Approval of incineration and coincineration plants
Lázár MÁRTON, DVM
National Food Chain Safety Office
Hungary
28 February – 1 March 2013
TAIEX ABP Event in Belgrade
Relevant legislations
New ABP legislation is in force and directly applicable
in every Member State as from 4 March 2011.
1774/2002/EC
„the old ABP
legislation"
1. 1069/2009/EC Regulation
EU Control Regulation
(basic principles)
2. 142/2011/EU Regulation
EU implementing Regulation
(detailed rules)
4. 2000/76/EC Directive
Waste Incineration Directive
(WID)
3. National
implementing
(enforcement)
regulation
Definitions
‘co-incineration’ means the recovery or disposal of
animal by-products or derived products, if they are waste,
in a co-incineration plant;
‘incineration’ means the disposal of animal by-products
or derived products as waste, in an incineration plant, as
defined in point 4 of Article 3 of Directive 2000/76/EC;
‘combustion’ means a process involving the oxidisation of
fuel in order to use the energy value of the animal byproducts or derived products, if they are not waste;
Combustion
• The combustion of material of animal origin other than
animal fat must not be permitted
• Processed fat or tallow, produced as a part of rendering
process, can be used as a boiler fuel provided if
requirements in Annex IV Chapter IV Section 2 F of
142/2011/EU Regulation are fulfilled.
•
•
Production of fat to be used as fuel is not subject to specific
approval but it must be produced in a plant approved to
process animal by-products.
For this process, a fat fraction derived from ABPs of all
categories may be used.
Approval 1
• Incineration of ABPs must take place at an approved
plant.
• This may be approved under the rules of Waste
Incineration Directive (WID) EC 2000/76 and/or in
accordance with ABP legislation.
• For ABP incineration the detailed rules can be found
in Annex III of 142/2011/EU regulation
• (Low capacity ) incineration plants which
are incinerating only dead bodies of animals, do not
require an environmental permit in addition to
their Veterinary approval. They are exempt from the
more onerous controls of the Waste Incineration
Directive.
Approval 2
• However, plants which burn other animal byproducts (such as former foodstuffs, catering
waste, manure etc.), derived products (meat and
bone meal), or other materials considered as
waste must be authorised under the Waste
Incineration Directive as well.
• Plants which burn animal by-products or derived
products for the purpose of energy generation
must be also approved for co-incineration under
the Waste Incineration Directive.
Application
• Application may be made for approval as low
capacity (less than 50kg/hour) or high capacity
(more than 50kg/hour).
• The plant operator must provide the veterinary
inspector with evidence, written or visual, of the
working of this device.
• The manufacturer’s manual has to be also attached
to the application, which confirms that the model of
the incinerator will meet either the 850 C for two
seconds or the new 1100 C for 0.2 seconds
standard.
Low capacity incineration plants 1
Careful with the applications: in the
manufacturer ‘s manuals, often not the
kg/hour capacity is written down, for example:
100 kg Capacity (0.18 m³)
200 kg Capacity (0.36 m³)
300 kg Capacity (0.56 m³)
This means the loading capacity!
Low capacity incineration plants 2
Often used:
• Poultry farms
• Pig farms
• Dead pet animal cremation
• Kennel / Stable waste
• Small ruminant farms
• Butcher’s ABP
When only fallen animals are disposed with such low
capacity incineration plant near an animal holding (on-site,
static, NOT MOBILE) then the only approval is needed
from Veterinary Services.
Where ABPs other than fallen animals are incinerated,
or veterinary medicine waste or kennel/stable waste is also
incinerated, then environmental approval needed as well.
Low capacity incineration plants 3
• When used to incinerate category 1 specified risk material
(SRM) a low capacity incinerator must be equipped with an
auxiliary burner (a secondary chamber).
• When used to incinerate other by-products a secondary
chamber (auxiliary burner) is not required however a
manufacturer’s declaration must be available to ensure the
time and temperature requirements are being achieved.
• Dead bodies of animals containing specified risk material
must be incinerated in whole unless cutting up has taken
place at a plant approved for that purpose.
Low capacity incineration plants 4
What about two low capacity incineration plants on one
site?
Interpretation 1
It can be permitted provided if
the overall capacity of the site above does not exceed the
50kg/hour threshold. Only one incinerator operating at a time.
Interpretation 2
If there is more than one incinerator such that the potential
throughoutput is greater than 50kg/hr the plant will be
considered automatically high capacity.
High capacity incineration devices 1
Incineration or co-incineration plants treating animal
by-products and derived products with a capacity of
more than 50 kg per hour (high-capacity plants)
High capacity incinerator
(150 kg/hour) with
loading 750 kg Capacity
(1.18 m³)
durable refractory cement
lining (up to 10 cm width)
High capacity incineration devices 2
• All high capacity incinerators must be
equipped with an auxiliary burner which
switches on automatically if the
temperature of the gas falls below 850 C
or 1100 C as appropriate.
• There must be an automatic system
which prevents introduction of material to
be incinerated into the primary chamber
at any time when the temperature is
below 850 C or 1100 C (as appropriate) in
the secondary chamber
Mobile incineration plants 1
• It is said to be suited for rapid deployment to areas
with sudden outbreaks of diseases
• Can be high and low capacity equipments as well.
Mobile incineration plants 2
• In Hungary, for the time being it can be
only used for the cremation of dead pet
animals
• No requirements are laid down in the
ABP legislation on mobile incineration
devices
• It seems to be very problematic, for
there are public oppositions and
protests against operating such devices
amongst residential buildings.
Location of the incinerator 1
• If the incinerator will be used to burn animal by-products
from several premises it must be located on a site which has
no livestock.
• For the location to be considered a separate premise, it must
as a minimum have a defined secure boundary (fence) and
dedicated entrance.
• It may also be possible to approve the use of a mobile
incinerators at specified locations which otherwise meet the
requirements of approval for a static incinerator. In such cases
an agreed procedure for the cleansing and disinfection of all
mobile equipment prior to movement to a new location will
be a condition of any approval issued.
Location of the incinerator 2
• In a premises which has livestock on it but disposing
only animal by-products arising on that premises, the
incineration plant can be established on the same site,
provided if…
• …there is a physical and operational separation such
that the livestock cannot gain access to the incinerator
and there is no risk of passive transfer of by-products to
livestock by personnel or equipment.
• This will require dedicated equipment and clothing for
use when operating the incinerator or cleansing and
disinfection prior to use associated with livestock.
General conditions 1
• If incineration is not undertaken immediately upon
receipt of animal by-products at the plant they must
be stored in identified leak proof and covered
containers.
• After arrival at the plant animal by-products must be
disposed of without undue delay. No timescale is
specified within the legislation and factors such as
quantity and weather conditions may be relevant in
determining this period however it is expected that
they would not be stored for longer than one or two
days.
General conditions 2
• The incinerator must be placed on a hard
standing which may be sloped to drain. In a
bunded area fluid may be absorbed and
incinerated.
• The drained area must provide sufficient
space for the cleansing and disinfection of
containers or vehicles as appropriate to the
plant in question.
General conditions 3
• Waste water arising at a plant which handles category 1 specified risk
material must pass preliminary treatment through a 6mm trap before
leaving the site. Solid material recovered from the trap must be
incinerated.
• Cleaning and pest control procedures must be in place and documented.
Staff must have access to a wash basin, toilet and changing area.
• A contingency plan must be in place for disposal of by-products in the
event of breakdown.
• Incompletely incinerated by-products must be re-incinerated or otherwise
disposed of in accordance with ABP Regulations.
• Completely incinerated by-products of which only ash remains may be
disposed of to landfill. The ash may be applied to land for agricultural
benefit, or in case of cremation of dead pet animal it can given back to
owners.
Operation
• Incineration of by-products must not take
place if the exhaust gas is not held at a
minimum of 850 C for two seconds or
1100 C for 0.2 seconds. With 850 C/2
seconds incinerators this is often
achieved using a secondary chamber to
retain the gas for the requisite two
seconds. It is therefore necessary that the
gas in this chamber is at the required
temperature before animal by-product
incineration begins.
Monitoring and recording
During operation the chamber
temperatures (either single chamber
or secondary chamber) must be
recorded either automatically
throughout the burn cycle or
manually (e.g. every two hours for
10% of incinerations.)
Cement plant in Hungary
(High capacity co-incineration)
Co-incineration: the recovery of animal by-products or derived
products in a co-incineration plant, where the main purpose
is generating energy for the production of material
products
The final material product is cement. The most important
use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete.
Category 1 material meat-and-bone
meal
(Solt, Category 1 processing plant)
The route of Cat 1 MBM from cat 1
processing plant in Solt (B) to the cement
plant in Beremend (A)
Cement plant
(High capacity co-incineration)
• Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium
carbonate) with small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 1450 C in a rotary kiln (the
process is calcination) The resulting hard
substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a
small amount of gypsum into a powder to make
cement.
• Clinker will be grinded in order to get the final
product, the cement. Cement is a well known and
mostly widespread binding susbstance in the
building industry.
The rotary kiln
Cat 1 MBM
Checklist 1
Material for incineration
• What materials are incinerated in the plant?
• Is the plant approved under WID or not?
Location
• Where does the incineration plant located in relation to other premises or
livestock in the vicinity?
Incinerator capacity
• At what capacity does the incinerator operate? (manufacturer’s data
sheet)
• Is high capacity the result of a combination of more than one low capacity
incinerators?
• Is a secondary chamber (auxiliary burner) in place?
Checklist 2
Type and category of ABPs (SRM or non SRM)
• What species and category of ABPs are incinerated?
• Does the plant incinerate SRM?
• What is their origin (farms, slaughterhouses, renderers, food businesses,
other)?
• Incinerating own material or material from other premises?
• Incinerating cat 2 and 3 ABPs (no SRM or not fallen animals containing
SRM)?
• What species of ABPs are to be incinerated?
Reception area of premises
• The incineration plant to be located on premises with livestock?
• Will the incinerator be used to incinerate only whole dead bodies of
animals?
• Will the incinerator plant receive ABPs not arising on the same premises?
• How will ABPs be stored when awaiting incineration?
Checklist 3
Drainage
• Is the incinerator sited on a drained or contained hard standing?
• How will fluids and waste water be disposed of?
• All incineration plant must have controlled drainage which mitigates any
risk to animal or public health.
Ash
• Storage and transport of ash must be in covered, leak proof containers
• Will the ash be disposed by landfilling?
• Will the ash be spread to land?
• Will the ash be returned to owners?
Checklist 4
Monitoring and recording of operational temperatures
• Is the system manual or automatic?
• If manual are operational temperatures recorded regularly?
(e.g. every 2 hours or at least 10% of burns)
Operation and maintenance
• In the event of inefficient operation ABPs that have not been fully reduced
to ash must not disposed of to landfill
• State the company which carries out the regular (annual) maintenance
service
• In the event of a breakdown or inefficient operation to where will ABPs be
consigned?
• Are there the required operational procedures in place (waste water
management, cleansing and pest control etc.)?
Thank you for your attention!