Information Processing Other Theories of Development Approach or framework, not theory per se Computer metaphor Chapter 8 Mind: z z z Processes information via software Has limited processing capacity Can be “upgraded” Roles of input, storage, and retrieval Focus of the Information Processing Approach 1) Thinking is processing 2) Focus of study is role of change mechanisms Encoding, strategy construction, automatization, generalization Human Cognition Thinking is flexible Thinking is constrained Limited information Limited speed of processing Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) store model 3) Development driven by selfmodification 4) Task analysis of problems Information stores Store Model Stimulus Store Model (cont’d) Stimulus Short term (working) memory Sensory store or sensory register Sensory store Attention Long term memory Sensory store Mental processing unit that receives information (what we perceive) Executive control processes 1 Store Model (cont’d) Choosing what is perceived Control increases with age Stimulus Sensory store Attention Store Model (cont’d) Stimulus Sensory store Executive Control Processes Long term memory Sensory store Affective Coordinates at all levels E.g., semantic, episodic Store Model Stimulus Metacognitive processes Conscious and reflective Unlimited and permanent Organized into categories “Work space” of mind Limited capacity Short term Executive functions Short term (working) memory Attention Attention Sensory store Store Model (cont’d) Stimulus Short term (working) memory Store Model (cont’d) Short term (working) memory Attention Executive control processes Long term memory Executive control processes Development between 3 and 12 years 2 Information Handling Processes Developmental changes Encoding and representation Strategies Automatization Generalization Encoding and Representation Huge amount of information in environment Attend and encode what is important Encoding and Representation (cont’d) Attend and encode what is important (cont’d) Encoding and Representation (cont’d) Mental representation Planfulness Encoding and Representation (cont’d) Scripts and mental maps Script z Event or situation Spatial layout of physical or geographical place Information stored in a particular form “Chair” Language Math Scripts and Mental Maps (cont’d) Scripts Mental Map z Selective attention Outline of expectations Helps understanding of new events and provides predictability General vs. Personal 3 Scripts and Mental Maps (cont’d) Mental Maps Helps to find way through spatial environment Formation 1) Landmark knowledge 2) Route knowledge z 3) Mental map z z Strategies Deliberate cognitive or behavioral operations Applied to all levels of information processing system 3 + 14 = ? Strategies (cont’d) Externally or internally supported Rehearsal, semantic organization, and elaboration Count-all Min rule Strategies (cont’d) Semantic organization Process of organizing information into categories and hierarchical relations Rehearsal Repeating mentally or out loud Strategies (cont’d) Semantic Organization (cont’d) Strategies (cont’d) Elaboration Results in better recall Can be taught Affected by motivation (costs of use?) Add information to make more meaningful Enhances recall “Elaborative interrogation” 4 Automatization Generalization Transforms conscious controlled behaviours into unconscious automatic ones Multiplication facts Application of a learned strategy to a similar problem What is 4 x 2 ? 3 + 14 = ? Critiques of the Information Processing Approach Strengths Critiques of the Information Processing Approach (cont’d) Weaknesses (cont’d) Breakdown of cognitive processing Weaknesses Program ≠ thinking Which program? z Symbol grounding problem z Specific components not linked Sensory store z Short term (working) memory Stimulus Computer metaphor Attention Ignores cultural and social influences Long term memory Executive control processes 5
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