Friday
May 26, 2017
Agenda
(10) Catalyst
(20) Protein Synthesis Review
+ Whiteboard Practice
(15) Review Homeostasis
(25) Trashketball
(15) Daily Quiz
I can:

review the process of protein
synthesis & how cells maintain
homeostasis
Catalyst
1. If a dog somatic cell has 30
chromosomes, how many
chromosomes would its
gamete have?
2. What are the 5 stages of the
mitotic phase?
HW: None! Take a break
(135 Things… due next Friday)
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
Biology Released Form
DNA
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a
long molecule made up of monomers called
nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made of
3 parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous Bases
DNA contains four nitrogenous bases:
• adenine (A)
The order of these bases
determines the genetic code.
• thymine (T)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
DNA Structure
The structure of DNA is often described as a
double helix, or twisted ladder.
a single nucleotide
The backbone of
DNA is formed by
alternating sugar
and phosphates
held together by
a strong bond.
The rungs of the ladder are formed by
the four nitrogen bases and are held
together by weak hydrogen bonds.
Base-Pairing Rules
The bases of DNA pair with each other in a
predictable way.
A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G
DNA is said to be complementary – each strand can be
used as a template for the other half using the basepairing rules.
Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying
process called replication. This process ensures that each
cell made has a complete set of DNA directions.
Replication
During replication, the DNA molecule separates
into two strands, then produces two new
complementary strands following the rules of
base-pairing:
T C G A C T G G
A with T
C with G
DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes
1. DNA helicase “unzips” DNA by breaking the
hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
– the molecule unwinds
DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes
2. DNA polymerase adds complementary
nucleotides to the (old) template.
3. DNA polymerase “proofreads” each new DNA
strand, because sometimes it makes typos.
Each DNA molecule resulting from replication has one
original strand and one new strand. This method of
replication is said to be semi-conservative.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a long chain of
nucleotides.
• nucleotides contain ribose
sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
• nitrogen bases: AUCG
• single-stranded molecule
ribose sugar
Protein Synthesis
DNA  mRNA  protein
mRNA leaves
nucleus
Genes contain the
instruction for making
a protein. In
transcription, DNA is
used to make mRNA in
the nucleus.
In translation, tRNA
brings amino acids in
the proper order to
make the protein on
the ribosome.
Things That Involve DNA
• Replication: DNA  DNA (nucleus)
• Transcription: DNA  mRNA (nucleus)
• Translation: mRNA  amino acid (ribosome)
reading a codon chart
AAT CGA GCA TAA
convert DNA to mRNA
AAT CGA GCA TAA
UUA GCU CGU AUU
find the appropriate
amino acid using the
codon chart
leu - ala - arg - ile
Whiteboard Practice
REPLICATE THE DNA STRAND
(find the complimentary strand)
WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND?
ATG GGC TGC ACA
CGT GAT GGA CTT
TRANSCRIBE:
ATG GGC TGC ACA
CGT GAT GGA CTT
TRANSLATE:
ATG GGC TGC ACA
CGT GAT GGA CTT
Whiteboard Question
Whiteboard Question
Whiteboard Question
Homeostasis
Cells must maintain homeostasis, or keep a
stable internal environment.
homeostasis =
staying balanced
What helps the cell
maintain a balanced
internal
environment?
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is the boundary that separates
the cell from its surroundings. It regulates what
enters and leaves the cell and helps maintain
homeostasis.
• It is semi-permeable meaning that it allows
certain substances to pass through.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Water enters a cell and waste material leaves a
cell through the cell membrane. Based on this
information, the cell membrane is:
A. semi-permeable
B. transparent
C. rigid
D. impermeable
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which could be used to represent the plasma
membrane’s job?
A. a farmer growing crops
B. a high school principal running a school
C. a nuclear power plant producing energy
D. a gatekeeper allowing cars in and out of
a parking lot
Be prepared to explain your answer!
How does the plasma membrane help the cell?
A. provides a rigid shape and size
B. separates DNA from the rest of the cell
C. allows certain substances to move into
and out of the cell
D. contains pigments to protect the cells
from sunlight
Be prepared to explain your answer!
An organism’s ability to maintain balance and
stability within its vital internal systems is best
referred to as what process?
A. mitosis
B. homeostasis
C. photosynthesis
D. asexual reproduction
Passive Transport
The movement of
molecules across a
membrane without using
energy.
Diffusion
Molecules move from a
high concentration to a
low concentration.
Osmosis
Water moves from a high
concentration to a low
concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules move from high to low concentration with the
help of carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
Protein channels and carrier proteins help molecules pass
through the membrane without using energy.
But how does a cell transport a substance that is
too large across the membrane? How does it
transport substances from a low concentration to a
high concentration?
diffusion
Active Transport
The movement of particles from low to high
concentration is called active transport because
it requires energy.
Active Transport
Protein pumps that use ATP (energy) carry
molecules across the membrane.
When a cell is placed into…
a saltwater solution
shrink because
it will ________
out of
water will move _______
high
the cell from a ______
concentration of water to
low concentration of
a ____
water.
When a cell is placed into…
distilled water
swell because
it will ________
into
water will move _______
high
the cell from a ______
concentration of water to
low concentration of
a ____
water.
When a cell is placed into…
an isotonic solution
isotonic = same concentration
stay the same size because the concentrations are at
it will ________________
equilibrium
___________.
Homeostasis in Organisms
When an organism’s internal state is thrown offbalance, it tries to return to its original state
through homeostasis.
Example: You work out and get overheated. What does
your body do to maintain homeostasis?
You sweat so your body cools down!
TRASHKETBALL
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Why does active transport require energy?
A. Materials are moved from low concentration to low
concentration against their concentration gradient.
B. Materials are moved from low concentration to high
concentration against the concentration gradient.
C. Materials are moved from high concentration to low
concentration against the concentration gradient.
D. Materials are moved from high concentration to high
concentration against the concentration gradient.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
A cell is placed into a salt solution. The salt
concentration is greater in the solution than inside the
cell. Which best describes what will most likely happen?
A. Water will flow into the cell by active transport.
B. Water will flow into the cell by passive transport.
C. Water will flow out of the cell by active transport.
D. Water will flow out of the cell by passive
transport.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
What causes your fingers and toes to become
wrinkled when you are in the water for a long
time?
A. Water flows out of your skin.
B. The surrounding water flows into your skin.
C. Salt flows out of your cells, causing your skin
to wrinkle.
D. The surrounding pressure of the water causes
your skin to wrinkle.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Dialysis tubing containing a white starch solution is placed in
a beaker. The beaker contains a dilute iodine solution. After
24 hours, the starch solution inside the dialysis tubing is dark
purple. Which best explains what has occurred?
A. Starch molecules entered the iodine solution through
active transport.
B. Iodine molecules diffused into the dialysis tubing from the
iodine solution.
C. Starch molecules diffused through the dialysis tubing into
the iodine solution.
D. Water entered the dialysis tubing by osmosis and reacted
with the starch molecules.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
During hot summer months, turtles burrow
down in the mud to cool their internal body
temperature, illustrating which of the following
life processes?
A. nutrition
B. hibernation
C. homeostasis
D. growth and development
Be prepared to explain your answer!
The organelle identified by the arrow in the diagram below is a
contractile vacuole of a protist in a jar of spring water.
If distilled water is added to the slide, what would be the most likely
effect on the pumping action of the contractile vacuole?
A. The rate would remain the same.
B. The pumping action would stop.
C. The rate would decrease.
D. The rate would increase.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
What is one way the body reacts to cold
weather?
A. sneezing
B. swallowing
C. shivering
D. sweating
Be prepared to explain your answer!
A man is exercising on a treadmill. As his speed
increases, the capillaries located near the surface of his
skin more than double in diameter. Why is this increase
in capillary size most beneficial to the human body?
A. It allows for the loss of heat to cool the body.
B. It allows for the absorption of heat to warm the body.
C. It allows for the transport of less carbon dioxide
through the body.
D. It allows for the transport of more carbon dioxide
through the body.
Which is a result of mitosis?
A. four sex cells
B. four haploid cells
C. two diploid daughter cells
D. two haploid daughter cells
2 pts.
Why is cytokinesis important in cell division?
A. The cell grows
B. The nucleus divides
C. Chromosomes are duplicated
D. The cytoplasm and cell membrane split,
forming two daughter cells
2 pts.
Before the process of mitosis can start,
which must occur?
A. DNA replication
B. RNA transcription
C. Protein translation
D. Microtubule formation
2 pts.
Which is most likely occurring when animal
cells undergo mitosis at an abnormally high
rate?
A. Gametes are being produced
B. Cells are undergoing cytolysis
C. Haploid cells are being created
D. Cancerous tumors are developing
4 pts.
Some species of starfish can reproduce by
breaking off an arm or splitting in half. Each
arm or half then becomes a whole new
organism genetically identical to the parent.
Which type of cell division occurs in this
process?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Budding
D. Conjugation
4 pts.
Why does meiosis promote genetic
variability?
A. Meiosis undergoes one cell division
producing diploid cells.
B. Meiosis undergoes one cell division
producing haploid cells.
C. Meiosis undergoes two cell divisions
producing diploid cells.
D. Meiosis undergoes two cell divisions
producing haploid cells.
4 pts.
An individual has three number 21
chromosomes. Which is most likely the
cause?
A. Disjunction
B. Crossing over
C. Gene mutation
D. Nondisjunction
4 pts.
Which explains the significance of meiosis in
the development of gametes?
A. Meiosis produces identical daughter cells.
B. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number
by one-half.
C. Meiosis combines an egg and a sperm to
form a zygote.
D. Meiosis increases the number of offspring
an organism can produce.
4 pts.
What is a result of crossing over during
meiosis?
A. Genetic variation
B. Extra chromosomes formed
C. Loss of chromosomes
D. Production of gametes
4 pts.
How does crossing over contribute to
greater genetic diversity?
A. It results in the exchange of proteins.
B. It produces new combinations of alleles.
C. It reduces the number of chromosomes in
each cell.
D. It separates the chromosomes at the
centromeres.
6 pts.
During which actions can an exchange of
genetic information occur during meiosis,
rather than during mitosis?
A. assortment and alignment
B. alignment and crossing over
C. crossing over and replication
D. assortment and crossing over
6 pts.
Meiosis produces cells in the haploid state.
In which process is the chromosome number
restored to the diploid state?
A. ovulation
B. fertilization
C. nondisjunction
D. spermatogenesis
6 pts.
Which best describes the purpose of sexual
reproduction?
A. to produce offspring that are nonviable
B. to produce offspring that are genetically
identical
C. to produce offspring that exhibit greater
genetic variations
D. to produce offspring that are genetically
identical to their parents
6 pts.
Nondisjunction during meiosis results in an
abnormal number of chromosomes in one or
more gametes. In some cases of nondisjunction,
a single chromosome fails to separate. In
others, none of the chromosomes separate.
Suppose an egg is produced in which none of
the chromosomes separate during meiosis II.
What is the chromosome number of the zygote
that results if this egg is fertilized by a normal
sperm?
A. 1n
B. 2n
C. 2n+1
D. 3n
6 pts.
The skin cells of an adult female rat has 40
autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. A
healthy egg cell would contain which
number and type of chromosomes?
A. 20 autosomes and 1 X chromosome
B. 20 autosomes and 1 Y chromosome
C. 40 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
D. 40 autosomes and 2 Y chromosomes
6 pts.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which process best represents a balance of
glucose in the bloodstream maintained by
insulin?
A. osmosis
B. adaptation
C. metabolism
D. homeostasis
Fats are specialized lipid molecules, and enzymes
are specialized protein molecules. How do the
functions of fats and enzymes differ?
A. Fats are structural building materials, while enzymes
are transportation molecules.
B. Fats provide support for cells, while enzymes lower
the pH of gastric fluids.
C. Fats regulate body functions, while enzymes
denature invasive bacteria.
D. Fats are storage molecules, while enzymes are
catalytic molecules.
Which best signals that equilibrium has been
reached across a selectively permeable membrane?
A. The movement of water across the membrane
stops.
B. The movement of water across the membrane is
balanced.
C. The membrane will begin to allow all substances
to pass through.
D. The movement of dissolved particles across the
membrane begins.
A student noticed that placing wilted lettuce in a
bowl of cool water caused the lettuce to become
more crisp and firm. What is the best explanation
for his observation?
A. Water moved into the lettuce cells by active
transport.
B. Water moved out of the lettuce cells by osmosis.
C. Water moved into the lettuce cells by osmosis.
D. Salt moved into the lettuce cells by diffusion.
Which example is a function of the selectively
permeable membrane of a cell?
A. supporting the shape of the cell
B. manufacturing proteins for the cell
C. limiting chemicals that diffuse out of the cell
D. storing waste products for the cell
Which best explains why enzymes are important
in biological systems?
A. They hold all genetic information of a cell.
B. They are necessary to maintain skin
moisture.
C. They accelerate the rate of chemical
reactions.
D. They support structures to maintain body
temperature.
Estella spilled tomato sauce on her shirt. When she
washed her shirt, she noticed that the detergent she
used contained enzymes. Enzymes are added to
detergents to break down proteins from food and other
substances that may stain clothing. Which would most
likely inhibit the ability of the enzymes to remove the
stain on her shirt?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the amount of dissolved minerals in the water
the type of fibers from which her shirt was made
the temperature of the water
the fragrances in the detergent
In which type of cell would mitochondria be
most numerous?
A. red blood cell
B. muscle cell
C. nerve cell
D. skin cell
A chemical is added to cells, stopping all the
activity of ribosomes. What is the result?
A. cellular respiration stops
B. protein synthesis stops
C. lipid synthesis stops
D. transcription stops
During which process in the mitochondria is
glucose converted into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)?
A. photosynthesis
B. chemosynthesis
C. cellular digestion
D. cellular respiration
How does the site of aerobic respiration in a cell compare
with the site of anaerobic respiration?
A. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur in the
cytoplasm.
B. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur in the
mitochondria.
C. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria, while
anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.
D. Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm, while
anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Which process releases energy from food by
producing ATP in the absence of oxygen?
A. glycolysis
B. fermentation
C. photosynthesis
D. cellular respiration
1. In which type of cell would you
find a chloroplast?
a. prokaryote
b. animal
c. plant
d. fungus
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2X
2. At which organelle are
proteins manufactured?
a. mitochondrion
b. nucleus
c. ribosome
d. vacuole
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2X
3. While viewing a slide of rapidly moving
sperm cells, a student concludes that these
cells require a large amount of energy to
maintain their activity. Which organelles
most directly provides this energy?
a. vacuoles
b. ribosomes
c. chloroplasts
d. mitochondria
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2X
4. You observe a cell in a sample of
heart tissue. The cell has lots of
ribosomes in it. What is this cell
specialized to do?
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A. Make proteins B. produce energy
C. Make sugar
D. provide
structure
2X
5. One difference between plant and
animal cells is that animal cells do not
have _________ or ___________.
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A. a nucleus, a cell wall
B. chloroplasts, a cell wall
C. cell membrane, chloroplasts
D. mitochondria, a nucleus
2X
6. Which of the following organelles
serves as the cell’s boundary from
its environment?
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A. Mitochondria
B. chloroplast
C. Plasma membrane
D. nucleus
2X
7. A scientist treats a cell with a
chemical that destroys the
chloroplast. As a result, which cell
process will be stopped?
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A. osmosis
C. protein synthesis
B. photosynthesis
D. respiration
2X
8. Which organelle is the site
where energy is made?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
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9. Which organelle is the site of
protein synthesis?
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a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2X
10. What is the purpose of organelle
4?
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a. Make energy
b. Control cell
c. Make sugar
d. Make proteins
2X
11. Which biological process can
remove CO2 from the atmosphere
and make sugars?
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a. cellular respiration
b. metabolism
c. photosynthesis
d. digestion
4X
12. Which organic compound must be
formed from amino acids?
a.
b.
c.
d.
sugars
starchces
fats
proteins
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4X
13. Which molecule is correctly paired
with its building blocks?
a.
b.
c.
d.
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cellulose – polypeptides End
DNA – nucleotides
protein – monosaccharides
fat – disaccharides
4X
14. Waxes are an example of:
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic Acids
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4X
15. Which is the primary function of
carbohydrates?
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a. Storage of energy
b. Transmission of genetic material
c. Acceleration of chemical reactions
d. Transport of molecules across
membranes
4X
17. The individual parts that make up
the macromolecules are called:
a. compounds
c. monomers
b. polymers
d. lipic acids
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18. Proteins are made from a
chain of:
a. amino acids b. fatty acids
c. sugars
d. starches
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19. A single sugar molecule is also
called:
a. polysaccharide
b. Monosaccharide
c. starch
d. storage
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4X
21. DNA is which type of
biomolecule?
A. Carbohydrate
C. Lipid
B. nucleic acid
D. protein
End
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22. Glycogen is a:
End
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A. polysaccharide
B. Monosaccharide
C. protein
D. enzyme
4X
23. Two examples of
carbohydrates are:
A.Fatty acids and glycerol
B. Fats and waxes
C. Sugars and starches
D. Amino acids and alcohol
End
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6X
24. Which biomolecule contains
genetic information?
A. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic
acids
B. Lipids
D. Proteins
End
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6X
25. Which biomolecule makes up
the plasma membrane?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Amino acids
C. Lipids
D. Proteins
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6X
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33. Muscle cells must expend a lot of energy in
order to move your body. Based on this
information, which organelle would be more
abundant in a muscle cell?
A. plasma membrane
B. vacuole
C. mitochondria
D. chloroplast
6X
35. Which characteristic of
prokaryotic organisms makes them
different from eukaryotes?
a. Prokaryotic cells do not have a
nucleus
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b. Prokaryotes are made of cells End
c. Prokaryotes do not have
chromosomes
d. Prokaryotes have DNA
6X
37. By what process do molecules
move to the side of the membrane
with the lower concentration of
molecules?
a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. diffusion
d. respiration
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6X
39. Which cell process will move a
substance against a concentration
gradient?
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a. diffusion
b. Passive transport
c. osmosis
d. active transport
6X
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40. A cell is put in salt water and its size decreases.
Which of the following best explain what
happened?
a. the cell has absorbed the salt water solution
b. the salt water solution raises the temperature of
the cell
c. the salt in the water has entered the cell
d. the water has moved out of the cell through
osmosis
6X
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45. What is the function of a cell’s selectively permeable
membrane?
a. to regulate energy production in the cell
b. to keep mitochondria from using nuclear
material
c. to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in the
cell
d. to control materials entering and leaving the
cell
6X
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48. Which of the following statements best
describes enzymes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
enzymes cannot be reused after a reaction
enzymes are organic catalysts
enzymes slow down chemical reactions
enzymes can bind to any substrate
6X
Which biological process can remove
CO2 from the atmosphere and make
sugars?
End
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a. cellular respiration
b. metabolism
c. photosynthesis
d. digestion
6X
54. During aerobic respiration, the
chemical energy of a glucose
molecule is gradually released,
producing 36 ATP and
End
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a. NH3 and O2
b. NH3 and CO2
c. H2O and O2
d. H2O and
CO2
6X
55. In terms of ATP production, which
process results in the most total
energy?
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a. aerobic respiration
b. Fermentation
c. anaerobic respiration
d. all processes result in the same
amount of energy
6X
58. Which most accurately describes the difference
in ATP production between aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration?
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a. aerobic respiration produces more ATP than
anaerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than
aerobic respiration
c. only anaerobic respiration produces measurable
amounts of ATP
d. anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the
same amount of ATP
6X
56. Which of the following is a
product of cellular respiration?
End
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a. sugar
b. carbon dioxide
c. oxygen
d. all of the above are products of
respiration
6X
Whiteboard Question
How can excessive heat affect the function of
enzymes?
a. Heat can increase the pH of enzymes.
b. Heat can cause enzymes to become denatured.
c. Heat can cause enzymes to absorb carbon
dioxide.
d. Heat can produce more substrate for enzyme
reactions.
Whiteboard Question
An enzyme works optimally at a pH between 2
and 4. Which best explains what will happen to
this enzyme at a pH of 12?
a. It will lose its original shape and work on new
substrates.
b. It will work on a different substrate than at a pH range
of 2–4.
c. It will lose its original shape and not work on any
substrate at all.
d. It will work on the same substrate as it did at a pH
range of 2–4, but it will not work as well.
Whiteboard Question
Which characteristic would least likely be used
to describe an enzyme?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It speeds up a reaction
It is consumed in the reaction
It reacts with a specific substrate
It reduced the activation energy of the reaction
Whiteboard Question
Which is a carbohydrate?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Amylase
Cellulose
Glycerol
Polypeptide
Whiteboard Question
Which characteristic can best distinguish
between two different proteins?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the presence of nitrogen in the proteins
the sequence of amino acids in the proteins
the number of amino acids found in the proteins
the location of the peptide bonds in the proteins
Whiteboard Question
Which best describes the importance of
carbohydrates to organisms?
a. Carbohydrates provide storage for water
molecules.
b. Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy
source.
c. Carbohydrates provide an additional source for
amino acids.
d. Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for
genetic information.
• Which experiment could be conducted to
determine if baked potato chips have less
fat than fried potato chips?
A. Place potato chips in water and test the
pH
B. Place potato chips on a paper bag and
test for oil spots.
C. Mix crushed potato chips with iodine to
observe color change.
D. Mix crushed potato chips with Benedict’s
solution to observe color change.
End
• What is the significance of nucleic acids for
cells?
A. They generate energy for the cell.
B. They restrict what enters and leaves the
cell.
C. They support and maintain the shape of
the cell.
D. They provide all instructions for cellular
activities.
End
• Which is the best example of a
monosaccharide, or simple sugar?
A. Starch
B. Glucose
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
End
• Which best describes the role of
hemoglobin in red blood cells?
A. It hydrates human body tissues.
B. It supplies support to human body
tissues.
C. It transports oxygen to human body
tissues.
D. It increases the rate of reactions in body
tissues.
End
• Which best describes the importance of
carbohydrates to organisms?
A. Carbohydrates provide storage for water
molecules.
B. Carbohydrates provide an immediate
energy source.
C. Carbohydrates provide an additional
source for amino acids.
D. Carbohydrates provide permanent
storage for genetic information.
• Which are the building blocks of most lipid
molecules?
A. glucose and protein
B. glucose and fatty acids
C. fatty acids and glycerol
D. amino acids and glycerol
End
• When a student drops a piece of liver into a beaker
of hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles
vigorously as the peroxide decomposes into water
and oxygen. However, if the student cooks the liver
first, the reaction fails to occur. What is the best
explanation for these results?
A. Boiling the liver altered the shape of the enzyme
in the liver so that it could not interact with the
peroxide.
B. Heating the liver killed the germs that caused the
bubbling reaction.
C. Lower temperatures result in a higher rate of
enzyme activity.
D. Heating the liver removed the water and oxygen
from the hydrogen peroxide.
End
• How are the transported molecules moved
in active transport?
A. Molecules are moved through the
cytoplasm.
B. Molecules are pumped into ribosomes
within the cell.
C. Molecules are pumped against their
concentration gradient using energy.
D. Molecules are moved into the cell from
areas of higher concentration without
energy.
End
• Alpha-amylase, an enzyme present in
saliva, breaks down starch. Which food
does it help to digest?
A. Milk
B. Candy
C. Steak
D. Potato
End
• Which best explains why enzymes are
important in biological systems?
A. They hold all genetic information of a cell.
B. They are necessary to maintain skin
moisture.
C. They accelerate the rate of chemical
reactions.
D. They support structures to maintain body
temperature.
End
• Thermophiles are prokaryotes that live
in water that is almost boiling. How must
they be different from other organisms?
A. Their flagella beat in a fanning motion.
B. Their genetic material is RNA instead of
DNA.
C. Their proteins do not denature at high
temperatures.
D. They are able to maintain a cooler
internal temperature.
End
• Most human enzymes operate under an
optimal pH near neutral. Which pH range
would best represent this environment?
A. 4-6
B. 6-8
C. 8-10
D. 10-12
End
• Many people are lactose intolerant and
cannot digest dairy products. What
enzyme are their bodies most
likely lacking?
A. Lipase
B. Lactase
C. Maltase
D. Protease
End
• Many enzymes in the human body
function best at 37°C. What is the most
likely result of a great increase in body
temperature?
A. Enzymes become hormones.
B. Enzymes become denatured.
C. Enzymes become more active.
D. Enzymes become more sluggish.
End
• A single cell may contain several different
types of enzymes. Which must occur for an
enzyme to be able to catalyze a specific
reaction?
A. An enzyme must catalyze at least two
different reactions.
B. An enzyme must attach to a substrate like a
lock in a key.
C. An enzyme must react with the substrate
that has the same composition as the
enzyme itself.
D. An enzyme must react with the substrate
that has the opposite composition as the
enzyme itself.
End