WORKSHOP ON ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF AIR POLLUTION IN DELHI
MAY 06, 2016
IMPROVING AIR QUALITY IN DELHI:
MOVING BEYOND STATUS QUO
Dr. Prashant Gargava
Additional Director
Central Pollution Control Board
(Email: [email protected])
(Web: http://www.cpcb.nic.in)
PM: A MAJOR HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUE
Ref: GBD, Lancet 2012
1. AIR POLLUTION IS NOT JUST A LOCAL ISSUE
Case Study of Berlin
ACTIONS IN NCR ARE IMPORTANT FOR DELHI CLEAN
2. LET ACTIONS BE GUIDED BY SCIENCE AND NOT PERCEPTION
PM2.5 – Winter, IITK, 2015
PM2.5 – Summer, IITK, 2015
PM10 – Residential, CPCB, 2011
PM10 – Kerbside, CPCB, 2011
 Sources: SW/Biomass burning, Vehicles, Road dust, Construction
 Receptor modelling is complex – Sec. particulates, Coal & Fly Ash
3. ACTION DILEMMA – TECHNOLOGY V/S MANAGEMENT
BASED OPTIONS?
TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTIONS
o Progressive emission and fuel quality norms for vehicles
o Improving public transport system
 World’s largest CNG fueled public transport – 0.55 million
 Metro – 2.5 million passengers; 2500 trips covering 69,000 km
 Augmentation of city bus service
o Advanced control systems for power plants and industries or fuel
shift
RESOURCE INTENSIVE
LONG LASTING IMPACTS, NO IMMEDIATE RELIEF
MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS
o
o
o
o
Phasing out of old commercial vehicles
PUC Scheme
Restriction on goods vehicles during day time
Installation of time clocks at important crossings
o Congestion charges
IMPLEMENTATION DIFFICULTIES
EFFECTIVE IN SHORT PERIOD
 BETTER TECHNOLOGY – SOONER THE BETTER
 STRICTER IMPLEMENTATION – SET EXAMPLES (strict visible
actions with wide publicity, use of social media)
4. EXPERIMENT
WITH
IDEAS
AND
EXPERIENCE (Odd-Even Scheme)
LEARN
FROM
 DPCC/IITK Source Apportionment Study, 2015
 Odd Even Plan
o
o
Exempted vehicles – CNG operated; Public transport; Twowheelers; Emergency, VIP, Woman driven cars; Trucks
Applicable – Diesel and gasoline passenger cars, Light
commercial vehicles
 Business as usual for surrounding NCR towns, and other activities
in Delhi
 Uniform scale of change in the traffic activities
 Other influencing parameters (e.g. meteorology) remain constant
 Emission inventory reconstructed for PM10, PM2.5 and NO2: three
scenarios (most optimistic 30% reduction)
 Potential air quality impacts considered
o Direct impacts – reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions
o Indirect impacts – idling emissions due to de-congestion, road
dust re-suspension due to lesser traffic, secondary particulate
formation due to reduced NO2 emissions
 Proportional scale model for quick analysis of air quality
changes
 Expected emission reduction: < 1%
 PM2.5 improvement: ~4 µg/m3
PM2.5 – NO SIGNIFICANT DIRCET IMPACTS (emission in kg/day)
BAU
SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
SCENARIO 3
LESSONS..
 Single action may not be effective
 A little analysis always helps
 Unpopular steps can be taken and implemented
 Public Awareness, Concern
 Don’t jump to quick conclusions to avoid or defer
LET THERE BE MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS
AND NOT JUST ODD-EVEN
FOR A WEEK OR SO
STRENGTHENING DTC BUS OPERATIONS
Source: Operational Statistics of DTC, June 2012
o More buses are being added…..
o Broad actions may not necessarily and always yield results…
Garbage burning continues…..
E-Rikshaws, a good and a bad step?
Not unusual….
CARBON AND TOXIC METAL FRACTION IN PM10 EMISSIONS IN
DELHI, 2007: CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES
Percent Contribution (%)
Vehicle
Paved Road
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Generator Set
Construction
Soild Waste
Burning
Waste
Incinerator
Crematoria
Commercial
Domestic
Cooking
Industry
PM10 Species
Power Plant
Reference: Prashant Gargava; Judith C. Chow; John G. Watson; Douglas H. Lowenthal (2013). Speciated PM10
Emission Inventory for Delhi, India. Journal of Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 10.4209/aaqr.2013.02.0047
Air Quality Index for Delhi
Month-wise AQI Index Values
Aug-15
Sep-15
Oct-15
AQI Index
AQI Index
AQI Index
Values
Values
Values
May-15
AQI Index
Values
Jun-15
AQI Index
Values
Jul-15
AQI Index
Values
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
221
238
259
289
311
305
254
229
234
290
262
228
183
No Data
208
288
261
269
227
212
147
192
188
193
214
305
323
335
314
217
74
200
253
152
195
No Data
95
188
310
No Data
151
148
No Data
208
123
251
280
281
286
262
159
88
146
171
234
96
167
172
182
No Data
No Data
153
219
179
176
303
225
145
160
153
112
56
67
63
82
195
247
180
187
151
155
132
124
178
99
104
82
53
70
73
60
99
130
122
128
153
134
149
148
155
167
142
246
101
179
175
130
96
105
147
62
144
174
128
106
99
143
190
173
No Data
212
185
190
99
250
246
296
152
175
171
189
222
200
222
217
218
302
274
248
293
166
133
110
144
97
98
85
189
193
227
206
237
175
MAX
MIN
AVG
335
147
248
310
88
192
303
53
138
246
62
147
302
85
194
MONTHS
Dates
Nov-15
AQI Index
Values
Dec-15
AQI Index
Values
Jan-16
AQI Index
Values
Feb-16
AQI Index
Values
Mar-16
AQI Index
Values
251
282
194
201
211
276
267
337
254
81
221
224
236
207
272
310
168
304
323
331
318
No Data
292
376
310
211
270
267
254
No Data
394
405
377
373
421
323
272
435
389
323
353
343
360
388
377
356
337
263
322
371
411
402
410
420
348
314
331
317
342
303
408
356
332
331
321
364
271
156
383
382
350
352
323
281
206
208
254
300
293
257
330
281
316
374
178
166
140
327
271
269
330
386
391
384
381
429
434
356
402
399
337
312
348
339
332
345
292
285
305
344
346
397
356
334
398
430
380
417
379
384
399
417
407
270
268
284
274
337
362
337
301
313
362
313
361
306
230
245
269
265
285
372
322
186
230
217
305
285
277
317
306
301
352
334
315
280
155
209
236
189
No Data
222
No Data
108
No Data
No Data
220
228
225
197
250
264
189
206
212
308
300
179
179
251
285
260
269
394
81
264
435
263
360
386
140
293
434
285
370
372
186
293
352
108
238
5. POLICIES TO TRTANSLATE INTO MICRO LEVEL PLANS
AND ACTIONS
 Traffic planning and management
o Metro – last mile connectivity
o Route plan for buses
o Regulate operation of different types of public transport
 Identify unpaved/bad roads with high traffic density
 Identify problematic zones and work out solutions
6. MISCELLANEOUS
 Make and implement plans for critical months and days
 Prioritize sources and actions based on health benefits
 Incentivize rather than imposing restrictions
 Aggressive public awareness, training for behavioural change,
people’s involvement
CONCLUSION
AIR POLLUTION KILLS…..NEED TO ACT, HOW AND FAST?
Ref: GBD, Lancet 2012
Thank You