Biology Spring Final Review
Scientific Method:
Describe the steps of the Scientific Method
1. Problem Question or Purpose- in this step, the purpose of the experiment is determined. It is the reason for doing the
experiment.
2. Develop Hypothesis- A cause and effect statement (If…, then…..) that states the independent variable and the predicted
dependent variable. If we change the angle of light, the plant stems will turn toward the light. (Ind. Var-angle of light, Dep.
Var.-how the plant turned)
3. Gather Materials-What equipment would be needed to conduct the experiment. This is a list.
4. Procedure- The numbered, step by step instruction to conduct the experiment. The instructions should be exactly
repeatable.
5. Collect Data/Observations- an organized set of observation qualitative or quantitative that describe all of the dependent
variable changes and their relationship to the independent variable. Graphs, Data tables etc.
6. Analyze the Data- What are the patterns in the data.
7. Conclusion- This is an overview of the data and how it relates to your hypothesis. Was your hypothesis supported or not?
What would you do differently? How would you extend or further explore the topic?
Characteristics of Living Things:
List the 7 characteristics of all living things.
1. Made of 1 or more cells
3. Adapt or change
5. Respond to stimuli (change in environment)
7. Contain levels of organization
2. Metabolizes food for energy
4. Reproduces
6. Has genetic Material
Why are viruses not considered to be living things?
They are not made of cells and they cannot reproduce on their own. They require a host cell. (they do contain genetic
material)
Biomolecules:
Type of
Molecule
Carbohydrate
Functions
Parts (Monomers)
1.Short term energy
2.Cell membrane antenna for cell-cell
communication
3. Structure (cellulose in plants)
Carbon, Hydrogen and
oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer: monosaccaharide
Polymer: polysaccariade
Lipid
1. long term “stored” energy
2. insulation
3. membrane structure
Not a polymer
Made of glycerol and fatty
tails (2-3) typically
Nucleic Acid
DNA-in the nucleus, contains full code for the organisms proteins
mRNA-throughout the cell, is a short copy of a piece of DNA used in
transcription and translation (contains codons)
tRNA- in the cytoplasm, brings amino acids to the ribosome during
translation (contains anticodon)
rRNA- the RNA that makes up the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Structure
Monomer: amino acid,
Enzymes
peptide
Chemical messengers
Polymer: polypeptides
Cell to cell communication
Protein
Diagram
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA-is double stranded and in the nucleus, it is the full genetic code. Contains nucleotide: A,T,C,G
RNA- is single stranded both in and out of nucleus, small parts of genetic code. Contains nucleotides: A,U,C,G
Taxonomy:
What is the order of classification from most general to most specific?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What two levels of classification are used to describe the scientific name of an organism?
The Genus and species. Canis lupis (Wolf) Canis is the genus and lupis is the species. (Genus is always capitalized, species is
lowercase)
Cell Types and Parts:
Compare and Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
#
1
Structure
Cell Wall
2
Cell Membrane
3
Cytoplasm
4
Vacuole
Function
To provide structure for
plants cells
To control what goes in and
out the cell
A jelly-like substance that
holds the organelles in
place
Stores water
5
Mitochondria
The site of respiration
6
Golgi Complex
7
Nuclear Membrane
8
Chromosome
Packages materials to ship
out of the cell
Controls what goes in and
out of nucleus
Supercoiled DNA
9
10
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
Houses the genetic material
The site of photosynthesis
What is meant by hypertonic and hypotonic?
Hypertonic refers to an environment that has a higher content of solute than the adjacent environment. Example: The inside
of the cell is hypertonic with 5% salt solution, the outside of the cell is hypotonic with 3% salt solution.
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment what will happen to the cell? (Assume the membrane is
impermeable to the solute)
Water will flow out of the cell into the surrounding environment. The cell will shrivel.
Human Body Systems:
List the 11 human body systems, their major organs, and major functions.
System
Organs
Function(s)
1
Integumentary
2
Digestive
3
Immune
4
Skeletal
5
Muscular
6
Circulatory
7
Respiratory
8
Endocrine
9
Excretory
10
Reproductive
11
nervous
Skin, hair, sweat glands
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines,
rectum, anus,
White blood cells,
spleen
Bones
To be a barrier to the outside environment, to prevent evaporation
(desiccation). To regulate temperature
To mechanically and chemically digest food. To absorb nutrients and water into
blood stream. To eliminate solid waste
To fight foreign invaders of the body
To provide structure, protection, create RED blood cells
Smooth, cardiac, and
skeletal muscles
Heart, veins, arteries
To protect, insulate, provide movement
Nose, trachea, lungs
To intake oxygen gas and deliver it to the blood. To remove CO 2 from the blood
and remove it from the body.
To create and regulate hormones
Thyroid, pituitary
gland, adrenal gland
Kidney, urethra,
bladder
Testis, ovaries
Brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove CO2 and waste from cells.
The eliminate liquid waste
To produce offspring
To control the actions and responses of the other parts of the body
Plants:
What characteristics do all plants share?
All plants are multicellular, Eukaryotic (have a nucleus), and are autotrophic
What are the four categories of plants and how are they similar and different?
Bryophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms




Produce spores
Require water for
reproduction
No xylem or
phloem (no
vascular structure)
Moses, liverworts,
hornworts



Have vascular
structure
Produce spores
ferns



have vascular
tissue
reproduce with
seeds in cones
pines, palms
Angiosperms




Flowering and fruit
bearing plants.
Most evolved
plants
Seeds in fruit or
nut structure
Have vascular
tissue
List the parts and functions of a plant leaf
FungiType of fungi
Club Fungi
A
C
E
F
G
Part
Cuticle
Mesophyll
Stomata
Phloem
Guard Cells
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Part
Ovule
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Carpel or Pistil
Anther
Filament
Stamen
Function
To protect the outside of leaf
Where photosynthesis takes place
To control transpiration
To transport sugar
To open and close
Function
Developing embryo
Holds the ovary
Pollen travels down to ovule
Catches the pollen (sticky)
Female reproductive part
Contains the pollen
Holds up the anther
Male reproductive part of
flower
examples
mushrooms
Characteristics ( such as reproduction)
Produce spores
Decomposers
Sac Fungi
yeast
Produce spores
Can be single celled
Irregular/Imperfect
Fungi
Thread fungi
Athletes foot fungus
Produce spores
Bread mold
Produce spores
Unknown reproductive
details
Thin thread like
structures called hyphae
Evolution:
How did Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck differ in their ideas of evolution?
Lamark believed that organisms evolved through “use and disuse” Example: a giraffe stretched its neck to reach higher and
passed on the trait to its offspring. Darwin- “survival of the fittest” the best traits survived and reproduced and passed the
traits onto the offspring
How do traits pass from one generation to another?
Through meiosis. Genes in the sex cells are passed on to the offspring during meiosis of sexual reproduction.
How do homologous structures help us understand evolution of species?
Structures in multiple species that develop the same way from a similar genetic code, suggests a common ancestor in the past
between the species. Ex: a 5 fingered internal arm structure in the human, whale, chicken, horse, dog, cat
What is meant by “relative fossil dating” and “radioactive fossil dating”?
Relative dating is comparing the layers of fossils and determining which is older by which is deeper. Radioactive dating gives
specific
What is the purpose of a cladogram and how can you tell which organisms are most closely related?
A cladogram is like a family tree. The closer the branches are the more closely related they are. It helps show when different
species diverged from each other (became separate species).
List and describe the four types of Isolation that cause genetic change in populations.
1. Geographic Isolation- a species becomes classified as two separate species because they no longer live in the same area. The
original population got separated by a river etc.
2. Behavioral isolation- a species becomes two species because the behaviors such as mating rituals cause the species to not
mate with each other
3. Reproductive Isolation- Species divide and become two separate species because they can no longer produce fertile
offspring.
4. Temporal Isolation- species become two species because there malting and or social time is during opposite times of day or
during different seasons.
Genetics:
What is a Karyotype?
A karyotype is an organized pairing of an individuals chromosomes. A human karyotype shows 22 homologous pairs and 1
sex pair. Total=46 chromosomes
What do the terms diploid and haploid mean?
A diploid cell has the full set of chromosomes ( homologous pairs plus sex pair). A haploid cell only has half the full number of
chromosomes. ( singles, not pairs)
How many chromosomes does the average human have in a somatic cell? In a gamete?
Somatic Cell= 46 chromosomes
Gamete= 23 chromosomes
What is different about a female and male karyotype?
A female will have 2 “x” chromosomes for their 23 pair in a karyotype. A male will have mismatched “x” and “y” chromosomes
for the 23 pair in a karyotype.
What does a Punnett square tell us?
A punnet square predicts the probability of two parents having offspring with a specific trait or traits based ont eh genotypes
of the parents
What does it mean for an allele to be recessive or dominant?
A dominant allele, when inherited, will determine the phenotype (appearance) of the offspring. A recessive allele will only
affect the phenotype if the offspring inherits both
Ecosystems:
What is the original source of energy for most ecosystems?
Sunlight enters the food chain and provides energy for photosynthesis.
Draw a food reasonable food web of 6 organisms. Be sure to label and include each energy role. (Producer,
herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer)
May Vary
Why are bacteria so important in ecosystems? Give at least two detailed reasons.
Bacteria are decomposers. The break down large molecules to be reabsorbed by plants to renter the food chain. They are
also denitrifiers and nitrogen fixing bacteria that allow for nitrogen to be cycled through the environment.
Symbiosis:
What are the five types of relationships (symbiosis) in ecosystems?
Parasitism- One species benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualism- both species benefit
Commensalism- one benefits one is not affected
Predator Prey- an species is killed and eaten by another
Competition- two species compete for resources such as space, food, water, sunlight, mating ground
What symbols are used to describe parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism?
Parasitism ( +, - )
Mutualism (+, +)
Commensalism (+, o)
Label the equations below with the correct process and where they occur.
Equation
Process
Location
H2O + CO2 → C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
The chloroplast
Glucose → ATP + CO2 + Alcohol
Fermentation
Cytoplasm
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
Respiration
Mitochondria
Describe what the diagram below is telling us about the movement of Carbon on our planet.
A
Carbon Dioxide in the air dissolves in water and is held there. As evaporation takes place, the carbon dioxide diffuses out of
the water creating a cycle. Industry produces carbon dioxide that is released in the air. Plants take in CO 2 for photosynthesis.
Animals release CO2 during respiration. Carbon is stored in the ground as decaying material and fossil fuels.