MAST 319
Lecture 3
Geohistorical Overview
of Environmental
Management in
Aotearoa/NZ
 Due September 9th (5pm, by email)
 3,000 words
 Worth 30%
Essay
Questions:
1. Describe the history of Maori water management. Draw on historical
sources, Waitangi Tribunal reports and current debates on water rights.
2. Compare and contrast contemporary Maori environmental management
with EITHER Australian OR North American Indigenous Peoples.
3. Critically discuss Maori environmental management issues for ONE of the
following sectors:
 Agriculture
 Fisheries
 Forestry
 Tourism
 Conservation
Reading: ‘Tai Whenua’
 Cultural and physical resource base
 Erosion
 Alienation
 Retention
 Reclamation
 Protection
 Development
 Sustainability
1/ Te Moana nui a Kiwa
farm
1. (Eng). pāmu. The
family all lived and worked on
the farm. I noho katoa te
whanau i runga i te pāmu, a ,
me te mahi anō hoki.
2. mahi pāmu. The
Māori Incorporations farmed
their lands well. I pai te mahi
pāmu a nga Kaporeihana Māori i
o ratou whenua.
Crop
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum)
Wheat
(Triticum spp.)
Maize
(Zea mays)
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Carrot
(Daucus carota)
Parsley
(Petroselenium crispum)
Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum)
Pea
(Pisum sativum)
Radish
(Raphanus sativus)
Turnip
(Brassica. rapa, B. campestris)
Peach
(Amygdalus persica)
Cherry
(Prunus cerasus)
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
Marrow
(C. ovifera)
Cucumber (C. sativus)
Grape
(Vitis vinifera)
Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa)
Watercress (Nasturtium officiale)
Tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum)
Origin
Andes
Mesopotamia
“
Mediterranean
Central Asia
Mediterranean
“
Med/ Asia
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Central Asia
Asia
Mexico
“
India/SE Asia
Middle Asia
Mediterranean
“
Americas
“
Earliest known use
1769 (Du Surville)
“
“
1773 Dusky Sound (Cook &
Furneaux)
“
“
“
“
“
1814 ( )
early C.19th
<1820
1820 Motuara (Bellinghausen)
<1837
<1837
1838
<1840
1850s
1867
Te Karere/ The Maori Messenger
 Intended audience was Maori
 1849-63
 1856, 500 copies produced for Maori
population of approx 58,300; many
Maori wrote to the Native Office
requesting copies of the paper.
 Reports by missionaries stated that
functional literacy could be achieved
in a 2 weeks to six months.
3/ Colonisation
3/ Colonisation
Explorers
Entrepreneurs
Missionaries
Annexation
Goals
Discovery of
new lands for
Empire
Commercial gain
from Maori
resources
Conversion of
Maori to
Christianity
Political and
legal control
Consolidation
of political,
economic, and
social power
Indigenous
impacts
Exposed to
global gaze and
ambitions
Introduction to
new technologies
and a cash
economy
Demise of
many
traditions.
Loss of power
and resources
Loss of
political power
Imposition of
Introduction of new laws and
literacy.
policies
Subjugation of
language,
culture and
customs
Durie 2005
New
migrants
Maori history
Survival
Adaptation
Change
Maori demography
Urbanisation
Increased population
Reduced fertility
Youthfulness
National economic reform
Free market
User pays
Removal of State subsidies
Competition
State restructuring
Reduced size of the state
Devolution
Privatisation
Indigenous development
DRIP
Self-governance
Shared sovereignty
4/ 20th Century
5/Culture Collision
 Smoothing the pillow
5/Culture Collision
5/Culture Collision
6/ Responses
Positive
engagement
Period
Overt
opposition
Withdrawal
1860 - 1879
1880 -1899
1900 - 1974 1975 -
Resistance
Retreat
Acceptance
Technology
Defiance
Isolation
State
dependency
Education
Warfare
Detachment
1820 -1859
Features Trade
Accom.
Reclamation
Political and
legal
restitution.
Autonomy
Religion
(From Durie 2005: 15)
7/ 21st Century
 Māori bio-economy
 Wai 262
 Global financial crises
 Increasing multi-cultural diversity
 Increasing Māori diversity
 Overt racial discourse: positive…
 and negative.
Population change by ethnic group
Ethnic Group
1981
1991
2001
2011
2021
European/Pakeha
2,835,954
2,783,028
2,871,432
3,124,000
3,103,000
Maori
384, 933
434,847
526,281
665,000
749,000
Pacific
95,388
167,070
231,798
332,000
414,000
Asian
41,067
99,756
238,179
489,000
604,000
Other
-
6,693
24,993
Total specified
3,106,695
3,345,813
3,586,734
Not stated
36,612
28,116
150,543
Total
3,143,307
3,373,929
3,737,277
4,248,000
4,807,000
%
European/Pakeha
91.29
83.18
80.06
74
65
Maori
12.39
13.00
14.67
16
16
Pacific
3.07
4.99
6.46
8
9
Asian
1.32
2.98
6.64
12
13
Durie 2005
Summary
 Maori had established a resilient society while experiencing
ongoing transitions.
 Early contact with Europe led to thriving market economies
 Flood of settlers and colonisation overwhelmed Maori
resilience
 Colonisation frames contemporary functioning of Maori
society but does not determine the future.
 Contemporary challenges answered by drawing on cultural
and physical resources.