TI 2002-040/3
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper
The Empirical Economic Growth
Literature
Raymond J.G.M. Florax1
Henri L.F. de Groot1,2
Reinout Heijungs3
1 Department
of Spatial Economics, MASTER-point, Faculty of Economics and Business
Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2 Tinbergen Institute, LLeiden University.
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