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Pavlov
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Give yourself a biscuit if you know
that this refers to something that
produces a reflex response without
any prior learning
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
In Pavlov’s experiment a
metronome, and a bell became this:
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Fido might salivate to the rattling of
keys, but NOT to the sound of a
violin because of this principle
What is discrimination?
After extinction has taken place,
Fido began salivating again when he
heard the bell. Must be this:
What is spontaneous recovery?
A conditioned stimulus can act as an
unconditioned stimulus in this
procedure
What is higher-order conditioning?
This is a consequence you should
like! It provides you with something
pleasant so that your rate of response
increases.
What is positive reinforcement?
“Be good or else you will get a timeout!” This procedure is technically
this type of consequence:
What is negative punishment?
If you clean your room in order to
avoid a parent’s nagging, your
behavior is being changed by this
consequence:
What is negative-reinforcement?
These reinforcers are inherently
reinforcing because they satisfy
biological needs. They are
“secondary” to none!
What are primary reinforcers?
Cues that influence operant behavior
by indicating the probable
consequences of a response. For
example, judging your parents’
mood before you ask to stay out later
than your curfew.
What are discriminative stimuli?
If every instance of a designated
response is reinforced, you are on
this type of schedule. It doesn’t
happen that often in the real world.
What is continuous reinforcement?
This schedule yields among the
fastest rate of responding, but it has
low resistance to extinction. Would
you keep working if you didn’t get
paid for cutting the grass?
What is a fixed ratio?
Slot machines are on this schedule.
That’s why senior citizens spend all
day pumping money into them.
What is a variable ratio?
This schedule shows a “scalloped”
pattern on a cumulative response
graph. People and animals learn to
wait until the time right before the
reinforcement is scheduled.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
Under a concurrent schedule,
organisms’ relative rate of
responding to each alternative tends
to match each alternative’s relative
rate of reinforcement. A fancy
definition for a simple law that
seems to work.
What is the matching law?
Do you avoid Doritos because of the that
time you wretched after eating a familysize bag of them? You’ve developed
this:
What is a conditioned taste aversion?
We’re more likely to develop a
phobia of snakes than electrical
outlets, although both can be
dangerous. This can be explained by
the concept called this by Seligman.
What is preparedness?
Those miserly raccoons showed that
there are limits to conditioning.
Sometimes an animal’s innate
response tendencies interfere. This
is the term for this form of biological
restraint.
What is instinctive drift?
Pavlov thought CC worked because
the bell substituted for the food as
result of it being paired close in time
(contiguity theory). But he and
others were wrong! The current
thinking, pioneered by Rescorla,
says it has to do with a stimuli’s
predictive value. This is called:
What is signal relations?
You arrive one minute before exams,
and you ace them! Does this mean
your behavior of arriving just in time
has been reinforced? Maybe, but
only if you think it produced the
favorable consequence. This more
modern view of operant conditioning
is based on this principle.
What is response-outcome relations?
This is what the people whose
behaviors you copy are called
according to observational learning
theorists.
What are models?
His work with kids beating up Bobo
dolls helped establish him as the
leading voice in the study of
observational learning.
Who is Albert Bandura?
This is the first step in observational
learning. You’ll get an “A” if you
know it.
What is attention?
Wow that was a complicated and
difficult procedure! I don’t know if
I’ll be able to fulfill the second and
third aspects of observational
learning. I might need some “R&R”
afterwards.
What are retention and
reproduction?
I know how to do it, but I just don’t
want to. I lack this last step of
observational learning. There is a
difference between acquisition and
performance.
What is motivation?