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DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions in your
NB.
What was the purpose of doing this lab?
2. What was the independent and dependent
variables for 12-A & 12-B?
3. What 3 things did you learn?
4. What will you do next time to prepare for a
lab better?
1.
Examine the UNIT syllabus, answer the
questions, study the vocabulary terms.
2. Read the chapters at HOME. This is the
ONLY way to reiterate what was taught in
class.
3. Study EVERY night, SO CRAMMING before
an exam doesn’t become a bad HABIT!
4. When I give you the 4 free response
questions(I will only choose 2), look online
at the college board for how they will be
graded.
1.
Rate of O2 production, Rate of CO2
uptake, Rate of carbohydrate or biomass.
2. For each millimeter of oxygen produced,
0.536 milligrams of carbon is
assimilated(absorb, take-up).
3. The relationship is an inverse one. As the
temperature in a liquid rises, the amount of
gas that remains dissolved in a liquid
decreases. The most oxygen-rich water is
shallow, rapidly moving, and cold. At 4*C,
water can hold approximately 19%
oxygen.
1.
5.
6.
7.
Water is much thicker than air. This means that the gill muscles
work much harder to move water over the gills’ surfaces.
Another factor is that water holds much less oxygen (5 to 10
mL/L) than does air (200mL/L).
You should expect a higher DO reading in the stream water in
comparison to the lake water. As the stream moves over rocks
in the stream bed, the tumbling action oxygenates the water.
Also, the shallowness of the stream means that more water
comes in contact with the atmosphere, thus increasing the
amount of oxygen carried in the water.
The DO at 7am would be LOWER than the DO at 5pm. The DO
would have been reduced greatly by respiration by all
organisms (NOT just phototrophic organisms) throughout the
night and morning, while the low levels of light early in the
morning would not produce as much DO through
photosynthesis as would be produced by light o f increasing
brightness later in the day.
8.
At a particular temperature, only a fixed amount of
oxygen could be dissolved in a given volume of water.
Since the volume of water is greater, the amount of
oxygen dissolved in the water would be greater. (The
slightly larger surface area in B at the air/water interface
would allows for a slightly greater rate of diffusion from
the atmosphere into the water, but the difference would
be so insignificant compared to the difference
attributable to the volume of water.) Over the course of
a day, the fish would use up the DO in both containers,
and the one with more surface area (B) would better
sustain the fish. The term “oxygen available” depends on
time. Initially container A would have more; over time, B
would have “more available” due to surface area.
9.
Eutrophication is the increase in concentration of N, P &
other nutrients in bodies of water. N & P tend to be limiting
nutrients in natural bodies of water. (N tends to be limiting in
marine & estuarine ecosystems & P tends to be limiting in
freshwater ecosystems). By increasing the amounts of these
nutrients in bodies of water, the types of organisms that are
most successful or that have the greatest biomass change.
These changes affect the entire ecosystem. The most
common effect is for there to be tremendous blooms of
algae. These algae produce large amounts of oxygen
during the day, but respiration by the algae at night often
depletes the DO to zero at night. In addition, dense growth
of algae at the surface may shade out the waters beneath,
limiting the primary productivity and causing anoxia in the
underlying waters. The algae often eliminate (through
competition) the natural food of herbivores in the
ecosystem.
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What models are useful in describing the growth of a population?
How is population size regulated by abiotic and biotic factors?
What are the various animal behaviors?
Define population density. Give two methods biologists use to estimate population densities and
distinguish between uniform, clumped, and random distributions, and indicate the conditions
under which one is the most common.
Draw an exponential growth curve(J-shaped curve).
Draw a logistic growth curve(S-shaped curve), and label the carrying capacity, the inflection
point, the portion of the curve showing an accelerating rate of population growth, and the
portion showing a decelerating rate.
Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors operate in limiting population
growth.
Using examples, discuss the ways in which parasitism, predation, intraspecific competition,
emigration, mutualism, and physiological and behavioral mechanisms can act as densitydependent limitations on population growth. Explain, using an example, how destroying the
balance between predator and prey in a community can upset the ecology of an area.
Carefully define the concept of ecological niche, and explain its significance with respect to the
competitive exclusion principle. Specify the three possible results of intense interspecific
competition.
Explain the types of interspecies relationships and tell how each member of the pair is
affected by the interaction(include predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism).
What models are useful in describing the
growth of a population?
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EXPONENTIAL
› R
› Very rapid
› Assumes resources are unlimited
LOGISTIC
› K
› Population will increase until it reaches its
carrying capacity
› Knows there is a limit of resources
How is population size regulated by abiotic
and biotic factors?
Availability or resources
 Living environments
 What else???? YOU TELL ME!!!
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BEHAVIORS
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OTHER WORDS TO CONSIDER
MAKING CONNECTIONS TO
What are the various animal
behaviors?
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innate
instinct
pheromones
drives
habituation
learned behavior
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight
parental imprinting
Kinesis
taxis
social behavior
dominance hierarchy (pecking order)
altruistic behavior
fixed action pattern
sign stimulus
critical period
monogamous
polygamous
polygynous
polyandrous
POPULATION DISPERSION TYPES
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› Individuals aggregated in patches
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UNIFORM
› Individuals are evenly spaced
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RANDOM
› Position of each individual is independent from
others
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WAYS TO COUNT A
POPULATION
CLUMPED
COUNT ALL OF THEM
› Census, is an example
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AVERAGE DENSITY
› Estimated based on the population density.
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MARK CAPTURE METHOD
› Formula
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[(# tagged 1st time) x (total # captured)] / (total # recaptured that
were tagged)
DEFINITION (Population density): # of individuals per unit (volume/area).
J-curve (EXPONENTIAL) (r)
S-curve (LOGISTIC) (k)
Draw an exponential growth curve(J-shaped
curve).
Draw a logistic growth curve(S-shaped curve),
and label the carrying capacity, the inflection
point, the portion of the curve showing an
accelerating rate of population growth, and the
portion showing a decelerating rate.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING
FACTORS
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT LIMITING
FACTORS
Explain how density-dependent
and density-independent factors
operate in limiting population
growth.

Temperature
 Natural Disaster
 Sunlight
 Human Activities
 Physical characteristics
 Behaviors
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Competition
 Predation
 Disease
 Parasitism
 Crowding
 Stress
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3 RESULTS OF INTENSE
INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
Carefully define the concept of ecological
niche, and explain its significance with
respect to the competitive exclusion
principle. Specify the three possible results
of intense interspecific competition.
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DEFINITION: the status of an
organism in it’s community.
SIGNIFICANCE
› If every organism was doing the
same part, would the community be
effective in its operation?