Chap. 4 Recognition systems
辨識系統
鄭先祐
靜宜大學生態學系
Recognition systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 辨識(recognition)的類型與功能
4.3 Components of recognition systems
4.3.1 The central problem (核心問題)
4.3.2 The production component (產出的成分)
4.3.3 The perception component (接收的成分)
4.3.4 The action component (行動的成分)
4.4 Current topics in recognition research
4.4.1 Failures of kin recognition (親緣辨識)
4.4.2 Misunderstandings about kin recognition
4.5 Conclusions
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4.1 Introduction
個體如何辨識是自體的，或是同種的，
有親緣關係的，或是鄰居的？
有何辨識機制？
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4.2 辨識(recognition)的類型與功能
Nepotism (nepotistic kin recognition)：
學習辨識親屬關係，以增加
outbreeding
Disease avoidance
Mate recognition
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4.3 Components of recognition
systems
1. production: the nature and development
of labels (cues) in recipients that actor
use to recognize them.
2. perception: the sensory detection of
labels by actors and subsequent
phenotype matching
3. action: the nature and determinants of
actions performed, depending on the
similarity between actors’ templates and
recipients’ lables.
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Fig. 4.1 Recognition
systems comprise three
components: production,
perception and action.
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4.3.1 The central problem (核心問題)
Acceptance errors vs. rejection errors
Accept undesirable recipients (接受不
要的) vs. rejecting desirable recipients
(拒絕想要的)
Recipients’ cues and actor’s template
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Fig. 4.2 Evolution of recognition systems
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Experimental Problems
Logistic problems lead to low
replication
Which leads to a Type I error; declaring
that a hypothesis is false when in fact it
is true. (否定 null 假說，但事實上是
「null 假說是成立的」)
Low replications lead to greater
standard error (SE) values.
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two types of error in measurement
type I error—the conclusion that
there is an effect when in fact there
is none, (否定 null 假說，但事實是
「假說是成立的」)
type II error—when an impact exists
but is not detected. (接受 null 假說，
但事實是「假說是錯誤的」)
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two types of error
自然現象的研究，盡量的下降 type I
error。
盡量避免否定 null 假說。
如此可以避免研究方向的錯誤。
然而，對於自然資源(災害)的研究，則
需要選擇下降 type 2 error
譬如：漁業資源的耗減
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declining fish stocks
Current management focuses on reducing
type I errors because maximizing fish catch
is of primary economic importance (Paully et
al., 1998; Williams, 1998).
However, scientific advice should be explicit
about type II errors also, because the
environmental consequences from type II
errors are much more serious and take
longer to recover from.
Type I errors usually result in only shortterm economic costs.
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4.3.2 The production component
General principles
Actors should use recognition cues that
maximize the separation of template-cue
dissimilarity distributions for desirable and
undesirable recipients.
使用genetic and/or environmental cues
環境單調，可使用genetic cues
環境複雜，使用 environmental cues
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Fig. 4.3 An organism’s environment can influence
whether labels produced by genetic loci or
environmental cues are more reliable indicators of
kinship.
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Wood frogs 授精卵聚集，區分
paternal half-sibs and Non-kin
Paternal half-siblings share their father’s
genes by descent.
使用genetic cues
American toads 區分Siblings and
paternal half-sibs.
可能再加上 environmental cues
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Fig. 4.3 (b) Wood frogs oviposit in communal clumps
(left), presumably to insulate their eggs afainst the
cold. American toads breed in warmer water and
individual females often deposit strings of eggs
separately (right).
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Mate recognition
Selection should always favour efficient
recognition of mates through use of
detectable (可偵測的), discriminable (可區
分的) and memorable (可記憶的) cues.
In sex and species recognition, females
should minimize acceptance errors by
using U-absent cues and minimize
rejection errors by favouring males whose
cues deviate least from the population
mean.
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U-absent cues
Stereotypic courtship sounds, odours
and behaviours
These cues consist of heritable
elements, and all of them must match
the male-recognition template for
copulation to occur.
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Mate-quality recognition
In many mate-quality recognition
systems, females prefer signals that
deviate most from the population
mean.
對雌性有吸引力的特徵，會有誇大的
演化現象。
‘good genes’ models
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Mate-resource recognition
The vehicle-enhancing qualities they
signify depends on what feales are
attempting to obtain from males.
Good spawning sites
Males’ nutritional offerings
Male body size
Courthip feeding rate
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4.3.3 The perception component
General principles
Selection may shape the perception component
by modifying both the recognition template and
the matching algorithm.
Templates
Templates are internal representations of the
characteristics of desirable or undesirable
recipients.
Recognition occurs when phenotypes of
recipients match these templates closely
enough.
Belding’s ground squirrels usually give multiple-note
trill (啼聲)vocalization to terrestrial predators and
single-note whistles(鳴聲) to aerial predators.
However, the squirrels trill at walking hawks and
whistle at running coyotes.
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學習與參考者
Templates must be learned when the
characteristics of desirable or undesirable
recipients vary over space or time.
When templates are learned, the objects or
individuals that provide information about
the characteristics of desirable or
undesirable recipients are called referents.
The timing of template learning dependa
on when the most informative referents are
available and when discrimination is first
adaptive.
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Matching algorithms (規則)
Optimally balance acceptance and rejection
errors.
If rejection errors are costly, cues that
characterize nearly all desirable recipients
(D-present cues) should be
disproportionately weighted, even if some
undesirable recipients also will match closely
the template.
If acceptance errors are costly, actors should
disproportionately weight cues that are
possessed rarely by undersirable recipients
(U-absent cues), efen if some desirable
recipients will not match closely the template.
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4.3.4 The action component
Individuals might perform a
continuous range of actions (連續累積
的行動)
Alternatively, actions may be all-ornone, as when there is a threshold
above which all recipients are
accepted and below which they are
rejected.
Many decision rules involve binary
actions.
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4.4 current topics in recognition
research
4.4.1 Failures of kin recognition
Many organisms occasionally make
acceptance or rejection errors.
There are at least three evolutionary
reasons why this may be so
1.
2.
3.
Circumstances favouring recognition may be
rare, or may have been rare until recently.
Errors may persist because the error-related
costs of kin-discrimination outweigh the benefits.
When recipients benefit from the absence of
discrimination they will be favoured to hide their
true kinship by ‘muting; or ‘scrambling’
recognition lables.
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4.4.2 misunderstandings about kin
recognition
1. Kin recognition favoured by kin
selection must be mediated by
genetic cues.
2. Non-phenotypic recognition is not
‘true’ kin recognition.
3. Kin recognition is an
epiphenomenon of species or group
recognition.
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4.5 conclusions (future research)
1. Quantifying the fitness consequences of
recognition in nature, especially kin
recognition.
2. Determining the occurrence of selfreferent phenotype matching in the
context of mate recognition and nepotism
(偏袒親戚).
3. Determining how mechanisms underlying
perception and action components
develop.
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