Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
Appendix 1: Experimental design
Choice set Alternative Recreation Vegetation Shells No paddleMoney
All
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16
Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
Appendix 2: Powerpoint presentation to survey participants
Outline
Foundation for Research Science & Technology
Coastal Marine Ecosystem
Follow up survey
Valuing indigenous biodiversity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The ecosystem at risk
Threats to biodiversity
Potential invasive: European Shore Crab
Biosecurity protection measures
Examples of responses
Control options
Your preferences
Photograph 1
Photograph 1
Photograph 2
Photograph 3
Photograph 4
Photograph 5
17
Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
Photograph 6
Photograph 7
Threats to Biodiversity
Natural habitats are
declining due to:
– Coastal development (housing,
ports, marinas, tourism)
– Increased recreational use
– Increased aquaculture farming
(mussels, scallops, oysters)
– Pollution (sewage, nutrient run-off,
silt, chemicals)
Susceptibility to
biodiversity loss
Biodiversity Integrity
0%
Areas of marine reserves and indigenous
marine biodiversity in NZ
100%
0
10%
20%
At Risk
Acutely Threatened
60%
Chronically Threatened
Biodiversity: West Coast Harbours of the
North Island
Biodiversity: Estuaries
100%
30%
Percentage of
indigenous cover
remaining
Source: Department of Conservation, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Most of NZ's coastal ecosystem is a natural environment
for crabs species from the Northern Hemisphere (“invasive
crabs”)
In the past, invasive crabs have been limited by:
– Slowness of the vessels
– Relatively few merchant ships or recreational vessels
(yachts and motor launches)
Now and in the future it is likely that there will be:
– Increasing number of ship voyages and shorter travel time
– Increased numbers of recreational vessels
Therefore, the incidence of invasives crabs in our marine
environment is likely to increase
Source: Australian Maritime Safety Authority
18
Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
Important characteristics that
determine the success (or not) of an
invasive crab coming to an NZ and
potentially an estuary near you
– Establishment
– Breeding
– Spread beyond
initial landing
Source: Australian Maritime Safety Authority
Potential invasive crab:
European shore crab
Not yet arrived in NZ
High on Biosecurity NZ's list of potential invasive species
’
Listed among the 100‘world’s worst invasive alien species
European shore crab
The impact on a
coastal marine
ecosystem can be
very prolific
Preferred habitats
European shore crab
Potential impacts in NZ
•
•
•
•
•
•
At risk: shellfish(oyster,paua, cockles, mussels),
native crabs, green algae
Flow-on effects to fish with possible
a
reduction in
customary, recreational and commercial fishing
limits
Burrows in soft sediment banks causing erosion
Restricted recreation (wading, swimming)
Changed appearance of an estuary
Impact on sea birds and shorebirds (reduced food
supply, parasite carrier)
Current range of the European shore crab
Blue – native range
Black - single sightings
Red – invaded
Green– potential invasive
European shore crab
Preferred habitat
and potential risk areas
– Inshore and shallow water
– Sheltered or semi-exposed
(estuaries, bays)
– Substrate – hard/soft intertidal,
rocky shores
– Water temperature – above 10oC
– Tolerates a wide range of salinity
– Depth – high water to 60m
European shore crab
Impacts overseas
• Blamed for destroying local fisheries
– New England soft clam industry
– Washington State Dungeness crab fishery (US$50 million
industry)
– Californian Manila clam harvest
• Arrived in Australia (NSW) in 1891
– 1902 spread to Victoria
– 1976 spread to South Australia
– 1993 spread to Tasmania
– 2003 single specimen found in Western Australia
• Currently poses a threat to the Australian oyster, scallop and
blue mussel industry
19
Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
What does Biosecurity NZ do currently
• Surveys include target ports, marinas and aquaculture areas
• Teams of trained divers - cost around $150,000 per survey
• Baseline surveys conducted then port surveys conducted 3
yearly
Species potentially at RISK
What happens once an invasive
species is found?
– Environmental modification
– Biological control- parasites
– Physical control– trapping,
netting
– Sterilisation- irradiation,
chemo’
– Chemical control- chlorine,
copper based
– Integrated Pest Management
– Also predators may exist
Effectiveness of eradication or control
Depends on:
– Area the invasive species
has spread
– Depth of water
– Containment/retention
– Solitary invasive species or
more than one
Monitoring, early detection
and prompt response are
critical
The success overseas has
typically shown limited success
Although the European shore
crab has not arrived, it is likely
to arrive in NZ
The strategy for the control of
invasive crabs has not yet been
formulated and therefore the
outcomes of potential control
programs are uncertain
Example of a response in NZ
Effective?
Average number of species detected from 16 port surveys in NZ
– Introduced species
13
– Origin unknown
23
– Native to NZ
144
Integrated Pest Management is the
most common response to invasive species
IPM involves:
• Prevention and containment
• Detection and forecasting
• Eradication
• Control and mitigation
• Information access and data
management
No one control provides a ‘silver bullet’
• Eradication possible if invasive species population is small,
contained and does not breed
• If the population becomes established and breeds, control is the
most likely probable outcome
Example of a response in Australia
Black striped mussel incursion in Darwin
Potential to decimate the local pearl industry
worth A$225 million annually
– Discovered March 1999
– Limited to 3 enclosed marinas
– Chlorine (160 liquid tonnes) and
Copper sulphate (6 tonne) added to
water
– Eradication successful by April 1999
– Cost the Australian Government
A$2.2million and the private sector
several hundred thousand in lost
revenue
Cost of responses in NZ
• Gypsy moth trapped in Hamilton in March 2003
• Caterpillars infest trees, stripping them clear of leaves and ex posing
them to disease
• Potential to destroy gardens, crops, forests, native bush
• Causes millions of dollars damage around the world every year
(estimated potential damage in NZ $88 million)
• Eradication programme included aerial application of insecticide
• Eradication announced May 2005
• Gipsy moth in Hamilton
$10 million
• Painted Apple moth in
Auckland $69 million
• Red Imported Fire Ant in
Hawkes Bay $10 million
(over 3 years)
• Southern Salt Marsh
Mosquito (nationwide) $16
million (over 3-4 years)
20
Report to Biosecurity New Zealand on
valuing the coastal marine environment
Who should pay?
Shipping industry – cleaning
ballast water
What are the costs?
Impact is monetary and non monetary
Monetary
Biosecurity New Zealand
– Darwin Harbour cost in excess of A$2
million dollars and killed every living
organism in the affected marinas
Beneficiaries
• Industry (aquaculture, shipping)
• recreational fishers or boaties
• rate payers / tax payers
Non-monetary
– Environmental costs such as killing
other organisms
– Other social costs such as closing the
beach or no fishing
Source: Australia Government Bureau of Rural Sciences
Base case
Alternative
Current programme
European shore crab arrives
Current programme PLUS
increased monitoring &
awareness
European shore crab arrives
•
No additional cost
•
Regulations to minimise biofouling on boats
•
Ongoing monitoring
programme of key sites – dive
teams
•
Overarching communications
& awareness programme
•
National ballast water
management system
•
Single incursion – response
$1m completed in 1 year
Question 1:
Recreational
shellfish take for 3
years
% vegetation
dies
Number of
shellfish species
that disappear
Children paddling
on water’s edge
Cost to your
household each
year for 3 years
I would choose
Option A, plus
•
Additional annual cost $2m –
indefinitely
•
Species specific:
– R&D programme
– Bio-fouling protocols
– Communications &
awareness strategy
•
Options A, B and C
Please choose the option you prefer
By ticking ONE box
Option A
Option B
Same as now
•
3 disappear
Same as now
3 disappear
No
Yes
No
$25
$100
A
B
Each option will have a different cost to your
household through a new special tax under the
Biosecurity Act 1993
There are 12 Questions
plus a personal form
Option C
No fishing
10% dies
No fishing
50% dies
Double the monitoring effort
by including additional high
risk sites – 2x dive teams
Now we would like you to choose your preferred
environmental option from a number of different
options
50% dies
Thank you
$0
C
supper is served
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