figure 11: SWH layout ............................................................................................................ 37
Figure 12: 50000 lpd SWH system in Gurgaon ....................................................................... 37
Figure 13: Comparison SWH with Geyser .............................................................................. 40
Figure 14: Types of WWM ...................................................................................................... 43
Figure 15: Rainwater harvesting schematic ............................................................................. 46
Figure 16: Rainwater harvesting at IGI ................................................................................... 46
Figure 17: Components of DEWATS ...................................................................................... 47
Figure 18: DEWATS Process .................................................................................................. 48
Figure 19: Succession of treatment processes ......................................................................... 49
Figure 20: Vasant Vihar Drain, New Delhi. ............................................................................ 53
Figure 21: Iron moulds for concrete digester ........................................................................... 58
Figure 22: Munni Sewa Ashram .............................................................................................. 65
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Major Problems of Smart Buildings ............................................................................ 7
Table 2: Office of the Registrar Cooperative Societies (Summary of current registered
societies) .................................................................................................................................... 9
Table 3: Cost analysis of Diesel versus Solar Comparison of Diesel Generators with Solar
Generators: ............................................................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Comparison between Diesels versus Solar generators .............................................. 12
Table 5: Tariff determination for SPV system ......................................................................... 19
Table 6: Calculation of 1 unit of electricity ............................................................................. 21
Table 7: Cost of implementing solar panel .............................................................................. 23
Table 8: Electric versus Solar .................................................................................................. 31
Table 9: Solar Water Heater Subsidies .................................................................................... 34
Table 10: Uses of SWH ........................................................................................................... 35
Table 11: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DEWATS...................................................................... 55
Table 12: COST ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PLANT .............................................................. 60
Table 13: Gajraj Dry Cleaners Plant Details............................................................................ 64
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... ii
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER – 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Objective of Report ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Definition of smart infrastructure................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Principles of smart infrastructure ................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Applications of smart infrastructure ............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Some major problems concerning smart buildings are: ............................................................... 7
1.6 List of Registered societies in Delhi: ............................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 2 – SOLAR PANELS (REPLACEMENT FOR DIESEL GENERATORS) ........................................... 10
2.1 Inflation in Diesel ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Diesel Generator versus Solar system ........................................................................................ 11
2.5 Functional Description of a SPV Power System: ......................................................................... 15
2.6 Calculation for Cost of 1 unit of electricity from Diesel generator (Year- 2013) ........................ 20
2.7 Cost of Implementing solar Panel ............................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3: SOLAR WATER HEATER – REPLACEMENT FOR GEYSERS ................................................... 24
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 24
3.2 Solar Water Heating System ....................................................................................................... 25
3.3 System schematic for typical Solar Domestic water Heater ....................................................... 25
3.4 Working of a Solar Water Heater ................................................................................................ 26
3.5 Main Components of a SWH System .......................................................................................... 26
3.6 Applications of SWH.................................................................................................................... 26
3.7 Types of SWH .............................................................................................................................. 27
3.8 Desirable Characteristics of a hot Water Storage Tank .............................................................. 29
3.9 Features of a good SWH.............................................................................................................. 30
3.10 Size of a SWH ............................................................................................................................ 30
3.11 ELECTRIC VS SOLAR ................................................................................................................... 30
3.12 Potential .................................................................................................................................... 31
3.13 Electricity/Diesel Savings .......................................................................................................... 32
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3.14 Peak load saving ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.15 CO2 Reduction .......................................................................................................................... 32
3.16 Solar Water Heater Market in India .......................................................................................... 32
3.17 Solar Water Heater Subsidies in India ...................................................................................... 33
3.18 Cost of Using Geysers................................................................................................................ 38
3.19 Cost of using SWH ..................................................................................................................... 39
3.20 Comparison of SWH versus Electric Geysers ............................................................................ 40
CHAPTER 4 - WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 41
4.1 Types of Waste Water Management .......................................................................................... 41
4.2 Rain Water Harvesting ................................................................................................................ 43
4.3 Introduction to DEWATS ............................................................................................................. 46
4.4 DEWATS- SUSTAINABLE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER AT LOCAL LEVEL ................................ 48
4.5 The need for decentralized initiatives in wastewater treatment: .............................................. 49
4.6 Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technologies in India: ...................................................... 50
4.7 Waste Water Treatment Plant- Vasant Vihar Drain, New Delhi. ................................................ 52
4.8 Technical specifications of the plant are as below: .................................................................... 53
4.9 Decentralized wastewater treatment plant ............................................................................... 54
CHAPTER 5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 56
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 56
5.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 57
5.3 COST ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PLANT ............................................................................................. 60
CHAPTER 6 - APPLICTIONS OF SOLAR CST TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 61
6.1 Parabolic Type Concentrating Solar Steam Cooking System AT Shri Sai Sansthan, Shirdi.......... 61
6.2 M/s Gajraj Drycleaners, Ahmednagar......................................................................................... 63
6.3 100 TR System at Muni Sewa Ashram, near Vadodra ................................................................ 64
CHAPTER 7 – SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 66
7.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 66
7.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 66
7.3 Limitation of the project ............................................................................................................. 67
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 67
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CHAPTER – 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective of Report
Objective of the Report is to lay emphasis on needed steps and measures to assure green and
smart infrastructure in terms of usage of electricity, Water and other resources.
A Cost benefit and financial analysis is done on each aspect of these four parts so that
General perception of not using the renewable energy sources because they are more
expensive and less economical can be removed. This is done by comparing each renewable
and eco-friendly technique for improvement of carbon content of infrastructural buildings
with the conventional methods and sources both technically and economically.
1.2 Definition of smart infrastructure
A smart system uses a feedback loop of data, which provides evidence for informed decisionmaking. The system can monitor, measure, analyse, communicate and act, based on
information captured from sensors. Different levels of smart systems exist. A system may:
1. Collect usage and performance data to help future designers to produce the next, more
efficient version;
2. Collect data, process them and present information to help a human operator to take
decisions (for example, traffic systems that detect congestion and inform drivers);
3. Use collected data to take action without human intervention. There are examples of each
level of smartness already operating, but the same principles can be applied far more widely
across interconnected and complex infrastructures.
4. To be self – sufficient in terms of energy usage and be eco-friendly by employing the
waste management techniques for better economical use.
5. To reduce GHG emissions and should have a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
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1.3 Principles of smart infrastructure
1. Data
Data are at the heart of all smart technology. As smart infrastructure is rolled out into
different areas of our society, there will be a vast explosion of data generated and data
ownership will become increasingly important.
2. Analysis
Selective sampling of this information, careful fusion of data and interpretation through
robust mathematical modelling will provide highly reliable decision-making tools to benefit
individuals, organisations and governments alike.
3. Feedback
Smartness is about gathering information on the way an asset is used and using that
information to improve the way that system operates. The data feedback loop is fundamental
to any smart system.
4. Adaptability
There will be huge gains from making smart systems that can meet future needs and absorb
future technologies with much less replacement and expensive re-engineering. Redundancy is
currently built into systems because assumptions about what may go wrong have to be made.
If data can be collected to enable a system to be well maintained, designs that are more
efficient can be developed.
5. Eco-friendly
The Smart building must also be Eco-friendly with the surroundings. It should optimally
utilise the natural resources without polluting the environment and be dependent on
renewable energy resources on its consumption of electricity.
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1.4 Applications of smart infrastructure
1. Utilities
Utilities, including power and water, apply smartness to their grids. Smart grids are:
• Adaptive – they adapt and reconfigure in response to changes of supply and demand (as in
renewable energy sources);
• Predictive – models of the grids can be created and used to plan and operate systems;
• integrated – no longer a hierarchy from generator through distribution network to consumer.
Supply, consumption and control can occur at many locations on the grid;
• Reactive – engaging with customers through smart meters, rather than expecting customers
to take what they are given;
• optimised – grids control themselves to maximise efficiency in operation.
2. Energy
Monitoring, remote control and automation are increasingly being implemented across the
industry, which, coupled with the energy market and regulatory framework, make the
networks relatively advanced in world terms. Smartness is key to facilitating a high level of
Cooperation and interaction between consumers, generators and networks.
However, the move towards low carbon and renewable forms of generation present issues for
consumers and the National Grid alike. Consumers may see energy bills rise, unless they
choose to start using off-peak energy or use energy in more innovative ways. Much more
uncertainty in terms of generation profile will exist for the National Grid. To respond to this,
data from smart metering and monitoring will be fed into models to help balance demand and
generation. The grid will have to become more automated and distributed, rather than central
and manual, to be responsive to the wealth of data generated and participants involved. Being
smarter will also release the latent capacity within the network and, where possible, minimise
the need for additional infrastructure.
At the consumer level, there is an increasing ability of individual consuming devices to
negotiate for power usage. A home may have a fridge, washing machine and heat pump
which could be synchronised so they never overlap in their consumption cycle. This scales to
offices and industrial sectors.
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3. Water
Water infrastructure has historically been ‘dumb’, relying on the operation of the laws of
gravity, assisted by human or animal labour. Motor driven pumps have adapted such systems
to unhelpful topography. The integration of such traditional systems with automated and
remote instrumentation, control, feedback and communications systems has changed and is
changing this picture.
Consumers will be exposed to smart meters which will allow them to monitor and
manage their own water use, as with smart electricity and gas metering. This will lead them
to become active players in water operations through more predictable and reduced demand
as well as potentially reduced bills.
Smart metering is particularly helpful for industrial and commercial users, giving
them easier and simplified access to the information they need to control their water
consumption.
Future water infrastructure will be designed to adapt flexibly to changes in demand
and supply patterns, which will also cut the energy needed to pump water and wastewater.
New strategies currently being implemented or considered around the world include; smart
closed-loop wastewater systems with energy recovery, both small and large-scale (UK);
water resource and flood information and Management response systems (Netherlands,
China); and holistic catchment management integrated with water supply and wastewater
systems (USA).
Future smart water systems will commonly utilise automated meter reading with walk by,
drive by, fly by or fixed network intelligent meters. There will be remote water quality
control and remote water quality adjustment, as well as remote control of water supply
systems by satellite. Smartphone’s will include water ‘apps’ for water bill monitoring and
payment via the internet. Leaks in the water grid will be detected automatically by live water
consumption analysis using data from smart meters. Water and wastewater treatment plants
will be telemetrically operated by satellite
.
4. Transport
Twenty years ago, aviation, shipping and land transport each had its own navigation
technologies. Ships did not use landing systems deployed by aviation; aircraft did not use
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zebra crossings and traffic lights. But increasingly, the same satellite navigation is serving
them all.
a. Land transport
Land transport includes motorways, roads, trains and trams. The road system is an open
system; the rail system is substantially a closed system. Those are fundamental differences in
the transport equation and therefore have different requirements and challenges when it
comes to smarter infrastructure.
Transport infrastructure is already smart in many ways. For example, rail is currently
managed with automatic sensors and automatic route setting. In the future, the smart system
will have to communicate with an individual the level of reliability of the journey they are
undertaking and help people find alternative transport options if things go wrong. Much more
could be done within the overall integration of road and rail passenger transport networks to
make these kinds of interactions possible. Managed networks will be increasingly important
as eventually drivers start to concede control to a network. There will be monitoring of
energy consumption and mapping of energy access. Electric vehicles and car clubs are
starting to push a different view of vehicle ownership and maintenance, with managed
maintenance and maximum utilisation starting to come to the fore.
b. Maritime transport
The maritime sector has been the fastest of the regulated areas of transportation to adopt the
new tools of intelligent satellite navigation and communications. A commercial shipping
vessel will have half a dozen GPS receivers embedded in multiple systems. Systems can
control a 100,000 tonne vessel at 25 knots through complex seaways in low visibility on
autopilot; they can synchronise the communications systems that show shore control and
Other ships the identity of the vessel, where it is headed and what it is carrying; in an
emergency they can transmit alarms and guide rescuers. Container systems are so highly
automated that the location of every item being transported by the vessel is known from
factory to consumer. However, the dependence of shipping on one system of satellite
navigation and timing has exposed it to considerable risk through the potential loss of that
system. Interruptions have been experienced caused by satellite malfunctions, solar events,
Page | 5
radio interference and intentional jamming. These can cause all on-board systems to fail at
once.
c. Communications
Operators and other organisations are providing smarter service. Smart billing has been
introduced, which can be orientated towards different customer needs, such as itemised
billing per second, per cost centre or per location. Online customer care and mobile ‘apps’ are
being provided, serving the customer when they want, by time or day or location. Data can be
converted to voice, and voice to data, or from language A to language B. By 2020, the
number of connected devices on the planet will be anything from 20 to 50 billion. Smarter
networks will be there to serve those machines, not just the people who use them. A smart
network could be a multiband or a multimode network (an example of a multimode network
would be one that would work with both cellular and wifi systems/networks).
d. The built environment
Built environments and many of the world’s societies do not function or even exist unless
they are actually plugged into infrastructure. Architects understand the potential of joining up
with smart infrastructure. However, design tools, although smart in themselves, are not
currently able to link into and release the potential of the wider infrastructure.
Increasingly architects are working with innovators to understand how that smart technology
should be deployed and to keep informed of what exists and what technologies are on the
horizon. The built environment industry already creates some very smart systems, but the
people who then operate the buildings very often do not have the benefit of any training,
access, or explanation as to what the data might mean and how they could operate the
buildings more efficiently. This is where smartness falls down. Bringing the end user, the
engineer and the architect together to make use of these systems more intuitive will maximise
the value that the smartness delivers. It will also be easier for major technology companies to
articulate the value and explain why an item needs to be provided, so that the customer
understands and accepts it. Ultimately, for the lifetime of the building it will be about
ensuring that customers understand how to get the best from their smart systems.
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1.5 Some major problems concerning smart buildings are:
Table 1: Major Problems of Smart Buildings
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Table 1: Continued
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1.6 List of Registered societies in Delhi:
Type/Zone
North
South
East
West
North
East
North
West
South
West
Central
New
Delhi
Bank
Total
Group Housing(GH)
169
257
342
255
25
376
250
127
171
-
1972
House Building(HB)
2
34
42
20
-
31
3
-
1
-
133
Thrift & Credit(TC)
102
165
88
123
126
188
151
142
202
13
1300
Industrial(INDL)
107
72
80
125
275
371
52
92
17
-
1191
Consumer Store(CS)
56
105
47
106
64
65
47
26
52
-
568
Package(Rural)(PKG)
9
33
16
7
17
67
31
-
2
-
182
New
Purpose(NMPS)
6
51
5
22
16
49
23
-
3
-
175
Bank(BANK)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
19
Federation(FED)
2
4
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
-
24
Multi-
453
721
623 661
527
1151 558
388
450
32
Table 2: Office of the Registrar Cooperative Societies (Summary of current registered societies)
GRAND TOTAL
5564
Total number of Group Housing (GH) Societies = 1972
Total number of cancelled, dysfunctional, dissolved, liquidated, struck-off and wind-up
societies
= 739
Total number of Active societies
= 1233
These are the total number of societies where solutions of this report may be fruitful.
The Gated societies in Delhi depend on 4 major aspects:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Energy
Water management
Transportation
Waste management
In this report we will discuss about the total GHG (Green House Gas) emissions in Delhi’s
societies and various technologies to reduce it with their costs incurred.
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CHAPTER 2 – SOLAR PANELS (REPLACEMENT FOR DIESEL
GENERATORS)
2.1 Inflation in Diesel
PRICES
Growth trend
50
40
30
20
10
Growth trend
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Years
Figure 1: Diesel rate growth trend;
From the above diagram it can be observed that rate of Diesel is increasing due to inflation
over last 5 years. Due to which there will be an increase in energy rates of apartments. Solar
Powered Electrical system is an efficient solution to Diesel Generators as it can reduce
operating costs of generating electricity and provide an uninterrupted power supply
throughout life of the project. On an average, per unit cost with a diesel generator is Rs 22
while the cost with battery backed solar system does not exceed Rs 7/unit and it remains
constant throughout the life of power plant. With a solar power system you can save the cost
of transportation, pilferage and storage of diesel.
System
10 KW Solar Electricity Generator
Units Generated
15,000/year
Payback
4 years
Area Required
1200 sq. Feet
Incentives
Accelerated Depreciation (80% first year,
20% second year)
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2.2 Diesel Generator versus
Solar system
COST ANALYSIS
DIESEL GENERATOR
YEAR
ANNUAL
OPERATING
COST
2012
SOLAR SYSTEM
ANNUAL
MAINTENANCE
TOTAL
COST
MAINTENANCE
COST
SOLAR
COST
.14
2.14
WITH BATTERY SYSTEM
REPLACEMENT
2013
2.35
.16
4.65
2014
2.59
.18
7.34
.05
12.95
2015
2.85
.20
12.32
.06
13.00
2016
3.14
.22
14.56
.06
13.06
2017
3.45
.23
16.78
.07
13.12
2018
3.79
.24
21.45
.07
13.19
2019
4.17
.29
26.04
.08
15.56
2020
4.59
.34
30.78
.09
15.64
2021
5.05
.45
34.89
.10
15.73
2022
5.55
.78
38.90
.11
15.83
2023
6.11
.80
41.22
.12
15.94
2.50
INVERTER
2024
7.32
.82
44.44
.13
18.56
2.30 BATTERY
2025
8.13
.84
46.67
.14
20.99
2026
8.94
.85.
50.55
.16
21.13
2027
9.84
.88
65.88
.17
21.29
2028
10.82
.90
72.88
.19
21.46
2029
11.91
1.1
80.44
.21
21.65
2030
13.10
1.13
117.88
.23
21.86
2031
14.41
1.23
131.66
.25
24.39
2032
15.85
1.26
146.99
.28
24.64
2033
17.83
1.36
163.99
.31
24.92
2034
19.17
1.43
182.09
.35
25.23
2035
20.09
1.46
202.88
.37
25.57
2036
22.20
1.59
225.67
.41
25.94
2037
23.20
1.62
250
.45
28.65
TOTAL COST
273
2.30 BATTERY
2.30 BATTERY
2.30 BATTERY
29.55
Table 3: Cost analysis of Diesel versus Solar2.3 Comparison of Diesel Generators with Solar Generators:
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Criteria
System type
Diesel Generators
Solar generators
Portable diesel generator set
Cost
Lower initial cost, high running
cost due to fuel consumption
Require periodic maintenance
such as oiling of parts and
replacement of moving parts
Noisy, smoke discharge and
greasy residues.
Also
harmful
for
the
environment
Portable solar generator set
,with
optional
backup
generator
High initial cost, virtually
free for life time
Minimum
maintenance
required due to no moving
parts
Soundless, no discharges.
Environmentally friendly.
Maintenance
Pollution
Will store extra energy and
supply it when required. All
energy is utilized.
Cost per kWh
Will consume fuel and produce
constant energy regardless of
load consumption. Most of this
energy is wasted.
Increases with fuel prices
Return on Investment
None
Cheaper than grid power
over its lifetime.
Reliability in Rugged
Conditions
Will function when required, Will function when required,
but lifetime will be shortened by and is ideal for sunny
environment.
countries.
Fuelling Costs
Requires fuel to be transported No cost for fuel. It is
to location and manually automatically charging at all
inserted into tank
times in the sun.
Set Up Time
Will have to be refuelled before Deployed in a few minutes.
being used
When Not in Use
Nothing will happen, though The generator will retain
fuel level will have to be charge. It will continue to
checked before reuse
charge as long as exposed to
sunlight.
Towing from Location
to New Location
Fuel recharge required when Generator
will
charge
reaching new location
reroute, ready to be used
when arriving at new
location.
Life Time
8-10 years
Efficiency
Free after sometime.
Up to 20 years.
Table 4: Comparison between Diesels versus Solar generators
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2.4 Grid Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant:
1. Area for SPV Plant
i>
Length:
25.5m
ii>
Width
13.0 m
iii>
Location
Terrace
2. SPV Power Plant
i>
Output
25 kWp
ii>
No. of modules
150
iii>
No. of modules in series
5
iv>
No. of parallel combination
30
v>
DC BUS 1 No.
3. Technical details of a SPV Module
(a) PV Module type
Poly crystalline
(b) Physical Dimensions
i>
Length with frame
1580 mm
ii>
Width with frame
795 mm
iii>
Thickness
40 mm
(b) Electrical Parameter
i>
Maximum Power Rating
170 kWp
ii>
Rated Current
5A
iii>
Voltage
34 V
iv>
Short Circuit Current
6A
Page | 13
v>
Open Circuit Voltage
42.8 V
4. Mounting Arrangement
i>
Mounting Fixed Type
ii>
Surface azimuth angle of PV Module
180o
iii>
Tilt angle(slope) of PV module
28.32
5. Inverter/ Power Conditioning Unit (PCU)
i>
Number of units
1
ii>
Rated Capacity
27 kWp
iii>
Input Voltage ranges
170 V (Max.)
iv>
Output Voltage
440 V AC
v>
Frequency
50 Hz
vi>
Efficiency
94%
6. Grid Connection Details
i>
Electrical parameters for interconnection
440 V, 3Ph ,50 Hz
7. Annual Energy Generation
i>
Annual Energy
42 MWh
8. Cost Estimate
i>
Estimated Cost (Rs. Lakh)
42.5
ii>
Cost per kW (Rs.Lakh)
1.7
9. Cost of Energy Generation
i>
Levelised Tariff (Rs/kWh)
18.45
ii>
Cost of Generation (Rs/kWh)
10.54
Page | 14
10. Construction Time
5 months
2.5 Functional Description of a SPV Power System:
1. The solar PV system shall be designed with either mono/ poly crystalline silicon modules
or using thin film photovoltaic cells or any other superior technology having higher
efficiency.
2. Three key elements in a solar cell form the basis of their manufacturing technology. The
first is the semiconductor, which absorbs light and converts it into electron-hole pairs. The
second is the semiconductor junction, which separates the photo-generated carriers (electrons
and holes), and the third is the contacts on the front and back of the cell that allow the current
to flow to the external circuit. The two main categories of technology are defined by the
choice of the semiconductor: either crystalline silicon in a wafer form or thin films of other
materials.
3. The grid interactive roof top solar PV system generally comprises the following
equipment.
a. SPV Power Source
b. Inverter (PCU)
c. Mounting Structure
d. AC and DC Cables
e. Earthling equipment /material
f. Junction Boxes or combiners
g. Instruments and protection equipments
4. Photovoltaic solar system use the light available from the sun to generate electricity and
feed this into the main electricity grid or load as the case may be. The PV panels convert the
light reaching them into DC power. The amount of power they produce is roughly
proportional to the intensity and the angle of the light reaching them. They are therefore
positioned to take maximum advantage of available sunlight within sitting constraints.
Maximum power is obtained when the panels are able to 'track' the sun's movements during
the day and the various seasons. However, these tracking mechanisms tend to add a fair bit to
Page | 15
the cost of the system, so a most of installations either have fixed panels or compromise by
incorporating some limited manual adjustments, which take into account the different
'elevations' of the sun at various times of the year. The best elevations vary with the latitude
of the load location.
5. The power generating capacity of a photovoltaic system is denoted in Kilowatt peak
(measured at standard test conditions of solar radiation of 1000 W per m2). A common rule
of thumb is that average power is equal to 20% of peak power, so that each peak kilowatt of
solar array output power corresponds to energy production of 4.8 kWh per day (24 hours x 1
kW x 20% = 4.8 kWh).
6. Solar photovoltaic modules can be developed in various combinations depending upon the
requirements of the voltage and power output to be taken from the solar plant. No. of cells
and modules may vary depending upon the manufacturer prudent practice.
7. Inverter
1. The DC power produced is fed to inverter for conversion into AC.
2. The output of the inverter must synchronize automatically its AC output to the exact AC
voltage and frequency of the grid.
3. Inverter Efficiency of 94% is considered in the PV system.
8. Protection and Controls:
1. Inverter shall be provided with islanding protection to isolate it from the grid in case of no
supply, under voltage and over voltage conditions so that in no case there is any chance of
accident.
2. In addition to above, PV systems shall be provided with adequate rating fuses, fuses on
inverter input side (DC) as well as output side (AC) side for overload and short circuit
protection and disconnecting switches to isolate the DC and AC system for maintenances are
needed.
3. Fuses of adequate rating shall also be provided in each solar array module to protect them
against short circuit.
9. Annual energy generation:
Page | 16
The annual energy generation from the SPV power plant has been worked out based on the
data on mean global solar radiant exposure over Delhi. The mean global solar radiant
exposure varies from 3.72 kWh/m2/day in the month of December to 7.08 kWh/m2 /day in
the month of May. Considering the efficiency of PV module at 16% and temperature
coefficient of 4.4 % per degree Celsius, the annual energy generation feed into the grid is
estimated at 42 MWh. This takes into consideration an efficiency of the Power Conditioning
Unit (PCU) as 94% and losses in the DC and AC system as 3% each up to the point of
interconnection. The month wise energy generation during the year is shown below.
Figure 2: 25Kwp Month wise Energy feed
Page | 17
Figure 3: Pattern of Energy Generation and Capacity Factor
The energy available from the Plant would vary from a minimum of 3.33 MWh during the
month of January to a maximum of 4.13 MWh during the month of March. The annual
capacity utilization factor works out as 19.2%.
10. Cost of energy generation and tariff:
The Tariff for the sale of energy from the SVP Power Plant has been worked out considering
that equity ratio of 70:30. The interest rate on the loan has been adopted as 12.79 % based on
the prime lending rate (PLR) as per CERC. The salvage value of the project has been
considered at 10% and the depreciation has been based on the differential depreciation
approach as per the CERC Notification dated 16th September, 2009. The depreciation of 7%
has been adopted during the 1st 10 years and based on straight-line method for remaining
useful life. The interest rate on the working capital has been adopted as 13.79 % based on the
prime lending rate of CERC. The working capital has been worked out based on the CERC
norms. The O & M expenses have been adopted at the rate of Rs.9 lakh / MW for the first
year operation and escalated @ 5.72% / annum. The data sheet indicating the various
parameters adopted in the computation of the Tariff as per CERC norms is enclosed.
Page | 18
Table 5: Tariff determination for SPV system
Page | 19
2.6 Calculation for Cost of 1 unit of electricity from
Diesel generator (Year- 2013)
ITEMS
POWER
RATINGS
Incandascent bulbs
Fluroscent bulbs
night lamp
Fans
Tv
Audio System
Air Cooler
Miscellaneous
Total
40 x 5
40 x 4
15 x 3
60 x 4
100
For 300 Flats
450 KW
50
200
505
1500 watt
Calculating ratings for DG set and then Cost of Unit
from DG set
Total Power of the society
Diversity factor of the area
Maximum demand of the Society
Loading
DG set rating
At .8 power factor
So taking next higher DG set rating
Cost of machine
Consumption/hr
Daily cut-off
price of Diesel
For 365 days Running cost in Rs will be
Efficiency of engine
155125 litre will generate
cost of 1 unit of electricity for 1st year
450 Kw
0.54
450 x .54
243 kW
70%
243/.7
347.1 kW
433.92 KVA
500 KVA
20,00,000 Rs
85 litre/hr
5 hrs/day
50.25
365 x 85 x 5 x
50.25
7795031.25
Rs/Year
.335 litre/kWh
463059.701 kWh
7795031.25
/463059.7
16.8 Rs/kWh
Page | 20
Now, taking cost of DG set into consideration.
Suppose society decides to collect 4 lakhs of cost of DG from first year
therefore, total cost for first year
cost of 1 unit of electricity for 1st year
8195031.25 RS
17.69 Rs/kWh
Taking year 2014 , assuming inflation
Assuming rate of inflation
price of Diesel will get
For 365 days Running cost in Rs will be
adding cost of DG
cost of 1 unit of electricity
7%
53.765 Rs/litre
365 x 85 x 5 x
53.765
8740295.63
RS/Year
18.871 Rs/kWh
Taking year 2015 , assuming inflation
Assuming rate of inflation
price of Diesel will get
For 365 days Running cost in Rs will be
adding cost of DG
cost of 1 unit of electricity
7%
57.52
365 x 85 x 5 x
57.525
9324116.3
20.1 Rs/kWh
Taking year 2016 , assuming inflation
Assuming rate of inflation
price of Diesel will get
For 365 days Running cost in Rs will be
adding cost of DG
cost of 1 unit of electricity
7%
61.54
365 x 85 x 5 x
61.54
9947385.3
21.48 Rs/kWh
Taking year 2017 , assuming inflation
Assuming rate of inflation
price of Diesel will get
For 365 days Running cost in Rs will be
adding cost of DG
cost of 1 unit of electricity
7%
65.84
365 x 85 x 5 x
65.84
10614640
22.9 Rs/kWh
Table 6: Calculation of 1 unit of electricity
Total Running Cost plus Investment for 5 years
46821467 Rs
Page | 21
2.7 Cost of Implementing solar Panel
1. Estimating energy usage
ITEMS
ENERGY USAGE
Incandascent bulbs
Fluroscent bulbs
night lamp
Fans
Tv
Audio System
Lift and miscellaneous of society
Total
40 x 5 x 5
40 x 4 X 5
15 x 3 X 5
60 x 4 X 5
100 X 5
For 300 Flats for 5 hrs a day
300 x 4.5 KW hr
1350 units
50%
1350 x .5
675 units
Taking diversity factor of apartments as
maximum demand of society
50 X 5
200 x 5
4575 watt hr
2. Estimating cost of Solar panels
(Taking four 25Kw solar panels to generate electricity)
To generate 1 unit we need
To generate 125 units we need
Average cost of panel/watt
Total cost of panels
200 watts panel
25000 watts panels
30 Rs/Watt
25000 x 30
7,50,000 Rs
3. Estimating cost of battery
Cost of tubular battery
Total cost of lead acid batteries
But we need approximately 4 times of it to get it charged for night
10000/Kwhr
10000 x 125
1250000 Rs
1250000 Rs x 4
50,00,000 Rs
4. Estimating cost of Accessories
Cost of Controller, Inverter and Installation
3,00,000 Rs
Page | 22
Total cost of Solar plant
(Adding all of the above)
60,50,000 Rs
5. VAT and Subsidy
VAT
Total plus VAT
Subsidy
Approximate size of solar power plant
Subsidy on project
Final cost
5% of 60.5 Lakh
3,02,500 Rs
63,52,500 Rs
3000 Rs/sqm
325 sqm
325 x 3000
9,75,000 Rs
53,77,500 Rs
Table 7: Cost of implementing solar panel
Total cost of four solar power plants
53,77,500 x 4
2,15,10,000 Rs
Total Difference between DG and Solar for 5 years
25311467.3 Rs
Page | 23
CHAPTER 3: SOLAR WATER HEATER – REPLACEMENT FOR
GEYSERS
Figure 4: Solar Water Heater
3.1 Introduction
There has always been a gap between supply and demand of electric energy in Delhi
Especially during peak summer and winter seasons. The situation further worsens during
early hours of peak winter season when enormous heating load is switched ‘ON’. This has
been a consistent problem. If the heating load is switched over to non conventional source of
energy, from conventional energy sources; the gap can be bridged considerably. Therefore,
there is a need to take up the measures to initiate steps for adoption of ‘Solar Water Heating
System’.
Solar water heating is now a mature technology. Wide spread utilization of solar water
heaters can reduce a significant portion of the conventional energy being used for heating
water in homes, factories and other commercial & institutional establishments. Internationally
the market for solar water heaters has expanded significantly during the last decade.
Page | 24
‘Solar Water Heating System’ is not a new name in India now. The technology is easily
available in our country and in use in almost all mega cities.
3.2 Solar Water Heating System
1. Solar water heating system is a device that helps in heating water by using the energy from
the SUN. This energy is totally free.
2. Solar energy (sun rays) is used for heating water. Water is easily heated to a temperature of
60-80o C.
3. Solar water heater of Solar water heaters (SWHs) of 100-300 litres capacity are suited for
domestic use.
4. Larger systems can be used in restaurants, canteens, guest houses, hotels, hospitals etc.
5. A 100 litres capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser for residential use and may save
approximately 1500 units of electricity annually.
6. The use of 1000 SWHs of 100 litres capacity each can contribute to a peak load saving of
approximately 1 MW.
7. A SWH of 100 litres capacity can prevent emission of 1.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per
year.
3.3 System schematic for typical Solar Domestic water Heater
Figure 5: Solar domestic Water Heater
Page | 25
3.4 Working of a Solar Water Heater
The Sun’s rays fall on the collector panel (a component of solar water heating system). A
black absorbing surface (absorber) inside the collectors absorbs solar radiation and transfers
the heat energy to water flowing through it. Heated water is collected in a tank which is
insulated to prevent heat loss. Circulation of water from the tank through the collectors and
back to the tank continues automatically due to thermo siphon system.
Based on the collector system, solar water heaters can be of two types: A solar water heater
consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water.
3.5 Main Components of a SWH System
Main components of solar water heater system are
1 .Solar Collector (to collect solar energy)
2. Insulated tank (to store hot water)
3. Supporting stand
4. Connecting pipes and instrumentation etc.
3.6 Applications of SWH
1. Water heating is one of the most cost-effective uses of solar energy, providing hot water
for showers, dishwashers and clothes washers. Every year, several thousands of new solar
water heaters are installed worldwide.
2. Solar water heaters can be used for Homes, Community Centers, Hospitals, Nursing
homes, Hotels, Restaurants, Dairy plants, Swimming Pools, Canteens, Ashrams, Hostels,
Industry etc.
3. Use of solar water heater can curtail electricity or fuel bills considerably.
4. Usage of solar water heater for any application where steam is produced using a boiler or
steam generator can save 70-80% of electricity or fuel bills.
5. A residence can save 70-80% on electricity or fuel bills by replacing its conventional water
heater with a solar water heating system.
6. Of all the solar energy devices available in the market, solar water heating systems are
found to be the most reliable, durable.
Page | 26
7 .Solar water heaters are backed up by the longest warranty period of all other solar energy
devices.
8. Solar water heaters are known to have the fastest repayment of investment.
3.7 Types of SWH
Generally two types of solar water heater are available in the market
1. Flat Plate solar water heater
Solar radiation is absorbed by flat plate collectors which consist of an insulated outer metallic
box covered on the top with glass sheet.
2. Evacuated Tube Collector
The Collector is made of double layer borosilicate glass tubes evacuated for providing
insulation.
Page | 27
Figure 6 : Flat Plate Collector SWH
Flat Plate Collector SWH
A black absorbing surface (absorber) inside the flat plate collectors absorbs solar radiation
and transfers the energy to water flowing through it. Bureau of Indian Standards has
standardised this type of solar heaters.
Here the solar radiation is absorbed by flat plate collectors which consist of an insulated outer
metallic box covered on the top with glass sheet. Inside there are blackened metallic absorber
(selectively coated) sheets with built in channels or riser tubes to carry water? The absorber
absorbs the solar radiation and transfers the heat to the flowing water.
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR SOLAR WATER HEATER
Here the collector is made of double layer borosilicate glass tubes evacuated for providing
insulation. The outer wall of the inner tube is coated with selective absorbing material. This
helps absorption of solar radiation and transfers the heat to the water which flows through the
inner tube.
The features of Evacuated tube collector are as under:1. Highly efficient with excellent absorption (>93%) and minimum emittance(<6%) as the
tubes are
round and sun rays are striking the tubes at right angles thus Minimizing
reflection.
Page | 28
2. The entire body is made of stainless steel. The storage tank is made of food grade stainless
steel SUS 304 2B with strong PUF insulation.
3. There is an electrical backup for non sun shine days.
4. The entire system is controlled and monitored by an automatic control panel.
5. No scaling in the glass tubes thus, suitable for areas with hard water.
6. The installation procedure is very simple and the system is relatively maintenance free.
7. Available in many capacities 100, 150,180, 250, 500L/more.
8. It is affordable with only one time cost.
Figure 7: Evacuated tube collector SWH
3.8 Desirable Characteristics of a hot Water Storage Tank
The hot water storage tank in domestic solar water heating systems is a double walled tank.
The space between the inner and the outer tanks is filled with insulation to prevent heat
losses. The inner tank is generally made of copper or stainless steel to ensure long life. The
Page | 29
outer tank could be made of stainless steel sheet, painted steel sheet or aluminium.
Thermostat controlled, electrical heating elements can also be provided (optional) in the tank
to take care of those days when sun does not shine or demand of water goes up. The capacity
of the tank should be in proportion to the collector area used in the system. A commonly used
thumb rule is to provide 50 litres of storage for every sq. m. of collector area.
3.9 Features of a good SWH
First and foremost requirement of a good solar heater is that it should have sufficient
collector area for the capacity claimed. Collector area used in the system determines the
capacity of water heating. For example, in typical north Indian weather conditions, on a
sunny winter day, one sq. m. of collector area can be expected to heat approximately 50 litres
of water by a temperature of 30- 40° C. Typical flat plate collectors made in the country have
an area of around 2 sq. m and are thus capable of heating around 100 litres of water in a day.
This proportion serves as a benchmark. Further, the collectors should be of good materials
and the absorbers should carry a good quality coating (BIS approved collectors are being
provided by large number of established manufacturers). The system should be mounted on a
rigid structure and should be firmly fixed with the roof to prevent damage in high winds.
3.10 Size of a SWH
The golden rule is that it is better to buy a system smaller than your requirement and use back
up when you fall short of hot water, rather than buy a system much bigger than your
requirement .This will lead to inefficiencies and may even cause operational problems. The
best is to make an actual estimate of daily demand of hot water by measurements on the main
use points. Do remember that the solar system is capable of heating only an approximately
fixed quantity of water and is designed for typical sunny days. Thus, in this characteristic, it
is unlike an electric geyser which can supply widely varying quantities of hot water in a day.
Also remember that the temperature of water in the solar system is determined by the
combination of collector area and the tank capacity. Typically it would be 50 - 60°C, which is
much hotter than the bathing water temperature (around 40°C). As a typical example on
sizing of solar systems, it may be mentioned that a 100 litres system is considered generally
optimum for family of 4 adult members.
3.11 ELECTRIC VS SOLAR
This section offers a financial analysis of installing a solar system during the design and build
phase of a domestic home based on retail pricing. Assuming an interest rate of 15% for a term
of 20 (twenty) years, monthly payment for the solar water heater is R100 (monthly electrical
Page | 30
geyser payment is R56 + electricity) and that the solar water heater saves 70% of the power
required by an electric geyser, the following demonstrates your accumulated expected
savings on a Net Present Value Basis. It can be seen from the data below that the end user
will be saving from day one onwards and over a twenty year period, you can expect to save
approximately R69, 128.
Year 1
Cumulative
6,383
electric
cost(Geyser)
Cumulative
7,424
Operating
Cost(SWH)
CUMULATIVE 1,041
NET SAVINGS
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
13,802
21,845
29,702
34,889
40,171
45,549
14,431
21,118
27,587
29,116
30,672
32,256
629
727
2,115
5,773
9,499
13,293
Table 8: Electric versus Solar
Figure 8: Combined Capital and operating cost of SWH
NPV Electric geyser (already installed) = R 125,691
NPV Solar geyser with electric backup = R 56,564
NPV Difference = R 69,128
3.12 Potential
The technical overall potential assuming that 75% of pucca houses of the country occupied
by the Owners will have solar water heaters could be taken as 140 million sq. m. of collector
area. The achievable/economic potential based on purchasing power of people/ requirement
Page | 31
of hot water in a year/ availability of space for installation of system/ availability ofsolar
radiation etc. may, however, be taken as 35-40 million sq. m. of collector area.
3.13 Electricity/Diesel Savings
• A 100 lpd system (2 sq.m of collector area) installed in a home can save 4-6 units of
electricity/day depending on the place of installation & hot water use. On an average it could
be taken as 5 units/day. Maximum average saving with 300 clear days, therefore,could be
taken as 1500 units/year.
• Assuming 300 days of solar hot water use in Bangalore and 150 days in Delhi, the savings
could be 1500 & 750 units per year respectively i.e. replacement of a 2 KW electric geyser
working for 2 ½ hours in a day. Considering all parts of the country and maximum
installations in areas where hot water requirement is more during the year, average saving could be
taken as 1200 units/year/100 lpd system.
• 1 million such systems installed will be able to save 1200 million units of electricity/year
• A 100 lpd system (2 sq.m of collector area) installed in an industry can save around 140
litres of diesel in a year.
3.14 Peak load saving
• 1 system of 100 lpd can replace an electric geyser of 2 KW capacity in a home.
• 1 million such systems will replace 1 million geysers of 2 KW capacity each in homes.
Assuming that at least 50% of geysers are switched on at a time, this will have a peak load
shaving of 1000 MW.
3.15 CO2 Reduction
• A 100 lpd system on an average saves up to 1500 units of electricity/yr. To generate that
much of electricity from a coal based power plant, 1.5 tone of CO2 /year is released in
atmosphere. One million solar water heating systems installed in homes will , therefore, also
result in reduction of 1.5 million tone of CO2 emission in atmosphere.
3.16 Solar Water Heater Market in India
Solar Heater Market has seen growth increasing for the past 15 years with more than 20%
CAGR seen in the last 4-5 years due to the following reasons.Despite the rapid growth,there
is huge scope for growth of India’s Solar Water Heater Market which has been estimated to
be around 2.5 million square meters.More than 50% of the Solar Water Heater Installations
Page | 32
are concentrated in the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra.Note India receives very high
solar insolation throughout the year making it ideal for Solar Water Heater Installations.Most
of the SWH systems are sold to residential installations more than 80%.Commercial
establishments are still slow to adopt SWH.Note the penetration of SWH in India is still 10
times lower than that of China and shows huge growth potential.Note around 1 million
households in India have solar water heaters and the growth rate is around 20%.Assuming an
average solar water heater system cost of around Rs 30000 ($650) ,the total market size
would be around $130 million or Rs 600 crores.

Growing Urbanization and Rising Per Capita Income

Government Subsidies

Electricity Price Rise
3.17 Solar Water Heater Subsidies in India
India’s JNNSM Solar Policy has set out ambitious target for Solar Water Heater Installations
at 7 million square meters in 2013 and 20 million in 2020.
a) Capital Subsidy – Capital subsidy equivalent to upfront interest subsidy Rs. 1850 per sq.
m. to registered institutions and Rs 1400 per sq. m. of collector area to registered
commercial establishments.For housing complexes Rs. 1900/ sq. m. of collector area
b) Interest Loan Subsidy - 85% of the cost of the project will be provided loans for 5 years
from IREDA/Banks at 2% for domestic users,3% for institutional and 5% for commercial
users (no accelerated depreciation allowed.Banks too get an incentive of 1% of the loan.31
Banks are supporting the interest subsidies.Note like for Solar Panels,NE states,hilly states
and Islands get additional subsidies,in this case 0% loans.
Page | 33
Table 9: Solar Water Heater Subsidies
Page | 34
Table 10: Uses of SWH
Page | 35
Figure 9: SWH systems in Delhi
Figure 10: SWH systems in Apartments
Page | 36
Figure 11: SWH layout
Figure 12: 50000 lpd SWH system in Gurgaon
Page | 37
3.18 Cost of Using Geysers
Application
Household bathing using buckets
Household bathing using shower with a mixing tap
Shaving, while a tap runs
Household bathing in bathtub (one filling)
Wash basin with a mixing tap (hand wash, brushing of teeth, etc.)
Kitchen washing
Dishwasher
Clothes washing machine
Average hot water needed per household per day
Typical
Requirement of Hot
Water at 60OC.
10-20 liters per
person per bath.
20-30 liters for 10-15
minute bath
7-10 liters
50-75 liters
3-5 liters per person
per day.
2-3 liters per person
per day.
10-20 liters per wash
cycle
10-20 liters per cycle
100
litres/day/househol
d
GEYSERS
Geyser selected for a household(m)
Power rating
Initial temperature of water(T1)
Desired temperature(T2)
Specific heat of water(c)
Energy neede to raise the Temperature from T1 to T2
Time taken by 2kW element to raise Temp
Energy needed for 100 Litres
Total Time taken
Energy consumed annualy
Monetary expenses at Rs 5/ kWhr for a year
Cost of Geyser
Total cost for first year for 1 family
Total cost for first year for 300 family
25 LPD
2 kW
20 C
60 C
4.19 KJ/Kg/ C
Q = mc(T2-T1)/3600
so, Q = 1.1638 kWh
1.1638/2 = .5819 hr
4.6552 kWh
2.32 hr
1700 kWh
8495.74 Rs/Year
8000 Rs
16495.74 Rs
16495.74 x 300
4948722 Rs
Table 12: Cost of using geysers
Page | 38
3.19 Cost of using
SWH
System Capacity (lpd)*
100
200
250
300
500
30000
ETC based
with
glass tubes
systems
COST
15000
28000
34000
40000
62000
FPC
based
systems with
metallic
collectors
Maximum
Maximum
solar Cost
solar collector
collector area(sqm) (Rs.)
area(sqm)
1.5
22000
2
3
42000
4
3.75
50000
5
4.5
58000
6
7.5
85000
10
5,100,000 600
Table 13 : Cost of SWH
Average consumption of
single family
Average consumption of
whole
society
per
day(300 Flats)
Capacity
of
SWH
system
Solar collector area of
SWH system
Installing number of 5oo
lpd systems
Cost of 500 litre SWH
system
Cost of 30000 litre
SWH system
100 lpd
30000 lpd
30000 lpd
600 sqm
60
85000
85000 x 60
5100000 Rs
Subsidy for
complexes
Total subsidy
Housing
1900/sqm
1900 x 600
1140000 Rs
Cost of SWH after 5100000
Rs
subsidy
1140000 Rs
3960000 Rs
Tariff of
electricity 3960000 Rs/ 300 X
usage for first year
1700
7.7647 Rs
Page | 39
3.20 Comparison of SWH versus Electric Geysers
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
Rs per unit (Geyser)
5
5.97
6.3
6.6
6.9
7.5
7.8
8.2
8.5
8.8
9.5
Rs
per
(SWH)
7.647
6.5
5.5
3.2
3
2.5
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1
unit
2023-24
2022-23
2021-22
2020-21
2019-20
Rs per unit
(SWH)
2018-19
Rs per unit
(Geyser)
2017-18
2016-17
2015-16
2014-15
2013-14
0
5
10
Figure 13: Comparison SWH with Geyser
Page | 40
CHAPTER 4 - WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
Water is a key feature of public concern worldwide. Inappropriate use and poor management
of water resources have an increasingly negative effect on economic growth, on social
welfare and on the world’s eco-systems. For a long time the need for efficient wastewater
treatment was ignored by many public authorities. As a result the performance of existing
treatment technologies and the conditions of sanitation facilities are rather poor. At many
locations the sewage is just drained to surface or ground waters without adequate handling.
Recently, decision makers, planners, engineers and civil society stakeholders have launched
multiple initiatives to answer the question facing many developing countries: How to ensure
a good performance and a high coverage of wastewater treatment under rather difficult
conditions with financial constraints and limited human and institutional capacities?
In the 1990s an international network of agencies and NGOs drew conclusions about the
deficiencies of existing infrastructure development and produced the so-called “DEWATS
approach.” DEWATS is designed to be an element of comprehensive wastewater strategies:
not only are the technical requirements for the efficient treatment of wastewater at a given
location, but the specific socioeconomic conditions also taken into consideration.
By its principles of “reliability” and “longevity”, the permanent and continuous treatment of
wastewater flows ranging from 1–1000m³ per day, from both domestic and industrial sources,
should be guaranteed. With its flexibility, efficiency and cost effectiveness, these systems are
planned to be complementary to centralised wastewater treatment-technology and to
strategies reducing the overall generation of wastewater.
The international discussion about the conservation of water resources and more targetoriented poverty-alleviation strategies create a favourable environment for new sanitation
approaches and innovative wastewater treatment solutions. In many countries a rapidly
upcoming market for DEWATS and a demand for efficient Community-Based Sanitation
(CBS) can be observed.
4.1 Types of Waste Water Management
1. Individual systems. The applicability of these systems is limited by their relatively poor
performance and the administrative hurdles associated with using them as the sole means of
meeting watershed-wide nitrogen control targets. However, since they are located on the
Page | 41
parcel where the wastewater is generated, they eliminate collection costs and should be
considered as adjuncts to other options for remote, sparsely developed neighbourhoods within
watersheds with relatively low nitrogen removal requirements.
2. Cluster systems. These systems should be considered for existing neighborhood with small
lots that are remote from sewered areas and have publically-owned land nearby.They also are
good options for new cluster developments where infrastructure can be installed by the
developer and later turned over to the town, or for shore-front areas that may not be
connected to larger-scale systems until later phases of a project.
3. Satellite systems. Satellite facilities make the most economic sense in remote watersheds
(more than 5 miles from the existing sewer system or other areas or need), with vacant
publically-owned land nearby. These systems are also applicable in the case of an existing or
proposed private facility that can be taken over by the town and expanded to provide
wastewater service to existing nearby properties currently on septic systems, particularly if
the town-wide system may be not be available for many years and the developer is prepared
to proceed in the near future.
4. Centralized Systems. This option is likely to be the most viable when :
a) Dense development exists in nitrogen-sensitive watersheds.
b) Suitable treatment and disposal sites are available at no or low cost;
c) A high degree of nitrogen control is required;
d) Areas of dense development in sensitive watersheds are within 3 miles of desirable
effluent treatment and disposal sites; and
e) Opportunities are available for cost reductions through regionalization
Page | 42
Figure 14: Types of WWM
4.2 Rain Water Harvesting
Introduction
Where there is no surface water, or where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to hard
ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit to drink,
another source must be sought. In areas which have regular rainfall the most appropriate
alternative is the collection of rainwater, called ‘rainwater harvesting’. Falling rain can
provide some of the cleanest naturally occurring water that is available anywhere. This is not
surprising, as it is a result of a natural distillation process that is at risk only from airborne
particles and from man-made pollution caused by the smoke and ash of fires and industrial
processes, particularly those which burn fossil fuels. Most modern technologies for obtaining
drinking water are related to the exploitation of surface water from rivers, streams and lakes,
and groundwater from wells and boreholes. However, these sources account for only 40% of
total precipitation. It is evident, therefore, that there is considerable scope for the collection of
rainwater when it falls, before huge losses occur due to evaporation and transpiration and
before it becomes contaminated by natural means or man-made activities. The term
‘rainwater harvesting’ is usually taken to mean ‘the immediate collection of rainwater
Page | 43
running off surfaces upon which it has fallen directly’. This definition excludes run-off from
land watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Water Aid is concerned primarily with the
provision of clean drinking water; therefore the rainwater harvesting projects which it
supports are mainly those where rainwater is collected from roofs, and only to a lesser extent
where it is collected from small ground, or rock, catchments.
Water Harvesting potential = Rainfall (mm) X Collection efficiency
An example of potential for rainwater harvesting:
Consider a building with a flat terrace area of 100m2. The average annual rainfall in Delhi is
approximately 600 mm (24 inches). In simple terms, this means if the terrace floor is
assumed impermeable, and all the rain that falls on it is retained without evaporation, then, in
one year, there will be rainwater on the terrace floor to a height of 600 mm.
Area of the plot = 100 m2
Height of annual rainfall = 0.6 m (600 mm or 24 inches)
Volume of rainfall over the plot = Area of plot X Height of rainfall
= 100 m2 X 0.6 m
= 60 m3 (60,000 litres)
Assuming that only 60 percent of the total rainfall is effectively harvested,
Volume of water harvested = 36,000 litres
This volume is about twice the annual drinking water requirement of a 5-member family. The
average daily drinking water requirement per person is 10 litres.
QUALITY OF STORED WATER
Rainwater collected from rooftops is free of mineral pollutants like fluoride and calcium salts
that are generally found in groundwater. But, it is likely that to be contaminated with these
types of pollutants:
1. Air Pollutants
2. Surface contamination (e.g., silt, dust)
Page | 44
Such contaminations can be prevented to a large extent by flushing off the first rainfall. A
grill at the terrace outlet for rainwater can arrest leaves, plastic bags and paper pieces carried
by water. Other contamination can be removed by sedimentation and filtration. Disinfectants
can remove biological contamination.
Cost Analysis
1. Cost of a Rainwater harvesting system designed as an integrated component of a new
construction project is generally low.
2. Designing a system onto an existing building is costlier because many of the shared costs
(roof and gutters) can be designed to optimise system.
3. In general, maximising storage capacity and minimising water use through conservation
and reuse are important rules to keep in mind.
4. With careful planning and design, the cost of a rainwater system can be reduced
considerably.
Cost of installation
Estimated average cost of installing a Water Harvesting System for:
1. An individual house of average area of 300-500 m2, the average cost will be around Rs.
20,000-25,000. A recharge well will be constructed near the existing bore well. The roof
water through PVC pipe will be diverted to recharge well.
2. An apartment building, the cost will be less since the many people will share the cost.
More over in apartments there are separate storm water drains, which join the MCD drains in
the main road. Here along with recharge well, recharge trench and percolation pits can be
constructed. The cost will be around 60 to 70 thousand.
3. A colony, the cost will be much less. For instance, around 36 recharge wells were installed
at the cost of 8 lakh, which is around Rs 500-600 per house. In many colonies storm water
drains are present but it is difficult to isolate them from sewage drains because there has been
violation of the drainage master plan. Also, these drains are not properly maintained. Hence,
care needs to be taken while using storm water for water harvesting.
Page | 45
Rooftop harvesting is preferred because the silt load is less. In storm water drain the silt load
is high and generally the municipality does not maintain the storm drains properly.
4. An institution with campus, the cost was around 4 lac. Here two recharge wells and three
trenches cum percolation pits were constructed. Average annual maintenance cost would be
around Rs 200-300 for two labourers once in a year to remove the pebbles and replace the
sand from trenches.
Figure 15: Rainwater harvesting schematic
Figure 16: Rainwater harvesting at IGI
4.3 Introduction to DEWATS
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) is rather a technical approach
than merely a technology package. Generically, DEWATS are locally organized and people-
Page | 46
driven systems that typically consist of a settler, anaerobic baffled septic tank , filter bed of
gravel, sand, plantation-beds and a pond . The open pond or the polishing tank stores the
remedied water and keeps it available for re-use.
The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by gravity through the
different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and non-toxic
industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the
principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without
electrical energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally.
DEWATS applications provide state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of
the materials used for construction are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective,
efficient and affordable wastewater treatment solution for not only small and medium sized
enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served (rural and urban) households in developing
countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate in individual
households, at the neighbourhood level and even in small and big factories not connected to
sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for
irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas
the
processed
water
is
taken
for
use
as
flush-
water
in
toilets.
Figure 17: Components of DEWATS
Page | 47
Figure 18: DEWATS Process
4.4 DEWATS- SUSTAINABLE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER AT LOCAL
LEVEL
The selection of appropriate technical configuration depends on the:
• Volume of wastewater
• Quality of wastewater
• Local temperature
• Underground conditions
• Land availability
• Costs
• Legal effluent requirements
Page | 48
• Cultural acceptance and social conditions
• Final handling of the effluent (discharge or reuse)
Figure 19: Succession of treatment processes
4.5 The need for decentralized initiatives in wastewater treatment:
In India, many rural and urban households do not have access to Toilets and defecate in the
open. Some households use community Toilets and others use shared Toilets. But still a large
number of households do not have access to a drainage network and are connected to natural
surface drains. The assessment of open- defecation takes a different dimension.
Thus it is evident that a large amount of human excreta generated is unsafely disposed. This
imposes significant effect on public health, working- man days and environmental costs
resulting in loss in National revenues. Impacts of poor sanitation are especially significant for
the rural and urban poor, women, children and the elderly. Inadequate and un-safe discharge
of untreated domestic/ municipal wastewater has resulted in contamination of 75 % of all
surface water i.e at the rivers, ponds and lakes across India.
Page | 49
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) enjoin upon the signatory nations to extend
access to improved sanitation to at least half the population by 2015, and 100% access by
2025. This calls for providing improved sanitation, and with facilities in public places at both
rural and urban habitats also make the spaces free of open-defecation.
The quantity of wastewater is increasing in Rural- India because of the reasons as below:
i) Rapid mechanization with the use of piped water supply , continuously widening the gap
between waste water generation and its process and treatment;
ii) Rural electrification is on the rise and with semi-urbanization of rural households.
(iii) Inadequate financial resources and capacity for infrastructure required for treating
wastewater through a centralized approach.
Specifically in India, domestic wastewater, including sewage that is often not even collected,
is a major source of pollution of surface water. This contributes to contamination of
groundwater which is an important or only source of drinking water for many rural and periurban areas. In addition, the economies of scale required for using conventional technologies
would not be achieved in all settlements for various reasons, including: i) different climatic
conditions; ii) topography; iii) geological conditions and water tables; iv) levels of livelihood
; and v) population densities and size of settlements.
In selected locations, small-scale decentralized plants are also found frequently at community
level. Numerous initiatives have been developed, in particular, as a result of the unbearable
and poor waste- water treatment. Such initiatives have been taken up at small- city level
similar to rural conditions and have yielded satisfactory results. The waste water processed is
considered for reuse for local landscaping and also for irrigating agricultural fields.
4.6 Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technologies in India:
A single wastewater treatment technology would be inappropriate for a country like India
which has several different geographical and geological regions, varied climatic conditions
and levels of population. It is more appropriate to address the potential of identifying
appropriate solutions for different regions. In addition, the solutions for wastewater treatment
are a response to several factors including: i) the volume of wastewater; ii) type of pollutants;
iii) the treatment cost; iv) extent of water scarcity, and v) dilution of pollution in the water
resources.
Page | 50
The five main wastewater treatment technologies that are commonly used are as given below:
i) waste stabilization ponds; ii) wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs; iii) constructed
wetlands; iv) chemically enhanced primary treatment; and v) up flow anaerobic sludge
blanket reactors. These are suitable for different conditions and have advantages and
disadvantages, especially in terms of requirements for land, cost, remediation efficiency and
other factors.
All these solutions for wastewater treatment aim at innovations across a broad range of
environmental issues including: i) reuse of wastewater; ii) removal of nutrients from effluent;
iii) management of storm water; iv) managing solid wastes; v) flood mitigation; and vi)
tackling erosion around water bodies, including ponds, lakes and riverbank.
However, from the sustainability aspect, the selection of the appropriate solution must be
balanced between simple systems that do not require use of chemicals and those that have
high pathogen removal. Motivating the community as a whole to work towards effective
functioning of a local system is one of the critical prerequisite for DEWATS to succeed.
Approaches to DEWATS- Systems and adaptations :
Details of 9 DEWATS–Systems considered in the case-study ranging in capacities 300 Litres
per day to 60,000 (60 Kl) Litres per day are given with the project details as below:
(Name, location, project type, design flow, process, inflow sourced, quality, quantity,
outflow, use of remedied water - area of irrigated land, other purposes Etc.)
1. MCD Nursery, Vasant Vihar, Delhi : WWT 50 KLD, Anaerobic, aerobic with bioremediation, Inflow at 50 KL & 350 BOD, producing 45 KL Re-use water & 30 BOD, for
25,000 Sq.m - greens
2. Centre for Science & Environment, Institution : WWT 10 KLD, Anaerobic, aerobic biophyto-remediation, 10 KL / 300 BOD, out 8 KL / 20 BOD, 1,500 Sq.m – greens, flush water
for toilets
3. IIT-Delhi : WWT 10 KLD, anaerobic with bio-phyto-remediation, 10 KL / 200 BOD, 8
KL / 20 BOD, 3,000 Sq.m – greens and water for floor cleaning at canteen- mess and
research purposes.
Page | 51
4. Scindia School, Gwalior: WWT 15 KLD, anaerobic with bio-phyto-remediation, Inflow 15
KL / 300 BOD, 12KLD / 20 BOD, 2,000 Sq.m – greens and flush water for toilets and
cleaning of floors.
5. Residential Home, Sec-54 , Gurgaon : WWT 300 LPD, anaerobic with bio-phytoremediation, Grey water Inflow 300 Lit per day / 200 BOD, outflow 250 Lit per day / 30
BOD irrigating 80 Sq.m house garden, spray- fountains, rock-garden, lily-pond Etc.
6. Mehtab Bagh off Taj Mahal , Agra : WWT 60 KLD, anaerobic with bio-phytoremediation, Inflow 60 KL / 200 BOD, 55KLD / 30 BOD, irrigating 30,000 Sq.m –
agriculture , vegetable farms,
7. Annamaye Ashram, Kasauni : WWT 60 KLD, anaerobic , bio-phyto-remediation, Inflow
60 KL/ 300 BOD, 50KLD / 30 BOD, irrigating 30,000 Sq.m – agriculture farms,
development of pond.
8. Regency Park, High-rise flats, Residential complex, Gurgaon : WWT 15 KLD, anaerobic
with bio-phyto-remediation, In 15 KL / 300 BOD, 13KLD / 30 BOD, irrigating 5,000 Sq.m –
Horti-culture
9. 3-star Hill Resort, RamNagar- Nainital cottage homes : GWT 3 KLD, anaerobic with biophyto-remediation, In 3 KL / 300 BOD, 2.5 KLD / 30 BOD, irrigating 1,000 Sq.m – Horticulture, pool.
4.7 Waste Water Treatment Plant- Vasant Vihar Drain, New Delhi.
The Vasant Vihar plant treats waste water to a standard sufficient for landscaping. This plant
was set up in coordination with the Residential Welfare Association and the Municipal
Corporation of Delhi (MCD). The plant has a 50 KLD (Kilo-litre per day) capacity with 9095% remediation efficiency and the water supplied meets the desired municipal standards and
is supplied to 5-6 acres (25,000 sq. m.) of parks and green-belt.
The driver of this innovative venture was the need to build a cost-effective plant which would
help to reduce the flow of polluted waste water into the Yamuna and also to supply water for
irrigating landscapes. Technical specifications of the plant are as below: Project Concept:
Colony waste water sourced for bio-remediation. Processed water used in parks and lawns
easing shortage situation with environmental benefits.
Page | 52
Figure 20: Vasant Vihar Drain, New Delhi.
4.8 Technical specifications of the plant are as below:
Project Concept:
Colony waste water sourced for bio-remediation. Processed water used in parks and lawns
easing shortage situation with environmental benefits.
Project Design:
Waste water inflow quantity: 50 KL per day
General parameters quality at in-flow: 300 ppm
Processed water available for re-use: 45 KL per day General parameters at out-flow: <30 ppm
Project Data:
Cost of all elements as per 2003: Rs. 8.0 lakh
Page | 53
Process used - simple technology: DEWATS, anaerobic, part aerobic filters, settlers
Prospects feasible: Both for smaller and larger flows at local-level, the concept of
“constructed wetlands” can be applied both for rural habitats and for large flows at polluted
river flows Etc.
Sanitation and wastewater treatment – technical options
The other components of DEWATS and DEWATS/CBS systems along the sanitation chain
before and after the wastewater treatment are:
• Toilets
• Collection systems
• Reuse and disposal systems, including sludge treatment and biogas applications
• Construction management
• Management of operation & maintenance
• Health and hygiene behaviour
4.9 Decentralized wastewater treatment plant
CAPACITY OF PLANT
Average persons in family
Total persons in Society
litre per capita per day consumption
Water to be treated
Water treatment plant capacity
5
5 x 300
1500
270000/1500
180 lpcd
113 kld
100 kld
LAND REQUIREMENT
Settler
Anaerobic baffled reactor
Constructed wetland
Anaerobic ponds
0.5
m2/m3
daily flow
1 m2/m3 daily
flow
30
m2/m3
daily flow
4 m2/m3 daily
flow
Page | 54
Facultative aerobic ponds
Total cost of Land (approx)
25
m2/m3
daily flow
10 - 15 lakh
INSTALLATION
Excavation
Plastering
Brick work
Plumbering and flooring
PCC base, PVC pipes
Baffle walls, Gravel filter
Perforated slabs, Vent pipes
Miscellaneous
Total cost of installation (approx)
20000 Rs
35000 Rs
30000 Rs
50000 Rs
15000 Rs
50000 Rs
50000 Rs
1 lakh Rs
4 lakh Rs
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
Dsludging of the settler
Replacement of Filter media
Gravel filter cleaning (8-10 Years)
Total cost of O & M (approx)
1 lakh per year
2-3 lakh per
year
.5 - 1 lakh per
year
3 - 4 lakh per
year
Table 11: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DEWATS
Total Cost of Plant (approx)
20 - 25 lakh
Page | 55
CHAPTER 5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
5.1 Introduction
At present our country is facing various problems which become more serious in next coming
years. Demand of petroleum products is increasing, India has spending a big budget for
importing these products and on the other hand our country faces serious problems like
environmental pollution, disturbance in weather & global warming.
India is an agriculture-based country and there is abundant availability of resources but these
are not properly used and commercialized. In spite of all the developments and technologies
are available yet the rural people facing the shortage of energy. The prime challenge for the
country is to provide the minimum energy services to allow the rural people to achieve decent
standard of living. The biogas plant is a boon to the Indian farmers. The two main products of
the biogas plants are enriched compost manure and methane where as compost manure helps
to meet the fertilizer requirements of the farmers in a more economical and efficient manner
and boost agricultural production. Biogas is used for cooking and lighting purposes and in
larger plants, as motive power for driving small engines.
Indian government have installed gobar gas plants, which are approximately 12,00,000 small,
3,40,000 medium, and 4,000 big gobar gas plant. If 20,00 gobar gas plants of 120 M3 has
been installed then approximately 6842 Lakh Rs. of diesel/petrol can be saved.
Few years back KVIC & other agencies related to installation of bio gas plant installed two
types of Biogas plant one was fixed dome and second was floating dome. Fixed dome
digester was covered by concrete gas holder while floating dome digester was made up of
metal (iron) sheet gas holder. Fixed dome digesters require one month for installation. After
sometimes these types of digesters faced problem of scum deposition on upper surface which
cannot removed easily, ultimately biogas production effected. In these plants high
maintenance cost was required for removing scum. On the other hand floating gas holder
(metal sheet) was corroded due to contact with water and hydrogen sulphide. Second problem
was that at the time feeding few amounts of mud particles was present with feed, gradually
Page | 56
this mud deposited in the lower surface of digester. Due to these problems digestion and gas
formation is affected.
5.2 Materials and Methods
For 10 M3 biogas plant
A. Permanent Equipment
Cutter for sheet, Drill machine, Grinder, Tools, Chopper cutter, Other accessories
B. Expendable equipment and supplies
1. Hire of equipmentWelding machine with welding rods
Press machine- medium size
2. One molding for digester of 10 M3
Sheet for molds 16 gauze (1.5 tons), Angles 35x35x5 (1 ton)
C. Raw material for casting
Stone ½ inch 2.4 m3, Sand 2.1 m3 ,Cement 1100kg, Brick 100 , Concrete pipe 3
(300+30x1000mm) , slurry pump, Gas Holder 1Pc.concrete bar- 8 kg labor cost for 5 days 2
D.Construction Methodology
Digester moulding
Digester moulding is very easy and can be prepared by an experienced technician
Page | 57
Figure 21: Iron moulds for concrete digester
Gas holder (glass reinforced plastic)
We used a light weighted material gas holder. We choose rein forced glass fibre plastic, this
type of gas holder is light in weight, anticorrosive and high tensile strength, gas holder is the
main component of the biogas plant, on the top of gas holder there is a valve that can
eliminate the atmospheric pressure. When there is a requirement to replace solid fermentation
material like straw in the digester or to repair the digester gas holder can taken out from the
digester easily. The gasholder is 1.65 M3 gas capacities.
CONSTRUCTION OF BIO GAS PLANT
Page | 58
Design for high capacity biogas plant
Total
of
composition
solid
waste
generated by
Page | 59
household
Cow Dung
Food
Paper
Plastics
Glass
Metal
Aluminum
Textile
Others
Total
Total waste generated (Kg)
300
467.06
200.51
250.65
50.62
75.02
30.56
60.83
30.12
1465.37
5.3 COST ANALYSIS
Percent
20.4
31.8
13.6
17.06
3.4
2.1
2.08
4.15
2.01
100
OF
BIOGAS PLANT
Sr.No. ITEM DETAILS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Number of families
Capacity needed for 1 family
Plant Capacity for Captive Power
Generation
Daily dung and other waste
requirement
Gas
utilization
,Electricity
Generation
300
2 M3/day
100 M3/day
1500 kgs/day
10 KVA/8KW capacity dual fuel Diesel
Gen set.
Cost of DG set
Rs.200000
Daily Units Generation
Average 100 –120 units
Gas Supply for Cooking
4 - 5 hrs daily
Manure Production
800 ton/year
Total cost of the project
Rs. 10,00,000.00
Recurring expenditure /annum
Rs. 1,20,000.00
SAVINGS :
As electricity bill per year @ Rs. 43,000 units XRs.5.00
5.00/unit
2,15,000.00
Manure sale/use per year
500/- ton
Net savings /year
Pay Back
@ Rs. 800
X
Rs.
=Rs.4,00,000.00
.
=
Rs.
500.00
Rs.6,15,000.00
19.5 months
Table 12: COST ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PLANT
Page | 60
CHAPTER 6 - APPLICTIONS OF SOLAR CST TECHNOLOGIES
6.1 Parabolic Type Concentrating Solar Steam Cooking System AT Shri Sai
Sansthan, Shirdi
A parabolic type concentrating solar steam cooking system was commissioned at Shri
Saibaba Sansthan, Shirdi on 24th May, 2002. This system received financial assistance of
50 % of the total project cost from the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, GoI.
This is the first of its kind in Maharashtra. It cooks food for about 3000 devotees.
The 40 nos. of solar parabolic concentrators raise the water temperature to 550C to 650C and
convert it into steam for cooking purposes. This system is integrated with the existing boiler
to ensure continued cooking even at night and during rain or cloudy weather. The solar
cooking system installed at Shirdi follows the thermo siphon principle and so does not need
electrical power or pump.
Introduction :
Shirdi is a religious pilgrimage centre and thousands of devotees visit the Shirdi Sai Baba
temple daily. Shri Sai Baba Sansthan at Shirdi is an autonomous body (Trust) to provide
facilities to the devotees.
Shirdi is located near Nasik. Other nearby cities include Mumbai, Pune, Ahmednagar and
Page | 61
Aurangabad.
The Sansthan is always on the lookout for innovative ways to reduce its overhead costs. They
have installed hot- water- systems at its dharmashalas / dormitories, providing staying
facilities for devotees.
In the Sulabh Sauchalaya complex located in its premises, to night-soil-biogas plant is
installed to generate gas from human excreta, which is used to operate generators to produce
electricity for the complex.
The Sansthan has also installed solar streetlights in its pumping complex. Thus it was found
to be the ideal place to introduce the new solar steam cooking technology for its proper takeoff in Maharashtra state.
Goals
Before the installation of the solar cooking system, the steam for cooking at Sansthan was
being generated by LPG gas firing in the boiler.



The main goal of the system was to reduce LPG gas consumption by 50 %.
Another important goal beside financial benefits due to saving LPG gas was to use as
much natural energy as possible to promote environment protection, its conservation
and rejuvenation by using renewable and clean energy.
To promote and popularize use of solar energy. MNES and MEDA have supported
this project towards realizing this objective.
Technical Description Of The System:
The solar steam cooking system installed at Shirdi has 40 parabolic concentrators / dishes
(called Scheffler dishes after its inventor) placed on the terrace of Sai Prasad Building No.2.
They reflect and concentrate the solar rays on the 40 receivers placed in focus. Water coming
from the steam headers placed above the header centers is received from bottom of the
receiver, gets heated up to due to heat generated (about 5500C) due to concentration of solar
rays on the receivers and get pushed up via top pipe of receiver into the header. The principle
of anything that gets heated is pushed up is called thermo-siphon principle. The advantage of
thermo siphon principle is no pumping (thus no electricity) is needed to create circulation
since the heated water is pushed into the header and water from the same headers come into
the receivers for heating. The cycle continues till it reaches 1000C and gets converted into
steam.
The header is only filled and thus steam generated gets accumulated in the upper half of the
steam header. The temperature and pressure of steam generated keeps on increasing and heat
is stored till the steam is drawn for cooking into the kitchen.
All the 40 dishes rotate continuously along with the movement of the sun, always
concentrating the solar rays on the receivers. This movement of concentrators is called
tracking, which is continuous and is controlled by the fully automatic timer mechanism.
Only once during the day i.e. in the early morning the dishes have to be turned manually onto
Page | 62
the morning position, subsequently the automatic tracking takes over.
Particular
Remark
Technology
Sheffler parabolic dish
Total collector area
1168 Sq. m
Total no. of Dishes
73 Nos.
Collector area per dish
16 sq. m
Tracking system
Single axis tracking
Steam generation
Approx. 3500-5000 Kg/day at 9 bar
pressure and 180- 190 C temp
Operational since
2009
Purpose
Mass cooking
Baseline fuel
LPG
Total system cost
Rs. 1.33 Crores
Estimated fuel savings
76850 Kg LPG per annum
Estimated monetary savings
Rs. 58,40,600 per annum
Table 16:Shri Sai Sansthan Solar Plant Details
6.2 M/s Gajraj Drycleaners, Ahmednagar
Particular
Remark
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Technology
Sheffler parabolic dish
Total collector area
240 Sq.m
Total no. of dishes
15 Nos.
Collector area per dish
16 sq. m
Tracking system
Single axis tracking
Steam generation
Approx. 750-870 kg/day
at 7 bar pressure and 180190 C Temp
Operational since
2006
Purpose
Laundry
Baseline fuel
HSD
Total system cost
Rs. 23 lakhs
Estimated fuel savings
6500 litres per annum
Estimated monetary savings
Rs 3 lakhs per annum
Table 13: Gajraj Dry Cleaners Plant Details
6.3 100 TR System at Muni Sewa Ashram, near Vadodra
Back when the ashram was established in 1980, there was an utter lack of basic infrastructure
such as drinking water, sanitation, roads and power. In such situation, alternative energy was
not an option, it was a necessity. Thus began the journey to change the status quo by
judicious use of appropriate technology and to manage to live in harmony with nature. The
ashram has experimented and successfully implemented a vast assortment of Sustainable
solutions and Renewable Energy technologies to meet its needs. The Ashram today relies
majorly on the Renewable Energy Technologies to meet its power requirement for High
school, Air Conditioning requirement for the state of art cancer hospital and for preparing
meals using the renewable energy systems deployed in the ashram premises.
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Figure 22: Munni Sewa Ashram
To cook for its 1200 strong community the Ashram kitchens needed a vast quantity of
firewood. The ashram met this challenge by a combination of bio-gas plants and solar dishes
for cooking. A thermal fluid based solar cooking system provides adequate temperature to
fry, bake or roast in the comfort of kitchen. The ashram runs a state-of-the-art Cancer
hospital. It needs constant air conditioning because of the medical equipment it operates.
Ashram has installed a Lithium Bromide based Vapour Absorption Chiller (VAC)
refrigeration system that can achieve cooling up to 6 degc. Necessary heat was provided by
two bio-boilers of 1.5 ton and 3 ton capacity. The machine required 5000 kg of wood per
day. To reduce wood consumption, Ashram has installed a solar steam generating system
which employs 100 parabolic dishes for concentrating sun’s heat. This allows water to reach
a temperature of 180 degc and converts water to steam at 8 to 10 kg/ cm 2 pressure. The
temperature at the receivers reaches 500o C. For backup purpose, a wood fired boiler is
used.
This solar steam generating system which generates enough steam to run a 100 TR of air
conditioning is world’s first and largest commercially executed Solar Air Conditioning
System using Scheffler Concentrators. Ashram has 650 acres of land at Bakrol farm where
there is a large Gaushala with more than 300 cows. The cow-dung is used as fuel for a large
scale bio-gas plant. There are three digesters two of 85 cubic metre capacity (floating dome
model KVIC) and one 250 cubic metre (fixed dome model). The floating dome digesters are
fed with cow dung only and the fixed dome digester is fed with any type of biodegradable
waste including kitchen waste.
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The biogas is scrubbed of CO2, compressed and stored in bottles which are used as fuel in the
Atithi Mandir kitchen and also as fuel for a mini truck used by the ashram which runs for 180
km on two bottles (9 kg at 180kg/cm2 pressure each). The slurry which is vermin-composted
and used as organic fertilizer in ashram farms. One of the very unique features of the Ashram
is the installation of World’s First and only “Solar Crematorium”. Besides all of these
unique technologies the ashram has also have 76 home lighting systems each lighting 3 CFL.
Each panel converts solar radiation to electrical energy which is stored in batteries for later
use. Solar Water heater at various ashram buildings are installed of about 8000+ litres
capacity in total along with Solar-LED based street lighting’s.
CHAPTER 7 – SUMMARY
7.1 Conclusion

Making the Renewable energy sector of India more efficient by implying recent
technological up gradation in Solar CST as well as waste and water management
system for the commercial infrastructure and residential societies.

Solar PV systems are cost effective over a longer duration over conventional sources
thus they can be more beneficial from point of view of savings and cleanliness of
electricity.

For Waste management system there is nothing more beneficiary than Biogas plant as
it is a multipurpose solution and return on investment can be met in shortest duration.

Also Industrial applications can be met for societies as in the case of Shri Sai
Sansthan and Gajraj Dry Cleaners for cooking and laundry respectively with
profitable renewable energy applications.
7.2 Recommendations

Market of Renewable energy can be made more competitive by introducing more
private players. This will reduce the burden on consumer side, as a consequence of it
more consumers will lean towards clean energy.

Providing Subsidy may be an attractive idea for more installations of RE projects.
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7.3 Limitation of the project
a) First of all the time duration of 8 weeks was a major constraint in going through the
project completely.
b) The assumption taken to define different scenario in all over the country may not be
exact so may lead to calculation error.
c) Owing to geographical constraints and altogether different prevailing climatic,
political, social, economic, legal and cultural scenarios, the comparison of RE energy
technologies of various regions on same parameters was not possible.
d) Some of data collected is through direct contact with different official of different
organisation since there is no written document may lead to communication error.
Bibliography
List of Documents
[1] Principles, Classification and Selection of Solar Dryers by G. L. Visavale
[2] Energtica India (Nov/ Dec 2011)
[3] Renewable Watch/December 2011
[4] Thermodynamics by P. K. Nag
[5] Indian Renewable Energy Status Report/ Background Report for DIREC 2010/Oct 2010
[6] Experimental Analysis of Scheffler Reflector Water heater by Rupesh J. Patil, Gajanan K.
Awari, Mahendra P. Singh
[7] Design and development of a Parabolic Dish Solar Water Heater by Ibrahim Ladan
Mohammed
[8] ARUN Solar Concentrator for Industrial Process Heat Applications by Dr. Shireesh B.
Kedare, Ashok D. Paranjape, Rajkumar Porwal
[9] Solar Thermal Heat applications by CSTEP
[10] Disha 2011 November
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[11] Solar Power Generation in India by S. S. Murthy
[12] Introduction to the Revolutionary Design of Scheffler Reflectors by Wolfgang Scheffler
List of Websites
[1] www.heatweb.com
[2] www.cliquesolar.com
[3] www.thermaxindia.com/
[4] http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/brief_swhs.pdf
[5] http://www.fao.org/docrep/u2246e/u2246e02.htm
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