Warm-Up Answers
8th Grade 2016-2017
9/12/16
• Independent Variable
• Hypothesis
• Report Results
• What happens with the Independent Variable
9/13/16
• Variables change, controls stay the same
•1
• Matter
• Solids, liquids, gas, plasma
9/14/16
• Atoms
• Liquid
• Plasma
• Gas
9/15/16
• Solid
• Gas
• Mercury
• Gas
9/16/16
• Not very, very un-excited
• Sublimation
• Deposition
• Ionization
9/19/16
• Protons (pos.), neutrons (neut.), electrons (neg.)
• # protons & electrons
• 25 of each
• Valence shell
9/20/16
• Atom (atomic #)
• Physical
• 2, 8, 18, 32, 50
• Condensation point (BP), melting point (FP)
9/21/16
• Physical
• Chemical
• 1 (Valance)
• All
9/22/16
• Different #’s of neutrons
• Prot.’s & elec.’s are atomic #, neut.’s are atomic mass – atomic #
• Protons + neutrons
• Electron cloud
9/23/16
• Lightning, flames, neon, aurora, sun
• #’s 11-28
• Atomic mass units (AMU’s)
• Losing an electron
9/26/16
• 19
• Valance
• Isotopes
• Negative ion
9/27/16
• Physical can be reversed, chemical can’t
• Atomic #
• Excited & move faster
• Evaporation = surface, boiling = entire bulk
9/28/16
• Element-pure substance, mixture-combined by physical means,
compound-combined by chemical means
• Physically
• Chemically
• Can’t be separated
9/29/16
• Atoms
• Chemical bonds
• Molecules of different elements
• Ide-2 elements joined together; ate-3 or more joined
9/30/16
• Heterogeneous
• Compound
• Mixture
• Homogeneous
10/3/16
• Solution
• Solvent
• Solute
• Physical
10/4/16
• Heterogeneous
• Compound
• Physical
• Chemical
10/5/16
• Physical
• Isomers
• Rust
• Cation & Anion
10/6/16
• Cations & Anions
• Electrolysis
• Anodes
• Cathodes
10/10/16
• Colloid
• Solid produced
• Precipitant
• Gas formation
10/11/16
• Suspension
• Forms new substance
• Endothermic reaction
• Exothermic reaction
10/12/16
• Precipitate
• Density
• D = m/v
• Polarity
10/13/16
• Ductility
• Malleability
• Solubility
• 5 senses
10/17/16
• Amount of substance
• Intensive
• Saturation
• Settles to bottom of mixture
10/18/16
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Buoyancy
• Property
• Chemical reaction
10/20/16
• Metals, nonmetals
• Vertically
• Horizontally
• Metalloids
10/21/16
• 1 valance electron like others in the group
• Hydrogen is reactive (bonds often with other elements), noble gases
are not reactive
• Families
• 18 groups, 7 periods
10/24/16
•1
• Valance shells full
• Mercury, Bromine
• 2- ion
10/25/16
• Alkali, 1 valance electron in each
• Transition metals
• Alkaline earth metals
• Halogens
10/26/16
• Metals (except Mercury)
• Average if isotopes of element
• 2, 8, 8, 18, 18
• Silicon
10/27/16
• Arsenic (As)
• Metalloid
• 41.9215
• Change into Zinc (Zn)
10/28/16
• Solids, hard, shiny, conductors of heat/electricity, malleable, ductile
• Insulators
• Semiconductors
• Noble Gases
10/31/16
• Protein
• Sonar (echolocation)
• Calcium phosphate
• Carotene
11/1/16
• Base
• Alkalinity
• Lye
• Bitter, sweetish, salty
11/2/16
• Acid
• Sour
• Baking soda
• Potential to attract Hydrogen ions
11/3/16
• Left side of PT
• Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth
• Group 17 (Halogens)
• Total mass
11/4/16
• Subscript
• Coefficient
• Reactant
• Product
11/7/16
•2
•8
• No
• Yes
11/9/16
•1
•1
• Reaction is to be heated
• Arrow
11/10/16
• Cr2O3 + 3Mg → 2Cr + 3MgO
• 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
• 2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2
• As4S6 + 9O2 → As4O6 + 6SO2
11/14/16
• 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
• 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
• S8 + 8O2 → 8SO2
• 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
11/15/16
• Open system
• Closed system
• Isolated system
• OS: Uncovered pots/pans cooking on stove, ocean; CS: Covered
pots/pans cooking on stove, aquarium; IS: Thermos insulating
contents from surroundings, pizza delivery bag
11/16/16
• Any elements from Group 2
• Silicon, metalloid
• Number of atoms of element(s), total mass
• Total mass of matter stays same on both sides
11/17/16
• 21 grams
• Escaped as a gas
• Left to right, by increasing atomic number
• Atoms share electrons
11/18/16
• Solar
• Hydroelectric
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
11/21/16
• Energy
• Work
• Force x Distance Moved
• Joules
11/22/16
• Kinetic
• Potential
• Transfer
• Transformation
11/28/16
• Wind energy
• Biomass energy
• Renewable
• Inexhaustible
11/29/16
• CO2
• Drought
• Easier to transport & burn
• Near plate boundaries/volcanos
11/30/16
• Fossil fuels
• Difficult to store energy long-term
• Nuclear
• CO2
12/1/16
• Wind source variable/unpredictable
• Reservoirs destroy habitats
• Solar & wind
• Both nonrenewable
12/2/16
• Cost & efficiency (not much power produced)
• Inexhaustible
• Meltdown/radiation exposure
• Released as heat
12/9/16
• How water cycled on earth
• Rain, sleet, snow, hail, freezing rain
• 71%
• 3%
12/12/16
• Agriculture/farming
• 100 gallons
• Oceans
• Groundwater
12/13/16
• Many different substances dissolve in water
• 70%
• Impermeable rock
• River basin
12/14/16
• Watershed
• Estuary
• Aquifer
• Tributary
12/15/16
• Surface water, groundwater, polar ice
• Agriculture
• US
• 8%
12/19/16
• Yadkin/Pee Dee River Basin/Watershed
• Bedrock
• Ecosystem
• Precipitation, Evaporation/Transpiration, Condensation
12/20/16
• 17
• Mississippi River, Atlantic Ocean
• Surface Water & Groundwater
• Not much change/approx. same
1/2/17
• Cone of depression
• Artesian well
• Porosity: the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or
openings; Permeability: the capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid such
as water or petroleum through pores and fractures
• Subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water
1/3/17
• Upper surface of the zone of saturation
• Aquitard
• Recharge
• Spring
1/4/17
• Fish can die
• It promotes algae growth, which lowers the oxygen level in the pond
• PSP: Easy to find out where the pollution comes from; NPSP: Not easy
to find out where the pollution comes from
• Atmosphere
1/5/17
• No, the water has particles floating around in it & the particles may
be hazardous to health
• Organisms cannot live and grow without water
• Point-source pollution
• Algae
1/6/17
• Water may not be treated properly & can cause illness
• To protect citizens from potential disease
• Helps prevent pollution
• Depletion of oxygen in water body; kills fish & other aquatic animals
1/11/17
• Allows many foreign materials to enter the water
• Temp. & pH
• Bioindicators
• Agriculture runoff
1/12/17
• Runoff from agricultural fields
• Presence of toxic substances
• Dissolved oxygen
• Decrease the pH
1/13/17
• Satellite imagery
• Dissolved oxygen stays within a set range
• Stewardship
• Odor, appearance, taste, pH off, temp.
1/17/17
• Eutrophication
• Coliform bacteria
• Lower temp.’s = higher DO, higher temp.’s = lower DO
• Basic
1/18/17
• Low dissolved oxygen, high pH, high nutrient concentration, algae
• Fish die
• Lowered DO killing aquatic animals, block sunlight from plants
• DO decreases
1/19/17
• Brackish water
• Estuaries, deltas, mangrove swamps
• Concentration of dissolved salt in water
• Freshwater floats on top (less dense)
1/24/17
• Wave
• Crest, trough
• Amplitude
• Wavelength
1/25/17
• Photic zone
• Aphotic zone
• Mangrove swamp
• Tides
1/26/17
• Sound
• Salt marsh
• Higher the salinity, lower dissolved gases
• Fresh/saltwater collide, high biodiversity
1/27/17
• Everglades
• Changes to temp. & salinity
• Burrow in sand
• The protected environment and abundant food provide an ideal
location for fish and shellfish to reproduce
1/30/17
• Sonar
• Satellites
• Submersibles
• High water pressure
2/1/17
• Shallow water zone
• Hydrothermal vents
• Surface zone
• Greater amounts of oxygen
2/2/17
• Algae, aquatic plants
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide
• Warmer water
• Salinity (amount of salt)
2/3/17
• Twilight zone
• Disphotic zone
• Allows for photosynthesis
• Euphotic zone
2/6/17
• Coriolis Effect
• Wave
• Gravitational pull from moon (& sun)
• Full/new moons
2/7/17
• Cooler, more salty
• Ocean surface layers
• Cooler water
• Yes, gases dissolve more easily under higher pressure
2/8/17
• Near equator
• Mt.’s, trenches, plains, ridges
• Near hydrothermal vents
• Upwelling areas
2/9/17
• Near upwelling areas
• Wind blows water away from coast and deeper water rises to take the
place of the water blown seaward
• Algae and plankton become abundant because of nutrients from
upwelling
• Nutrients are brought to the surface from upwelling
2/10/17
• Microbes
• More salty
• Trenches
• Chemosynthesis
2/13/17
• Divers could spend more continuous time underwater
• Jacques-Yves Cousteau
• Regulator
• Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
2/14/17
• Gases dissolve better in cooler water, so dissolved gases increase in
upwelling areas
• Oceans
• 5%
• 1960, Challenger Deep
2/15/17
• Chemicals from hydrothermal vents
• Eaten or hosted as symbionts
• Gases dissolved in their blood would form bubbles and cause serious
health problems
• The pressure of the water is too great that far below the surface; it
would crush divers long before they could reach the bottom
2/16/17
• 7 miles down
• More than 80%
• Mid-ocean ridge, 50,000 miles long
• Tiny organisms that secrete calcium carbonate which builds the reef
over time (corals build on top of dead corals & CaCO2)
2/17/17
• Shallow tropical waters, warm water & need light for photosynthesis
• Either
• Coral bleaching
• Great Barrier Reef (Australia), 1600 mi long, can be seen from space
2/20/17
• Intertidal zone
• Anemones, barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, crabs, green algae,
isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, snails, whelks, some marine
vegetation, clams, some fish
• Littoral zone
• 12 hours, 25 minutes
2/22/17
• Food chains are one path, food webs have multiple paths (many food
chains make up food web)
• Energy
• Tertiary consumers
• Autotroph
2/23/17
• Producers, decomposers
• Grass-cows-humans-worms
• 10%
• Primary consumers, secondary consumers
2/24/17
• Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
2/27/17
• Parasitism
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
2/28/17
• Bioindicator
• Keystone species
• Food web
• Arrows
3/1/17
• Graphite, diamonds
• Carbon reservoirs
• Nitrogen fixation (bacteria do this)
• Denitrification
3/2/17
• No, must be fixed by bacteria in soil or in organisms
• Photosynthesis & respiration
• Fossil fuels
• Ammonification
3/3/17
• Eukaryotic
• Ribosomes
• Cell wall
• Nucleolus
3/7/17
• Robert Hooke
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• Cells
• Organelles
3/8/17
• Prokaryote
• Prokaryotic
• Euk.-nucleus, Prok.-no nucleus
• Their own food
3/9/17
• Sugar
• Both eukaryotic
• Nucleoid
• Other living cells
3/10/17
• PMAT
• Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• Haploid number
• 46
3/13/17
• DNA
• Nucleus
• Nucleoid
• Helps with growth, healing, replaces old worn out cells
3/14/17
• Same # of chromosomes
• Half # compared to parent
• Cytokinesis
• Cytoplasm divides
3/15/17
• Interphase
• 90%
• Spindles
• Nucleus
3/16/17
• Tissue
• Organ system
• Organ
• Individual organisms from a colony or biofilm can, if separated,
survive on their own, while cells from a multicellular organism (e.g.,
liver cells) cannot
3/17/17
• CO2 & water & energy
• O2 & glucose
• Mitochondria
• Respiration
3/20/17
• Sunlight, ATP (chemical)
• All cells
• Mitochondria, cytoplasm
• Blood
3/21/17
• Exact opposites
• Blood
• Pathogen
• No (some scientists believe yes); antibiotics work on bacteria, not
viruses
3/23/17
• Protein
• Saturated fat
• Respiration
• Heat energy
3/24/17
• Carbohydrates (Sugar)
• Sugar (Cellular respiration)
• Oxygen (Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms
use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for
cell functions); oxidizing food
• Cells (Mitochondria)
3/27/17
• ATP (active transport proteins) & energy
• Diffusion
• Active transport
• Repairs tissue
3/28/17
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion requires proteins to move the molecules from
higher to lower concentration areas
• Exocytosis & endocytosis
• Active transport
3/29/17
• Animal-like protists can live on their own
• Pseudopods
• Spores
• Flagella
3/30/17
• Pathogens
• Viruses
• Bacteriophage
• Not made of cells, can’t live outside host, can’t reproduce on own
3/31/17
• Bacteria (viruses can go inside bacteria)
• Not alive, can’t be killed
• Virus, no (no cure for viruses, not alive)
• DNA
4/3/17
• Influenza
• Slimy liquid or poison
• Capsid & genetic material
• No (need living cell & cell’s genetic material)
4/4/17
• Antibiotics
• Tuberculosis
• Fungi
• Wind, water, animals
4/6/17
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Full-blown pandemic
• Only in animals
• Vaccines
4/7/17
• Parasite
• No
• Bacteria
• Antibiotics
4/10/17
• Microbes
• Virus
• Rest & fluids
• Distribute vaccine
4/11/17
• Pandemic-worldwide, epidemic-countrywide or statewide or citywide
• Kills microbes or slows their population growth
• No, because some antimicrobial agents do not kill bacteria
• Bacteria
4/12/17
• Vector
• Mosquito
• Rabies
• Buildup of wastes
4/13/17
• Antibiotic resistance
• No cures for viral infections
• Active immunity
• When the immune system produces antibodies to fight pathogens
4/24/17
• Active immunity
• Passive immunity
• Antigens
• Penicillin
4/25/17
• Ebola
• Small pox
• Influenza
• Targets a protein on the flu virus so that the virus can't leave the cell
to infect other cells
4/26/17
• Sewage polluting the drinking water
• Structure
• Digestive system
• Mutates each year
• Easier for diseases to be transported to other countries/continents
• Fungi
4/27/17
• The manipulation (as through genetic engineering) of living organisms
(especially microorganisms) or their components to produce useful usually
commercial products (such as pest resistant crops, new bacterial strains, or
novel pharmaceuticals)
• A genetically modified organism is an organism that has had its DNA
altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering
• Increase sustainable food production (grow faster, go further), resistance
against pests, resistance against pesticides, improve taste and appearance,
nutrient supplementation, resistance against abiotic factors, biofuels
• Development of medicines and vaccines, development of medical
equipment, transplants, prostheses, growing new organs, microbiological
altering, cloning
5/1/17
• Making produce last longer, resistant to pests, resistant to pesticides,
nutrient supplementation, resist abiotic factors, cross-species
• Corn
• Producing crops that are virus resistant, reduce the need for
pesticides, biofuels (clean burning), hardier crops, pest resistance
• Clone
5/2/17
• Transgenics
• Phenotype
• Bioremediation
• Pharming
5/4/17
• Genetic engineering
• DNA fingerprinting or typing
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• Make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing
5/5/17
• Recombinant DNA
• Isolation, ligation, transformation, and selection
• Selective breeding
• Gene splicing
5/9/17
• Allow the growing season to be longer
• Increase crop yield, better taste to crops, longer growing season, pest
resistance, make crops last longer, add nutrients
• Mutation
• Gene
5/10/17
• Transitional fossils
• Similar anatomies
• Environmental changes
• All of the fossils show similar structures to that of the modern animal
5/11/17
• Pangaea
• Same fossils on different continents, tropical plant fossils in arctic,
way continents seem to fit together, mt. ranges continued across
continents, continental drift (MOR pushing continents apart yearly)
• Principle of Superposition
• Dinosaur fossils are older than bird fossils
5/12/17
• Fossil
• Transition fossil
• Index fossil
• Relative age
5/15/17
• Evolution
• Uniformitarianism
• Charles Darwin
• Eons, eras, periods, epochs
5/16/17
• Natural selection
• Fossils
• Natural selection, mutations, gene flow, genetic drift
• Fossil record, geographic distribution of living things, homologous
body structures, similarities in early development
5/19/17
• Mesozoic Era; Triassic, Jurassic, & Cretaceous Periods
• Comet, Asteroid, or Meteor Impact on Earth
• Geologic Time Scale
• Absolute & Relative Dating
5/22/17
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Binomial Nomenclature
• Aristotle
• Morphology
5/23/17
• Continental drift
• Alfred Wegner, he thought the continents plowed through the Earth’s
crust like icebreakers smashing through ice
• Carbon 14 dating
• Relative dating
5/24/17
• Tell the history of Earth through pollution, volcanic eruptions and any
other material/fossils that can get trapped in the ice
• Tell weather patterns and age of a tree; when the rings are close
together that means there was drought and when they are far apart
that means ample rain because the tree grew a lot that year; 1 ring
for each year of life
• Environmental changes
• Marine fossils found
5/25/17
• Extrusive igneous
• Convergent (plates push together), divergent (plates pull apart), transform
(plates slide past each other)
• Major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur
• Convergent boundaries where at least one of the tectonic plates is an
oceanic crust which is forced under another plate (oceanic or continental)
or sinks (due to gravity) into the mantle
• Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is deposited out of air, ice,
wind, gravity, or water; metamorphic rocks are created by the physical or
chemical alteration by heat and pressure of an existing igneous,
sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock material into a denser form
5/26/17