Fresh from the boat: Great Duck Island
habitat monitoring
Robert Szewczyk
Joe Polastre
Alan Mainwaring
June 18, 2003
Outline
•
•
•
•
Application overview
System & node evolution
Status & preliminary evaluations
Conclusions
Great Duck Island Petrel monitoring
• Goal: build ecological models for
breeding preferences of Leach’s
Storm Petrel
– Burrow (nest) occupancy during incubation
– Differences in the micro-climates of active
vs. inactive burrows
– Environmental conditions during 7 month
breeding season
• Inconspicuous Operation
– Reduce the “observer effect”
• Sensor Network
– Lifetime, size, quantity requirements
– Environmental conditions
• Data
– As much as possible in the power budget
• Predictable operation
– Confidence in collected readings
• Unattended, off-the-grid operation
System structure
Patch
Network
Sensor Node
Sensor Patch
Gateway
Transit Network
Client Data Browsing
and Processing
Basestation
Base-Remote Link
Internet
Data Service
System implementation
IR Burrow Camera #5
IR Burrow Camera #1
IR Burrow Camera #2
Sensor
Satellite router
Power over LAN
midspan
DB
IBM laptop #1
IR Burrow Camera #6
IR Burrow Camera #7
IR Burrow Camera #3
)
IR Burrow Camera #4
WWW power strip
Web power strip
4-port VPN router
and
16-port Ethernet
switch
Patch
IR Burrow Camera #8
Power over LAN Midspan
IBM laptop #2
Northern WAP
Wireless bridgeEthernet switch
DB
110VAC service
Burrow Camera Configuration
Axis 2130 PTZ
South
Southern WAP
Mica2-EPRB#2
Mica2-EPRB#2
Wireless bridge
916 MHz
12V PoL
12VDC, 0.9A
Active Splitter
network
Axis 2401
Video Server
Node architecture advances
• Problems observed in previous deployment
– Size – motes were too large to fit in many burrows
– Packaging – did not provide adequate protection for
electronics or proper conditions for sensors
– Reliability – last retreat talk; high rate of node loss, lack of
scientifically meaningful environmental data
– Power consumption – boost converter a minimal return at a
high price
• New generation of motes to address most of
these concerns
– Platform based on mica2dot
– Primarily calibrated, digital sensors
– Multiple application-specific packaging, power, and sensing
options
Mote evolution
Miniature weather station
• Sensor suite
– Sensirion humidity + temperature
sensor
– Intersema pressure + temperature
sensor
– TAOS total solar radiation sensor
– Hamamatsu PAR sensor
– Radiation sensors measure both
direct and diffuse radiation
• Power supply
– SAFT LiS02 battery, ~1 Ah @ 2.8V
• Packaging
– HDPE tube with coated sensor
boards on both ends of the tube
– Additional PVC skirt to provide
extra shade and protection
against the rain
Burrow occupancy detector
• Sensor suite
– Sensirion humidity +
temperature sensor
– Melexis passive IR sensor +
conditioning circuitry
• Power supply
– GreatBatch lithium thionyl
chloride 1 Ah battery
– Maxim 5V boost converter for
Melexis circuitry
• Packaging
– Sealed HDPE tube, emphasis
on small size
Software architecture advances
• Bi-directional communication with low-power
listenting
– .1% duty cycle
• Parameter adjustment and query
– Sample rate changes, sensor status queries
• Improved power management scheme
– Fine granularity through StdControl interface
– 20 uA sleep mode
• Multihop deployment planned for July
• What it isn’t: GSK
– Emphasis on simplicity and reliability, rather than generality
– Compatible with most GSK server-side interfaces
Application status
• Sensor network
– 26 burrow motes deployed
– 12 weather station motes deployed (+2 for monitoring the
insides of the base station case)
» Another 14 are awaiting deployment within days
• Redundant database setup online
– 2 base stations logging packets to 2 database servers
– Replication to Berkeley
• Verification infrastructure
– Overview cameras in place
– Burrow cameras temporarily offline, wireless bridge problem
– Video logging still needs to be synchronized with the mote
data service
Burrow motes: deployment
6
4.8882
Burrow mote locations
x 10
206
4.8882
4.8882
226
201
4.8882
Y coordinate (UTM)
202
230
219
4.8882
225
227
229
221
4.8882
220
Repeater
212
204
4.8882
222
208
4.8881
210209 214
215
203
213
4.8881
207
228
217
4.8881
216
4.8881
5.6027
5.6028
5.6029
5.603
5.6031
X coordinate (UTM)
5.6032
5.6033
5.6034
5
x 10
Burrow motes: link performance
6
4.8882
Percentage of packets received from burrow motes
x 10
34
4.8882
4.8882
85
69
4.8882
Y coordinate (UTM)
87
52
57
4.8882
41
85
66
90
4.8882
86
Repeater
4.8882
88
86
96
61
4.8881
96 94 97
97
87
81
4.8881
85
85
90
4.8881
96
4.8881
5.6027
5.6028
5.6029
5.603
5.6031
X coordinate (UTM)
5.6032
5.6033
5.6034
5
x 10
Burrow motes: sample data
Temperature readings from burrow motes
50
209
210
221
202
45
40
Temperature (o C)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
06/15
06/16
06/16
06/17
Time
06/17
06/18
06/18
Burrow motes: sample data
Humidity readings from burrow motes
120
209
210
221
202
Relative Humidity (%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
06/15
06/16
06/16
06/17
Time
06/17
06/18
06/18
Burrow motes: sample data
Passive IR readings from burrow motes
20
209
210
221
202
IR radiation over ambient temperature
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
06/15
06/16
06/16
06/17
Time
06/17
06/18
06/18
Weather stations: deployment
6
4.8882
Weather station locations
x 10
4.8882
4.8882
4.8882
Y coordinate (UTM)
124
128
121
4.8882
4.8882
125
Repeater
103
4.8882
123
4.8881
129
101
122
4.8881
126
127 102
4.8881
108
4.8881
5.6027
5.6028
5.6029
5.603
5.6031
X coordinate (UTM)
5.6032
5.6033
5.6034
5
x 10
Weather stations: link performance
6
4.8882
Percentage of packets received from the weather station
x 10
4.8882
4.8882
4.8882
Y coordinate (UTM)
82
91
87
4.8882
4.8882
90
Repeater
90
4.8882
74
4.8881
37
91
86
4.8881
88
46 87
4.8881
90
4.8881
5.6027
5.6028
5.6029
5.603
5.6031
X coordinate (UTM)
5.6032
5.6033
5.6034
5
x 10
Weather stations: sample data
Humidity readings from weather stations
120
101
102
103
105
Relative Humidity (%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
06/08
06/10
06/12
06/14
Time
06/16
06/18
06/20
Weather stations: sample data
Temperature readings from weather stations
50
101
102
103
105
45
40
Temperature (o C)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
06/08
06/10
06/12
06/14
Time
06/16
06/18
06/20
Weather stations: sample data
10
4
PAR readings from weather stations
x 10
101
102
103
105
3.5
Photo diode current (uA)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
06/08
06/10
06/12
06/14
Time
06/16
06/18
06/20
Weather stations: sample data
Voltage readings from weather stations
4
101
102
103
105
3.5
3
Voltage (V)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
06/08
06/10
06/12
06/14
Time
06/16
06/18
06/20
Packaging evaluation
• We observed what happens to motes when packaging fails
– Battery venting, H2SO3 corroding the entire mote
– Need to assemble the package correctly – we failed to create proper
indication os a good seal
– Majority of packages survived severe weather!
• Still awaiting evaluation whether the package creates an
environment suitable for sensing
– Convective heating, etc.
Conclusions
• Next generation of environmental sensor
networks
– Smaller, better, more robust
– Application specific sensor suites vs. kitchen sink
• Infrastructure matters
– Redundancy at every level
– Remote administration and rebooting
– Data verification is key!
• More analysis to come
– Biology studies based on the system
– Compare notes with James Reserve system