Water and Climate
Name:_________________________
Highlands Middle School
Earth Science: Mr. babicz
Water and Climate Vocabulary
Using the word bank below, Topic 8 in your Earth Science workbook, and your glossary found in the back of
your workbook, match the words with their correct definitions.
Capillarity
Climate
Ground Water
Infiltrate
Permeability
Porosity
Prevailing Winds
Runoff
Stream Discharge
Urbanization
Water Cycle
Water Table
The degree to which a porous material will allow fluids to
pass through it.
The water found below the water table in the zone of
saturation.
The growth of a city environment.
Water that enters Earth’s lithosphere by the force of gravity.
The percentage of open space in a material.
The interface between the zone of saturation and the zone of
aeration.
The process by which water is drawn into openings (upward)
due to the attractive force between water molecules and
surrounding Earth materials.
A model used to illustrate the movement and changes of
water at and near Earth’s surface; also called the hydrologic
cycle.
Winds that blow from a certain compass direction for a large
part of the year.
The average weather conditions for a large area over a long
period of time.
All the natural liquid water flowing at Earth’s solid surface,
including stream flow.
The amount of water that passes a certain spot in a stream in
a specific amount of time.
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The Water Cycle
The __________ __________ - all forms of water on Earth move in a continuous cycle.
The water cycle is fueled by _______________. The process that produces energy in the
Sun is called ______________ ________________.
There is approximately the same amount of __________ on earth now as there was
_______________ of years ago.
_______________ are the main source of water for the water cycle.
Once water hits Earth is can:
1. ______________: Water that flows along the surface. (Rivers and Lakes)
2. Remain at the Surface: Water can remain at the surface as a ________.
(Snow or ________)
3. ____________________: Water evaporates or transpires back into the
atmosphere.
4. Infiltration: Water ________ into the ground and becomes part of the __________ supply.
2
The Water Cycle
3
Infiltration
Most _____________ that reaches Earth’s surface ____________ the ground.
Infiltration can occur if the ground is ______________ (allows water to pass through) and ______________.
__________, which is the hard, unbroken part of Earth’s surface, allows very little ____________.
Most infiltration occurs in _________, the thin layer of rock, sand, gravel, and soil lying on top of the __________.
As slope (gradient) increases, infiltration _________.
As saturation increases, infiltration _________.
As slope (gradient) decreases, infiltration _________.
As saturation decreases, infiltration _________.
The interface between the zone of _________ and the zone of saturation is the ________________.
The subsurface water below the water table is called _______________.
4
Porosity
The ___________ of open space in a material.
__________ – Rounded particles have greater
porosity than __________ particles.
__________________ – The more closely packed the particles, the _____________ the
porosity.
__________________ – The more unsorted the particles, the ____________ porosity.
Porosity of soil or material will be the same if:
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Permeability (Infiltration)
The ______________ the particle size, the ______________ the infiltration.
Capillarity
The ability of water to move ________________ through soil.
**Extremely important for supplying water to plants when the soil is not saturated with water.**
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6
Observations:
written
description and
color
illustration
Turn your
prediction into
a hypothesis
Predict what
you think will
happen
Diagram the
materials of the
experiment
As particle size increases, capillarity _________.
As particle size decreases, capillarity _________.
Vegetation
Plants, grasses, and trees ________
precipitation, _________ it from entering
the ground, which allows more time for
___________ to
Land Use by People
Roads, parking lots, buildings,
(______________________) will ______________
the amount of infiltration and
_____________ the amount of _______.
occur.
As vegetation increases, infiltration
_________.
As vegetation decreases, infiltration
_________.
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Factors Affecting Runoff/Stream Discharge
- Rate of _______________ exceeds permeability rate (___________________ Rate).
- Pore space is ____________________ with water.
- Slope (________________) is too great to allow infiltration.
- Surface water has not ___________________ or ___________________.
Stream Discharge
The amount of water flowing past a certain spot in a stream in a certain amount of time.
Most runoff flows into ________________, which carry water back to the _______________.
As runoff increases, stream discharge ______________.
As runoff decreases, stream discharge ______________.
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PAGE 6 of the ESRT
is very important
for infiltration
questions!
 Exercise #1 – Workbook Review Questions
Directions:
1. Answer questions #1-27 on page 219-228 in your review book in the space provided below.
2. Remember to look back at the reading from pages 219-228, your ESRT, and your notes.
1. __________
10. __________
19. __________
2. __________
11. __________
20. __________
3. __________
12. __________
21. __________
4. __________
13. __________
22. __________
5. __________
14. __________
23. __________
6. __________
15. __________
24. __________
7. __________
16. __________
25. __________
8. __________
17. __________
26. __________
9. __________
18. __________
27. __________
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Climate Factors
Climate is the ________ weather or atmospheric conditions.
(Over a _______ period of ________ for a ________ area)
Factors Influencing Climate
1. ______________ - As distance from the equator increases, temperature _____________.
2. As _________ increases, temperature ___________. (ESRT 14)
3. ____________ ______________
Windward: ________________ & _______________.
(precipitation)
Leeward: _______________ & ______________. (desert)
4. Oceans
 High _________ heat leads to
_________ change in temperature.
Therefore, coastal areas have a
__________ annual temperature range.
 Coastal summers are _______ than
inland summers.
 Coastal _______ are warmer than inland
winters.
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5. __________ ____________
A stream of water that circulates through the ocean basin.
Cool water will ____________the air, warm water will ___________ the air.
Page 4 ESRT
6. ____________ Wind Belts
Page 14 ESRT
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 Exercise #2 – Imaginary Continent
Answer the following questions based on the imaginary continent, your knowledge of Earth
Science, and the Earth Science Reference Tables.
The imaginary continent on Earth is surrounded by water. The arrows indicate the direction of
the prevailing winds. Two large mountain ranges are also indicated. Points A, B, and E, are
located at sea level; C and D are in the foothills of the mountains; F is high in the mountains.
1. What factor would cause location F to have a colder yearly climate than any other location?
2. What three factors would cause location E to have the greatest annual rainfall?
3. Which location, C or D, would you expect to have the least amount of annual rainfall?
Explain.
4. Which location, A or B, would you expect to have a greater range in temperature during the
year? Explain.
5. Location A is in the center of a large desert. What factor could account for its low annual
precipitation?
6. What three factors would cause the climate at location D to be cooler than at location B?
7. Would you expect location C to have a wet or dry climate? Explain.
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Exercise #3 – Interpreting Climate Graphs
Many factors effect climate including latitude, altitude, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and proximity to water.
You will investigate several concepts needed to analyze climate patterns.
Procedure A: Temperature Lag
1. What time of day do we receive the most direct sunlight? ___________________________________________
2. Approximately what time of day is the temperature the greatest? _____________________________________
3. Why don’t we have the highest temperatures when we receive the most direct sunlight? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of Daylight Hours vs. Temperature in Peekskill
For questions #4-9 refer to the graph above.
4. Which month is the duration of insolation the longest? _____________________________________________
5. Which month do the maximum temperatures occur? _______________________________________________
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6. Does the longest duration of insolation and maximum temperature occur in the same month? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Which month is the duration of insolation the shortest? ____________________________________________
8. Which month do the minimum temperatures occur? _______________________________________________
9. Does the shortest duration of insolation and minimum temperature occur in the same month? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Procedure B: Proximity to Water and Latitudes Effect on Climate
Average Monthly Temperatures
1. Using a map, locate the four cities below and identify their latitude and proximity to water.
City
Latitude
Proximity to Water
New York
Bismarck
Los Angeles
Phoenix
2. How can you tell from the graph that all four cities are in the northern hemisphere? ______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Which city has the greatest yearly temperature range? Explain why. __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do the rates of heating and cooling differ for New York and Bismarck? ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the temperature range for Los Angeles? Phoenix? Why are they different? ____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How does proximity to water and latitude affect a location’s temperature range? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Exercise #4 – Workbook Review Questions
Directions:
 Answer questions #1-48 on page 243 in your review book in the space provided below.
 Remember to look back at the reading from pages #236-243, your ESRT, and your notes.
1. ________
17. ________
33. ________
2. ________
18. ________
34. ________
3. ________
19. ________
35. ________
4. ________
20. ________
36. ________
5. ________
21. ________
37. ________
6. ________
22. ________
38. ________
7. ________
23. ________
39. ________
8. ________
24. ________
40. ________
9. ________
25. ________
41. ________
10. ________
26. ________
42. ________
11. ________
27. ________
43. ________
12. ________
28. ________
44. ________
13. ________
29. ________
45. ________
14. ________
30. ________
46. ________
15. ________
31. ________
47. ________
16. ________
32. ________
48. ________
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