Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works
Theses
Thesis/Dissertation Collections
1-1-1985
The production of custom variable neutral density
filters using film and a computer controlled imaging
device
Gregory A. Hermanson
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Recommended Citation
Hermanson, Gregory A., "The production of custom variable neutral density filters using film and a computer controlled imaging
device" (1985). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
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THE PRODUCTION OF CUSTOM VARIABLE NEUTRAL
DENSITY FILTERS USING FILM AND A COMPUTER
CONTROLLED IMAGING DEVICE
by
GREGORY A. HERMANSON
A thesis submitted in partial fullfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in the College of
Graphic Arts and Photography of the
Rochester Institute of Technology.
Signature of Author:
GREGORY A. HERMANSON
Imaging and Photographic
Science Division
Certified by:
Gary A. Dir
Thesis Advisor
Accepted by:
Illegible Signature
Coordinator~
Undergraduate Research
THESIS RELEASE PERMISSION FORM
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF GRAPHIC ARTS AND PHOTOGRAPHY
Title of thesis: THE PRODUCTION OF CUSTOM VARIABLE NEUTRAL DENSITY
FILTERS USING FILM AND A COMPUTER CONTROLLED IMAGING DEVICE
I
~
Gregory A. Hermanson
hereby
grant
permission
to
Memorial Libray of R.I.T. to reproduce my thesis in
part.
the
whole
Wallace
or
in
Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or profit.
Date: May
18~
1985
i i
PRODUCTION OF CUSTOM VARIABLE NEUTRAL
DENSITY FILTERS USING FILM AND A COMPUTER
THE
CONTROLLED
DEVICE
IMAGING
by
Gregory A.
A
thesis
the
for
requirements
Arts
in
degree
the
in
the
Photography
and
Institute
fulfillment
partial
School
the
Sciences
and
Arts
in
submitted
Science
of
Hermanson
of
of
Photographic
College
of
of
Bachelor
of
of
Graphic
Rochester
the
Technology
ABSTRACT
A
system
for
filters
has
desired
densities
the
been
controlling
program
which
to
the
vary
film
as
system
The
to
it
was
for
neutral
can
given
as
time
and
a
a
filter
density
by
controlling
aperture.
built
density
the
to
provide
film
profile.
111
with
are
density
profile
the
A
constant
the
into
The
is
designed
of
velocity
custom
The
entered
distance.
of
slit
provide
neutral
demonstrated.
and
density
function
filter
the
generates
designed
a
a
under
variable
characterized,
computer
exposure
technique
produce
built,
moves
custom
generating
the
illumination
lamp
exposure
output.
necessary
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
to
act
support
A
and
Ed
author
and
thanks
of
The
throughout
the
in
would
support
I
to
assembled
help
like
the
Fisher,
designing,
really
and
Al
Corporation
hardware
author
space,
goes
Xerox
assistance
loving
limited
sincerely thank
for this project
encouragement
Urbanek
controlling
her
advisor
special
technical
to
wishes
thesis
as
for
IV.
gave
who
agreed
valuable
study.
Herman
their
Hermanson,
time
and
constructing, and
in this project.
to
thank
throughout
won't.
Dir
Gary
and
the
Marcy Levin for
year,
but
due
to
TABLE
List
OF
CONTENTS
figures
of
vi
Introduction
1
Experimental
11
Results
15
Di
29
scussi on
Conclusions
31
References
32
Appendi
33
x
A
Appendix
B
.
Vita
35
37
v.
OF
LIST
Figure
1.
Conceptual
figure
2.
Theoretical
Figure
3.
Example
Showing
Figure
4.
Picture
of
Figure
5.
Pictures
Figure
6.
Picture
Figure
7.
Schematic
Figure
8.
Picture
of
Light
Figure
9.
Picture
of
Current
Figure
10.
Circuit
Diagram
Figure
11.
Characteristic
Varied
Figure
12.
Design
of
Exposure
Exposing
Through
Non-uniform
Film
the
of
of
FIGURES
Device
5
Aperture
7
Exposure
Processor
12
Exposing Device
16
17
Interface
of
9-10
17
Interface
19
Source
Source
Current
of
Curves
Microdensi tometer
Scans
VI
Source....
20
20
for
Times
Developing
Built
21
24-28
INTRODUCTION
A
is
nonselective
both
that
are
filters
constant
are
devices
mechanical
diaphragms,
from
available
light
it
law
can
impossible
a
number
use
filters
of
the
as
this
&re
linearly
filters
requirements
the
for
other
in
come
photographic
skills
would
be
advantageous
to
which
can
to
the
used
specific
Most
Kodak
to
make
than
use
the
filters
are
develop
neutral
application
filters
are
inverse
homogeneous
often
make
either
or
stepped
density
application
of
to
and
a
with
available.
specific
uses,
Consequently,
device
density
the
of
filter
a
standards
needed.
a
are
standardized
specific
a
available
creative
be
The
.
varying,
characteristics
adopt
iris
They
available
commercially
density
to
(3)
in
and
screens,
constraints
density filter may dictate the
order
films,
non-selective
neutral
In
(dispersed
metallic
mesh
space
These
ranged).
property.
or
these
coefficients
wheels(2).
a
that
filter
a
carbon
manufactures
However,
circularly
While
density (4).
gradients,
that
metal
sector
used
tool.
to
uniform,
be
also
inconel-,
as
rotating
a
reduction
The
of
and
such
spectral
colloidal
silver,
is
attenuation
desired
from
made
commonly
has
and
the
over
photographic
gelatin),
square
neutral
visually
density filter
neutral
it
a
procedure
f-i Iters
according
requirements.
are
made
by
dissolving
suitable
dyes
organic
the
of
and
liquid
solution
the
dry,
in
onto
coated
and
While
to
unwieldly
Thin
good
of
silver
nonselective
neutral
The
use.
although
nm(7).
A
filter
Callier
beam
could
be
nonselective
and
limited
a
of
on
glass
Again,
designed
an
yields
filter
density
neutral
.
custom
bleached
a
would
if
coupling
out.
a
is
from
high
,
the
however,
filter
not
can
Photographic
in
good
the
be
might
therefore
should
image(9).
This
where
must
be
the
affect
be
used
silver's
visible
at
spectral
will
and
the
318
have
a
used
in
not
be
type
of
the
scattering
the
in
and
about
optical
used
af
relatively
visible
silver
situations
a
for
photographic
adversely
process
filter
occurs
quality
filter
produce
window
and
numerous
to
used
density
transmi ttance
made
the
be
can
neutrality
factor (8)
in
used
Accordingly,
dye
Q
forming
properties
a
inconel
of
homogeneous
Photographic
region,
a
layers
single
neutral
expensive
production
a
filters.
scattering (6)
a
in
carbon
good
be
would
neutral
selective
produce
the
96
No.
prohibitve.
infrared
high
designed
little
manufacturing
they
material
support
a
is
coating
colloidal
produce
for
nonselective
very
to
processes
implement
evaporated
excellent
cost
these
custom
of
quantity
the
amount
proper
the
Wratten
Kodak
filters,
density
neutral
dyes
the
After
by dispersing
made
adding
density(5).
with
Are
coating
from
stripped
lacquer (4).
with
density filters
gelatin
is
and
glass.
prepared
film
gelatin
gelatin
system.
imaging beam,
silver
f ordabi 1 i
filter
ty
can
and
be
ease
of
make
it
desirable
for
making
design
of
a
for
making
generation
In
the
filters
to
specification,
of
the
be
designed
exposure
in
exposure
modulator
of
of
product
(seconds)
the
is
H,
exposure
source
exposure
time
of
(lux)
be
is
in
the
on
of
the
to
meet
the
as
the
sensitometry
film
by
modulated
from
the
the
the
and
H
or
exposed,
distance
can
given
is
done
aperture
the
=
E
light
T
(10).
different
to
source
intensity
of
T
time
x
using
of
The
Handbook ( 1 1 )
tometer
same
basic
LIGHT
spectral
.
The
elements
SOURCE:
Provides
composition.
of
by moving
the
light
the
a
exposure
plane
the
exposure
plane
the
aperture
method
modulator
the
varying
the
by moving the
exposure
proposed
listed
section
lists
by
controlled
Before
exposure
elements
sensi
or
plane.
exposure
SPSE
be
also
any
This
stationary
stationary
main
The
same.
exposure
densities
defined
by changing
that
illuminated.
a
desired
the
the
could
itself.
The
amount
is
the
vary
proper
film
the
the
or
plane,
to
able
device
this
produce
designs
design
the
application.
E
can
to
density
variable
consider
While
ways
these
formally
which
varying
device.
the
specific
illuminance
past
be
must
illuminance
for
apertures,
is
all
thereby acheiving
Exposure
The
for
basis
first
must
different
many
the
demands
one
modulation
results,
film,
process
filters.
custom
is
should
important
device
over
the
chosen,
be
examined.
elements
will
a
use
of
a
these
below:
a
known
luminous
intensity
and
PHOTOGRAPHIC
exposure
the
of
plane
MATERIAL:
Its
and
be
would
MODULATOR:
the exposure
of
determined
different
SHUTTER:
source
but
A
incorporates
The
its
with
the
a
in
as
the
absence
by
aperture
bulb
be
fabrication
of
Assuming
exposure
must
section
of
changed
the
that
be
at
be
should
in
the
of
a
to
of
of
light
source
to
provide
These
i 1 1
directly
to
A
is
the
over
current
regulator
lamp
the
exposure
plane.
the
light
The
most
output.
in
greater
( 13)
the
constant
mentioned
from
obtain
constant
width.
bulb
far
umi nance
hold
allowing
qualities
sufficiently
aperture.
constant
uniform
a
incandescent
mounted
relatively
which
the
in
order
device
of
an
falloff
shutter,
a
1.
aperture.
distance
a
the
exposure
This
is
source
to
width
of
the
flexibility
in
the
constant,
the
time
any
filters.
the
illuminance
modulated
the
Figure
in
ability
previously
aperture
exposure
by mounting
variable
the
its
exposing
illumination
an
can
shown
aperture
ensure
using
illuminate
is
that
This
the
is
the
as
also
light
the
device(12).
separate
a
of
filament
so
easiest
is
and
the
slit
to
various
precisely
Sometimes
time.
characteristics
illumination
used
of
range
a
functions
modulator
ideas
slit
that
so
exposure
exposure
implimented
the
of
The
done
the
shutter
across
monoplane
be
device
receive
important
easily
consistent
will
plane
reproducibility
exposure
center
the
diagram
most
negligible.
one
the
these
illumination
be
Alters
exposure
often
conceptual
can
uniformely
the
to
exposures.
Determines
the
or
most
s.re
exposed
referred
modulator.
EXPOSURE
areas
is
surface
exposure
by
varying
plane
is
is
the
held
amount
illuminated.
of
This
will
POINT LIGHT SOURCE
/I\
LIGHT SHEILD
FILM
SLIT APERTURE
i
t-
VACUUM FRAME
V
GUIDE RAIL
\
CONTROLLING COMPUTER
Figure
li
Conceptual diagram of device
STEPPER
MOTOR
be
done
by moving
exposure
plane
to
generate
the
fashion
controlled
movement
the
the
within
exposure
stepper
motor
controlled
by
In
order
to
a
one
exposure.
section
an
equal
be
the
that
travels
where
center
which
exposure
was
with
parts
the
the
of
in
density
a
any
uniform
a
section
level
same
by
accomplished
uniform
this
give
The
this
in
film
for
illumination
of
time.
of
behind
section,
the
area,
be
the
film
is
the
areas
film
place, (Figure
exposed
either
be
the
light
with
side
this
of
light
by
exposed
around
there
slit,
taking
on
could
diffracted
or
reflected
In
illuminated
the
could
exposure
directly from the bulb.
direct
all
to
exposed
areas
to
a
program.
computer
filter
necessary
means
film
the
In
is
amount
three
2).
This
must
As
are
it
section,
produce
be
will
in
aperture
densities.
desired
plane
a
the
past
the
of
edge
aperture.
In
blocked
If
out.
aperture
amount
almost
practice,
a
exposure
of
directly
illuminated
exposure
from
easiest
aperture
way
the
to
rapidly.
to
the
actually
will
direct
be
light
indirect
film
is
step
size)
used
insignificant
exposure
is
can
the
areas
not
to
the
that
the
compared
to
be
large
a
chosen,
the
This
illumination.
and
is
in
occurring
uniform
achieve
implies
choose
a
large
over
a
short
size.
Conversely,
distance
speed
slow
(relative
width
the
all
is
To
if
a
required,
do
this,
large
the
a
change
exposure
small
in
density
must
aperture
be
able
width
to be
(relative
varied
to
the
UNIFORM ILLUMINATION
APERTURE
\r
f
|
|
t
Y
t
\
/
\
/
/
\
EXPOSURE PLANE
\
/
\
\
/
\
L
Bi
section
Figure
2i
i
SECTION 2
Illumination of
exposure
SECTION
plane
3
8
motor
of
aperture
filter
There
the
step
have
to
be
is
device
motion,
beginning
of
should
be
The
device
filters,
size
to
the
the
width
and
at
be
will
fall
order
a
made
compromise
motor
under
minimize
with
from
a
not
exposed
unless
the
of
this
small
a
is
this
unevenly
stepper
signal
a
when
Because
exactly
to
The
consider.
time
a
received.
film
In
to
problem
steps
the
of
purpose
a
and
conflict
extremes
step
is
3).
aperture, (Figure
aperture
one
this
solve
the
ratio,
evaluated
two
to
order
size
another
film
controlling
large
these
also
the
moves
continuous
the
to
between
In
needed.
width
would
somewhere
motor
is
size)
step
edge
the
phenomenon,
angular
a
step
choosen.
objectives
that
and
could
to
maximize
of
this
make
study
custom
empirically
the
were
quality
find
of
to
design
varying
an
the
aperture
filters.
and
neutral
width
build
a
density
and
step
APERTURE
U/
UNEXPOSED
FILM
-I-
DIRECTION
STEPS
OF
MOVEMENT
O
*-
6
I-
6
S)
t-
6
Figure
3: Example
of
how a
non-uniform
exposure- could
occur
10
<g>
I
I
I
i
6
H
S
1
u,
LU
a
I
6
r
1
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4
3
i
V
i
n_r~L_r
UJ
i
i
3
4
Non-uniform
Figure
3
exposure
continued i
As
can
be
exposure
seen
in
has been
(7)
above,
made.
a
non-uniform
11
EXPERIMENTAL
A
device
diagram
conceptual
from
Eastman
low-speed,
of
under
Kodak
A
slit
aperture
frame
computer
motor
device
drill
frame
Grain
Positive
was
The
chuck.
development
the
to
flat
a
a
film.
grain
be
safely
a
was
light
used
film
the
a
past
moved
The
source.
A
rail.
sliding
of
it
as
point
movement
developed
would
drill,
in
the
hold
a
3.5"
Commodore-64
via
by
jar
at
done
a
6.5"
stepper
a
Figure
jar
in
power
variable
during
chemicals
desired
RPM.
standard
A
4.
a
Powerstat
a
and
by
in
shown
x
film
the
was
processing
MJP
controlled
by spinning the
film
film
by
agitates
,
could
7302,
board.
that
made
it
made
were
Film
fine
extremely
the
attached
interface
was
the
1.
the
of
filter.
illuminated
was
film
held
filters
The
Figure
sensitivity
Safelight
1A
autotransf ormer
of
Fine
blue
controlled
and
The
Kodak
it's
vacuum
vacuum
in
shown
ideas
the
incorporating
blue-sensitive,
Because
a
built
was
The
rest
tray-rocking
techniques.
There
film
were
developing
step
developing
tablets,
various
made
times
the
of
time
and
that
Kodak
the
was
developing
wedges
on
tests
technique
processing
repeatability
best
several
from
also
a
results
done
Kodak
to
Type
were
to
under
technique
had
Film
were
101
be
7302,
ensure
The
control.
was
evaluated
Sensi tometer
.
found.
These
were
developed
evaluated
in
terms
the
of
by
The
step
at
low
12
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Figure b
Film Processor
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*
13
base
+
the
of
level
fog
MJP
the
agitation
The
source.
aperture
aperture
exposing
and
the
on
frame
and
able
to
with
the
As
film
also
reach
the
film.
on
final
a
check
exposed
the
of
computer
controls
the
By
an
using
appropriate
a
so
film
aperture
the
slit
levels
by
through
the
for
ran
developed
the
on
put
stray
determine
exposure
light
vacuum
The
several
and
the
be
would
minutes
evaluated.
sheets
uniformity,
in
was
covered.
completely
developed
written
MJP,
of
the
and
of
on
to
accept
distance.
every
part
desired
The
of
density
program
the
then
film
by
steps.
shaped
wedge
on
checked.
was
between
was
process
exposure
of
initial
only
was
function
a
was
device
the
on
density
amount
delaying the time
The
uniformly,
as
film
film
light
To
density.
uniform
covered
program
tranmi ttances
a
the
film
of
sheets
exposed
the
and
randomness
and
representative
resultant
the
of
was
uniformity
or
This
slot
were
A
the
device
the
on
illumination
three
light,
section
light
the
of
stationary
stray
film.
a
aperture
conducted
at
measuring
of
effect
made
were
tested
the
of
evaluation
visual
of
speed
developer.
uniformity
was
separately
the
of
tests
by
The
results.
of
repeatability
determined
was
Several
the
and
width
aperture
and
and
various
length
step
was
step
sizes,
empirically
found.
The
the
delay
desired
times
density
between
steps
were
profiles
would
be
Microdensi tometer
scans
were
made
then
calibrated
so
realized.
of
several
samples
to
14
determine
their
for
density filter
a
low
uniformity
and
the
(.04-. 34
maximum
density
density
units).
gradient
15
RESULTS
As
that
a
can
result
precisely
density f i
neutral
source
provides
schematic
and
L297
IC
User
the
Port
on
high-to-low
stepper
motor
two
A)
an
,
in
(Fi
one
make
The
was
C-64
this
the
to
in
statements
in
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controlling
This
is
motor
the
on
the
of
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the
move
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on
line
done
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PB6
line
of
status
7,
detects
will
voltage
line.
input
PB6
IC
it
line,
#18)
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L297
voltage
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line
to
by changing the
line
the
variable
(Figure
board
line
the
Changing
step.
regulated
clock
connected
on
A
connects
When
change
desired
interface
built
was
the
5,6).
which
C-64.
the
on
8)
computer.
the
to
the
Figure
device
workable
a
gures
to
interface
output
Poke
film
voltage
accomplished
from
expose
power
shown
of
study,
1 ter
Commodore-64
a
this
of
using
Appendix
program, (see
.
One
and
the
the
of
rotation
vacuum
movement
.15mm
vacuum
frame
5.5"
7.5"
x
holds
the
that
the
is
flat
is
light
ends
from
top
frame
during
film
sheet
vacuum
A
to
degree
the
motor
into
step
double
from
2"
x
a
sided
5"
to
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by two
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one
exposure.
from
the
and
one
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of
the
covers
fogging
this
carrier.
1.8
a
attached
translates
the
of
is
motor
drive
accomodate
shielded
stationary
The
vacuum
can
on
belt
carrier
the
of
rests
film
film.
stray
frame
stepper
The
rotor.
which
film
The
this
with
step
the
can
film.
light
be
are
An
swung
up
enclosed
aperture
while
to
slot
loading
prevent
was
cut
16
here with
in
5
i
Exposure
Figure 6
i
Exposure modulator, shown here with one cover swung
open to allow the loading or removal of film.
Figure
modulator,
shown
covers
place,
17
Figure 7
Interface board,
supply,
TO. COMMODORE-64
and
connecting the
stepper
motor,
the
power
the controlling computer.
QVV
QW
*5^rf C=j=
CNOf
osc
IJ
CW/CCW
u
n
f
A
1
ft
7
J
n
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2
half/Full
L298
L297
reset
03
J
O
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U
IS
OS
SENSE I
.
Figure
06
V-iJJ
S2
n-J
ortn
=
\*_
2 A FAST DIODES
8
i
Schematic
07
III
CONTROL HOME
of
the
STEPPER
MOTOR
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04
INHI
IS
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"si"si"Ai
01 to W
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02
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3
02
interface.
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18
in
the
stationary
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off
masking
aperture
computer
have
motor
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s
to
end
current
has
three
current
the
medium
in
the
light
To
were
plotted
in
development
shown
in
for
Figure
time
Table
1.
filter
best
4,5,6
12.
was
had
step
size
7.0
mm
of
the
by the
created
2"
a
,
holder
see
the
covering
round
was
built
adjusted
easily
filters.
10
Electric
diameter
be
could
light
When
level
flat
painted
by
filter
A
level
the
levels.
to
General
a
modified
Figure
power
3.0
were
house
density
(See
A
regulated
Figure
calibrating
used
with
development
time
the
and
the
11
The
source.
was
current
the
determine
developed
to
was
9).
neutral
the
level.
to
that
light
built,
was
boards
used
face
the
so
diagram)
main
was
center, (Figure
programs,
filter
metallic
a
visually.
light
safelight
proper
supply
circuit
by
calibrate
exposure
nonuniform
seen
the
because
mounting
opaque
opening
the
be
from
width
is
reflected
The
an
the
the
using
the
safelight
with
the
under
850,
to
choosen
was
any
This
and
the
bulb.
in
opening
that
cannot
reduce
light
open
although
covers
bullet
A
by
the
6.0mm
of
also.
small
action
All
T-8
worked
so
stepping
No.
Tape
Scotch
with
width
programs,
would
black
slot
defined
is
aperture
actual
tape.
sharp-edged
An
The
cover.
the
a
for
supply
computer
2.00
N.D.
holder.
and
From
choosen.
7
minutes
these
The
results,
a
development
step
tablets
results
four
are
minute
schedule
is
Figure 9
i
Modification
of
the bullet
safelight,
20
Figure
10
i
Regulated
source.
current
10 AMP BRIDGE RECTIFIER
IN522213 2.5v.
2 AMP
4000
uf
.
IN4005
Figure
11
Circuit diagram
of
regulated
current
source.
20 Squi
.20
,%0
.(50
.bo
1.00
1.10 iP.2o
y?
Development-
Kodak
Stop Bath
Kodak
Fixer
Kodak
Hypo
Running
Kodak
Table
sensi
strips
density
the
30
-
was
120
volts.
It
than
the
developed
constant
for
the
The
fog
test
indication
uniformly
The
to
film
best
exposed
that
.01
the
240
almost
on
the
cc.
a
a
sheet
sheet
the
section
film
was
of
the
on
below
the
of
the
the
developer
the
VAT
developer
perfect
of
than
significance
speed
of
film
of
of
setting
MJP
of
89
120
at
uniformity.
exposed
illumination
length
the
units
less
densities
the
when
a
density
densities
agitation
to
developing
repeatability
for
as
by
+/-
densities,
with
yielded
of
minutes.
for
the
occur
of
entire
to
equal
or
same
found
levels
representative
8
determined
interval
the
densities
The
for
MJP
corresponds
also
C
higher
with
determined
was
minutes
Although
level.
This
3
seconds
the
of
remained
RPM.
-
20
at
confidence
unit
MJP
in
min.
schedule
units.
error
visually
The
Flo
decreased
density
Agent
-
less
was
99.5'/.
a
was
RPM
-
4
for
C
seconds
rinse
Development
densities
.30
water
20
i
D-76
minutes
repeatability
within
of
2
-
Kodak
30
-
Clearing
Photo
1.:
The
.30
Eastman
were
aperture
uniform
at
found
processed
to
be
with
no
slot.
density
being
three
covered.
according
to
the
development
was
extremely
than
+/.ol
schedule
uniform,
density
having
17
Appendix
B.
the
direction
a
same
distance
various
of
as
it
plots
as
mm.
are
mi crodensi
gradient
deviation
less
of
that
made
were
film
The
program
on
can
be
the
during
in
filters
in
exposure
twelve
where
sections
for
of
filter.
one
tometer
moved
was
shown
program
by scanning
made
the
made
the
with
Figures
in
shown
are
scans
made
also
with
the
show
the
device
maximum
calibrated
is.
This
.30
20
densities
These
density
These
density
resulting
average
scans
filters
of
an
The
1.
units.
Microdensi tometer
13, 14, 15, 16, &
Table
in
device
density
incorporated
Appendix
A.
was
filters,
units)
into
calibrated
a
program.
to
and
low
make
these
This
density
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program
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displacement is
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scan
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DISPLRCEMENT
Figure
17
i
Microdensitometer
The
displacement
scan
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using an aperture
millimeters.
.
of
10 um.
29
DISCUSSION
The
results
technique
processing
less
error
than
illumination
or
is
under
+/-
tests
show
that
the
thereby yielding
for
time
given
The
Figure
the
density
of
base
the
of
of
the
should
evenly
film
the
13.00
The
tometer
in
mind
when
of
the
and
scan
a
noise
of
thought
be
could
is
film.
the
evaluating
the
filters.
the
of
base
with
associated
the
as
on
the
of
profiles
mm,
level
insight
some
give
scans
density
to
film.
film
kept
the
0.00
microdensi
be
tometer
of
from
13,
is
to
exposure
constant
a
The
units.
aperture
slit
an
interval.
microdensi
characteristics
density
.01
the
film
contribute
will
and
and
the
that
show
control
to
equal
illuminated
a
test
test
developing
of
uniformity
developing
of
repeatability
the
of
the
total
dark
noise
This
base
noise
the
other
profiles
made
noise
in
scans.
The
for
evaluating
tried
In
density
to
was
Figure
density by
increased
exposure
.
by
increasing
but
the
oo5
a
.01.
These
density
several
generating
One
process.
density by approximately
slightly
density
of
longer
In
units.
results
indicate
the
15,
a
units.
.01
increased
exposure
Figure
thing
very
the
density
sensitive
process.
Figure
here,
filter
the
change
14,
are
scans
16
shows
slightly.
this
is
density
another
There
expected
is
at
a
little
higher
profile
more
noise
densities.
that
is
present
On
this
30
filter
on
the
the
it
a
density
constant
scan)
then
and
next
10
mm.
The
takes
to
make
this
was
the
density
effect
for
made
this
of
change
was
are
this
on
evident
clearly
for
distance
the
and
mm
oo
increased
slightly
change
10.
to
(o.oo
10mm
scan.
To
in
to
density,
this
aperture
the
intuitive
was
to
going
to
mi crodensi
The
tometer
accomadating
density
make
computer
different
5.40
values
distance
the
when
motor
to
motor
these
a
with
to
a
it
this
smaller
width
5.8
verify
the
and
change.
the
of
of
was
film
.84
length,
invisible
to
mm
possible
phenomenon.
step
o5
moved
helps
size
step
.
the
density
apertures,
differences
well
movement
step
minimize
with
film
aperture
a
change
from
the
This
during
by
shaped
the
large
a
change
correlates
exposure.
caused
wedge
all
it
but
By
was
a
.
program
density
filters
The
moves
a
density
a
between
film
make
with
mm.,
this
aperture
stepper
a
possible
visible
"best"
a
to
the
By using
used.
17.
relationship
to
necessary
made
during
densities
clearly
find
Figure
used
distance
Nonuniform
were
in
was
transition,
mm.
minimum
distance
filter
a
shown
.53,
during
the
examine
has
profiles.
that
desired.
can
be
a
great
deal
There
are
made
simply
of
a
flexibility
great
by
number
entering
for
of
the
31
CONCLUSIONS
Custom
quickly
and
study.
A
low
variable
precisely
wide
density
When
these
these
of
examined
filters
a
for
illumination
to
attenuation
could
be
noise
levels
There
to
pick
profiles
a
amount
in
the
in
the
depends
or
with
Mi
of
light
the
this
with
made
low
densitometer,
scans
would
However,
level
these
even
where
a
application.
densities.
a
only
The
tometer
uniformity,
density
measured
during
their
on
crodensi
path
made
program.
requiring
extreme
be
can
standard
a
in
noise
systems
produce
placed
detrimental
filters
be
could
computer
uniform.
revealed
many
the
of
visually
appear
small
filters
of
variety
built
device
the
using
calibration
acceptability
density filters
neutral
filters
larger
much
have
light
of
no
effects.
is
the
filter
stored
could
be
made
needs
to
be
density
over
already
been
in
capability
density
on
and
a
done,
For
disk.
in
stored
calibrated
.34.
profile
in
Since
this
this
order
the
would
the
filter
from
future
work,
easy
framework
to
do.
profiles
this
filters
for
program
density
of
density
Also,
produce
software
be
"library"
a
library.
to
generation
device
with
both
a
has
REFERENCES
1.
Woodlief
and
Science
Photographic
Thomas, Jr., SPSE Handbook of
Engineering, John Wiley ?< Sons, New York, 1973, p. 289.
2.
IBID,
3.
P.T.
4.
Eastman
p.
291
Scharf, Applied Optics
I, 1965, p. 115.
Kodak
Technical
5.
Woodlief
and
IBID
7.
C.K.E.
Thomas, Jr.,
Mees
Eastman
and
3rd
Process,
SPSE
tion,
9.
Ealing
Handbook
Wiley
?<
Sons,
James,
10.
Woodlief
Di
,
p.
New
visi on
,
"Eal i ng
ume
and
Science
Photographic
of
York, 1973,
Filters
p.
ing , Vol
8.
The
Company, "Kodak
Uses", 2nd. Ed., 1981,
Optics
1981
neer
Scientific
the
Theory of
Macmillan Co., New York, 1966,
T.H.
Ed.,
edi
Kodak
Technical
and
Second
Engineering, John
6.
8.
Uses",
for
Filters
Company, "Kodak
Engi
Optical
and
for
p.
291.
Photographic
p.
420.
Scientific
and
49.
84/85
Optics
Catalog",
p.
190.
Photographic
Science
Thomas, Jr., SPSE Handbook of
Engineer ing, John Wiley 8< Sons, New York, 1973, p. 767.
11.
IBID,
p.
768.
12.
IBID,
p.
190.
APFENDIX A
$
5
DIM
30
A (25)
PR I
10
fJT"
35
-for
36
newt
110
130
ing
let "s
1
=
x
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.
morn
print"
33
sack
get
to
been
I've
you."
-for
waiting
started."
500
>:
print
"what
do
ya
today'"
do
wanna
print"
vour
choices
J 40
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150
prmf'choose
160
pnnf'read
"design
165
pr l nt
"eel
170
input
x*
130
l-f
::*
=
190
l-f
;:*=
200
l-f
:-:*=
210
goto
1500
1795
a
-Filter
memory
-from
drint
and
then
1500
then
4000
then
6000
170
rem
print"
1962
get
"
1 965
or
2011
for
2012
print"
i
nt
CORRESPOND
desired
or
DIAGRAM:"
""
=
::*
then
1962
"
3
1
to
4
*
4-m
4-n
*
*-'
*
i
4
4-p
"cq
4-r
*
4
4"
4
+->
4
4
4
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4-u
4-v
4-w
'c:<
*
4
4
4
4
i
ne;:t
2014
print"-
2016
for
2017
print"
i
=
1
to
4
4
o
*s
+"
3
4-"
4
*
*
i
ne::t
2019
print"
2022
print"
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz"
(lower
2025
print"< space
2030
get
a*:
if
diagram
is
s
continuation
bar>"
a*=
""
2030
then
entering:"
2035
prinf'are
2040
prinf'density
you
<d>"
print"-or-"
<t
"transmi tt nee
2045
print
2050
prinf'select
2060
input
2070
prinf'enter
2100
input
x*:if
>"
<return>.
<t>
or
<d>,
&
=
""
then
2060
x*
data:"
"enter
data
pt.
l";a(l)
pt.
2";a(2)
2105
input
"enter
data
2110
input
"enter
data
pt.
3";
2115
input
"enter
data
pt.
4";a(4)
2120
input
"enter
data
pt.
5";a(5)
input
"enter
data
pt.
6";a(6)
input
"enter
data
pt.
2135
input
"enter
data
pt.
7";
8";
2140
input
"enter
data
pt.
9";a(9)
2130
densities
FOLLOWING
THE
n.i.(.i.*.*.(.^v.\.(.v..>.^i..*..i.\.^,..,..v.i.(.v.i.i..vn.^i
=
1
TO
bar>"
"<sp ace
::*:i-f
24
enter
will
you
PR I NT
2125
r"
beer
(return)"
"c"
1961
2042
c"
"d"
"r"
d"
-filter
letter
ect
prmf'WILL
2018
a
jokes
1960
2013
are:"
a
(3)
a
(7)
a
(8)
2145
input
"enter
data
pt.
10":a(10)
2150
input
"enter
data
pt.
1
2155
input
"enter
data
pt.
12";a(12)
2158
input
"enter
data
pt.
13";a(13)
2160
2163
input
"enter
data
pt.
14";a(14)
input
"enter
data
pt.
15";a(15>
2166
input
"enter
data
pt,
16";a(16)
2169
input
"enter
data
pt.
17";a(17)
2173
input
"enter
data
pt.
18";a(18)
2176
input
"enter
data
pt.
19";a(19)
2179
input
"enter
data
pt.
20";
2182
input
"enter
data
pt.
21";a(21)
2185
input
"enter
data
pt.
22":
1"
;
a
a
a
( 1 1 )
(20)
(22)
"
o-f
top)"
transmi ttances
whicIV
218B
input
enter
data
pt.
2192
2193
input
enter
data
pt.
if
2194
for
i
2196
z
=
1
2198
ne/t
2200
for
2205
l-f
a
(i
=
22 3 0
i f
a
(
i
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06
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.07
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50
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10
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11
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2240
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2245
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24
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.08
.09
.
.
1
.
12
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=
150
.
13
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=
160
.
14
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=
173
.
15
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=
185
.
16
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=
200
.
17
then
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=
210
.
18
then
b (i
=
225
.
19
then
b (i
=
237
.20
then
b (i
=
250
then
260
280
2270
i-f
a
(i
=
2275
i-f
a
(i
=
2280
i-f
a(i
=
2285
i-f
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=
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=
2290
i-f
a(i
then
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=
i-f
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2300
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a(i
.24
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=
325
JL U
then
b(i
=
350
25
then
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380
.27
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=
425
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450
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30
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550
30
then
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=
700
.21
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=
2305
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a(i
2306
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2310
i-f
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2315
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i-f
a
(i
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2320
2330
if
.
.28
.29
.
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.
2335
ne:ct
l
2340
open
4,4
'?rT.4'^'
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i
print#4,
2346
ne;:t
24
to
1
=
2344
=
delays ;b<i
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4,4
2348
close
print "program
2355
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2358
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2360
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cr
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2350
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'
section'
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get
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2400
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2405
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2410
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2420
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2425
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2500
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2550
f
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n
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i
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9
56579,
64:
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2560
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2565
next
2570
next
i
2575
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n
2580
goto
110
4000
prinf'there
4002
get
4003
goto
6000
prinf'forget
6002
prinf'make
6003
get
6004
goto
1
1
=
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and
medium
the
space
press
2.00
place
nd
-filter
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disk
to
bar
start."
2365
the
to
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the
edge
o-f
the
aperture
27
=
2555
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television,
o-ff
x*
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56579, 64:
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or
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1
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56579,0
56579,0
b (n)
1
a*:
i
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no
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filters
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=
in
memory
at
400:
110
a*:
i-f
110
it,
you
another
a*
=
""
lazy
sack.
choice.
then
6003
<
"
space
bar:
this
time.<space
bar
in
lamp,
35
APPENDIX B
5
dim
5 0
i-'f
30
1 5
a (
-for
neit
110
1
=
:;
"what
do
ya
print"your
140
print
"design
a
15'.'
prinf'choose
a
160
prinf'read
165
print
170
input
180
i-f
;;*=
10
if
::*=
200
i-f
;:*-
210
goto
-ou.
srei"
-filter
-from
drink
and
c"
memory
beer
r"
(return)"
letter
"select
d"
filter
joles
x*
"d"
then
1500
"c"
then
4000
"r"
then
6000
170
rem
print"
you
1960
prmf'WILL
p-p I f\|T
2002
FOR
2004
PRINT"
2005
NEXT
2008
PRINT"
2010
FOR
2015
PRINT"
2020
NEXT
2022
PRINT"
2025
PRINT"<
2030
get
"
I
CORRESPOND
desired
12
enter
will
TO
THE
densities
FOLLOWING
=
1
TO
4
4
4
4
4-A
4-8
iC
4
"
3
4-
4
4-'
4
4-'
4-
4-D
tE
+F
4-G
4-H
4-1
4
4
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4
4-
4k
fcL
4-
4-
4-"
I
I
1
=
TO
4-
J
4"
3
4-
4-"
I
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ"
bar>"
space
a*:
i-f
""
a$=
then
2030
entering:"
prinf'are
2040
pr
you
int "densi
<d>"
ty
"
2042
print "-or
2045
pri nt
2050
prinf'select
<t
"transmi ttnce
<t>
or
""
=
>"
(return >.
<d>,
?<
then
2060
2060
input
x:if
2066
if
x*
=
2067
i-f
x*
=
2068
goto
2070
prinf'enter
2100
input
"enter
data
pt.
2105
input
"enter
data
pt.
2";
2110
input
"enter
data
pt.
3";a(3)
>:*
"d"
then
2100
"t"
then
2070
2060
data:"
l";a(l)
a
(2)
2115
input
"enter
data
pt.
4";a(4)
2120
input
"enter
data
pt.
5";
2125
input
"enter
data
pt.
6";a(6)
2130
input
"enter
data
pt.
7";
2135
input
"enter
data
pt.
8";a(B)
2140
input
"enter
data
pt.
9";a(9)
2145
input
"enter
data
pt.
10":
a
(10)
2150
input
"enter
data
pt.
11";
a
(11)
"enter
data
pt.
12";a(12)
21 55
input
T*0 00
for
22 03
if
a(i)
22 05
if
a(i)
=
10
if
a<i)
=
if
or
DIAGRAM:"
^_^-V^_\.,.-\_\-\_\_\_V'_,._\-''_,._\.,._'.-\_\_'>_V'_'.-l_\-'-_v,._,._\_,._''-'-_x
2035
15
-for
today'"'
do
wanna
choices
2000
T'T1
"
waiting
2000
to
130
1505
been
e
.
.
x
print
1500
l*
I-
started."
print
3&
.
"morni ng sac
"let's get
l nt
35
b ( 15
'
i
=
a(i)
1
to
<
=
=
a
a
(5)
(7)
12
0
then
b(i )
=
.05
then
b(i)
=8
then
b(i)
=
.06
13
then
b(i)
=
17
.04
.07
"
transmi ttances
whic-
2.220
if
a (i
S
if
a
d
2230
if
a '. l
T* *~*
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)
=
.
09
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=
.
10
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i
20
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a
d
1 1
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>
2240
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.
12
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2245
if
a i i
.
13
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a
d
.
14
then
b ',
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.
15
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b (i
f
if
a ' i
.
16
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b
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.
17
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b (i
>
if
a
d
.
18
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b
i
)
if
a(i
.
19
then
b d
)
=
46
( l
.
20
then
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=
54
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=
56
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b d
i
=
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b d
)
=
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b(i )
=
64
then
b(i )
=
66
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=
68
then
b (i )
=
71
i
*-j
c-
tr
22 10
if
a
2285
if
ad
2290
if
a
2295
if
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n''1fin
if
a
d
if
a
d
(
.21
">'"?
i
*-|
l
-r
.24
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2306
if
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(i
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2310
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d
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.28
2320
if
a
d
.29
J.
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"? "T T" (^
2330
33
-
r
-
S
L-
/
=
38
=
39
41
-
tr r;.
61
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b(i )
=
78
then
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=
86
a(i
.
30
then
b(i
)
=
1 00
ad
.
30
then
b(i )
=
150
i
open
2^42
for
2344
print#4,
next
i
4,4
i
to
1
=
close
2350
pri nt
2355
prinf'set
2360
prinfturn
Trie,
get
x*:if
2400
rem
this
2405
for
i
2410
poke
2415
for
12
point"; i ; "=";a(i )
"data
2348
is
smidgit
to
=
1
to
for
n
=
1
to
12
2550
for
i
*
1
to
75
to
medium
press
and
space
2.00
place
bar
to
nd
filter
start."
2365
film
the
to
the
edge
of
the
aperture
56579,0
i
56579, 64:
1
1
=
to
poke
56579,0
b(n)
1
next
next
i
next
n
2580
goto
110
4000
prinf'there
if
get
4003
goto
6000
prinf'forget
6002
print
a*:
no
are
4002
ready.
b ( i )
1
poke
get
then
moves
poke
2500
goto
;
b (1)
next
6004
ay="
150
56579, 64:
1
""
=
next
6003
"del
up"
control
television,
off
x*
1
=
set
current
2420
for
print#4,
4,4
"program
2425
2570
i )
31
-
if
2340
2560
'
2b
=
if
next
2346
'
36
>*>
-
aS
=
""
in
filters
then
memory
at
4002
110
"make
a$:if
110
it,
you
another
a*
=
""
lazy
sack."
choice,
then
6003
(space
bar>"
this
time. (space
bar
in
1 amp
,
37
VITA
A.
Gregory
student
in
Institute
Penfield
the
Imaging
He
High
was
University
there
for
of
three
in
Staes
serving
Navy
McCormick,
in
May,
San
in
He
anticipating
and
he
will
as
the
be
a
New
NROTC
studied
his
Commissioned
Gunnery Officer
Rochester
at
B.S.
York
degree
and
to
in
attended
scholarship
Electrical
transferring
California.
undergraduate
an
Science
Penfield,
before
Diego,
currently
received
Rochester
years
graduating
is
and
raised
School.
is
Photographic
and
Technology
of
1985.
May,
Hermanson
from
Engineering
R.I.T.
After
into
the
United
aboard
the
U.S.S.