Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH)
Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI)
Sustainable and Smart Energy Carriers for Decentralised Energy
Production
Energy from Waste Derived Fuels
(Focus on Gasification)
Dr. Kyriakos Panopoulos
Principal researcher
[email protected]
+30-211 1069505
Website: psdi.cperi.certh.gr
PO Box 60361, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
Contents
•
•
•
•
Self presentation
Overview
Gasification of RDF
Applications
CERTH's Profile and Mission
The Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CE.R.T.H.) is the largest research
centre in Northern Greece, which was founded in March 2000
CERTH is a non-profit organization that directly reports to the General Secretariat for Research
and Technology (GSRT), of the Greek Ministry for Development, Competitiveness, Infrastructure,
Transport & Networks.
The mission of CERTH is to carry out fundamental and applied research with emphasis on
development of novel products and services of industrial, economic and social importance in:






Chemical and Biochemical Processes and Advanced Functional Materials
Informatics and Telecommunications
Land, Sea and Air Transportation
Agro-biotechnology and Food Engineering
Environmental Friendly Technologies for Solid Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources
Biomedical Informatics, Biomedical Engineering, Biomolecular Medicine
Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute
Established in 1985
CERTH

CPERI 
ITI
HIT
INA




Advanced software tools for the design,
optimization and control of industrial
production processes
Environmental fuels and
hydrocarbons, catalytic processes
Renewable sources of energy and
exploitation of natural resources
Development of advanced techniques
for the production
of new materials
Water purification, waste treatment
and emission control technologies
Design and synthesis of nanoparticles /
nanocapsules for coatings, biomedical and
environmental applications
Major types of wastes used for energy
and their applications
Waste water streams – high moisture  fermentation  biogas
or novel technologies such as High Temperature Liquefaction
Other biogenic liquids (e.g used cooking oil)  esterification or
hydrodexygenetion  fuels
Municipal Solid Wastes  treatment  RDF - all
thermochemical Processes
Old Tires or other plastic wastes  Pyrolysis  bio oil
Biomass residues from crops (harvesting or processing) 
combustion , pyrolysis, gasification , fermentation
Thermochemical routes
Thermal Processes
Excess air
Combustion
Heat
Ash
Partial air
Gasification
Fuel Gases
Ash
No Air
Pyrolysis
Liquids
Gas
Char
What is Waste Gasification?
Thermochemical conversion of a solid or liquid carbon containing
fuel into a calorific syngas (H2, CO, CH4, CO2, H2O, N2)
Fuels:
e.g. Coal, biomass (wood, straw, power crops, …),
sewage sludge, waste, RDF…
Major steps:
Drying – Pyrolysis – partial oxidation – reducing/reforming
7
Gasification applications
1.
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
3.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Heat production (Utilisation of the gas into furnace/boiler.)
Combined heat and power
ICE
GT
Combined cycle (B-IGCC)
Fuels Cells
Stirling Engines
Liquid fuels and Chemicals
MeOH, DME
Fischer – Tropsch synthesis (hydrocarbons / alcohols)
SNG
H2
Chemicals
BAT levels
Technique
Waste combustion
IGCC
Electrical
efficiency
(net)
(%)
Grate-firing
Around 20
FBC (CFBC)
>28 – 30
Spreader-stoker
FBG
>23
>35
Gasification process classifications
Depending on the gasification agent
1.Autothermal Gasification
Air: Lower CAPEX , Final product diluted into Ν2.
Ο2 or rich O2 , requirement of an ASU
2. Allothermal Gasification
Water Steam
Final product with higher LHV and H2 και CH4 contents.
Part of the wastes must be combusted into another vessels and
heat must be tranfered to the gasification vessel.
Gasification process classifications
Based on gas flow pattern :
 Fixed Bed Gasifiers
 (Updraft)
 (Downdraft)
 (Fluidised Bed)
 (Bubling Fluidised Bed)
 (Circulating Fluidised Bed)
Based on operating pressure :
 Atmospheric or Near atmospheric operation
 Pressurized
Gasification of a solid particle
Gasification
CO, CO2, H2, H2O
Waste Particle
Pyrolysis
Char
CO, CO2, H2, H2O, CH4
Tars , Organic molecules
Ο2 , H2 O
Gasification chemistry
+ Fate of Sulphur and Nitrogen
Municipal Solid Waste
MSW
BIOGENIC
NON-BIOGENIC
such as food waste
and yard clippings
such as plastics and metals
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=8010
Type of Fuel : pretreatment plants
•
The fuel includes packaging waste:
•
The material streams produced from the process
are the following:
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
cardboard
paper
various plastic streams
Tetra pack
glass
ferrous and non-ferrous metals
1. Large materials from the reception area
2. Unwanted materials from the pre-sorting cabin
3. Fine fraction (<65 mm) of the trommel screen
4. Residues from the overflow (>280 mm) of the trommel screen
5. Residues from the rest of the process.
The non recyclable streams 4 and 5 could be used for the
production of RDF/SRF able to be utilized as fuel.
CEN/TC 343
RDF characterization
CEN/TC 343 is a standard for the characterization and classification of RDF/SRF.
Standardization is considered as a key issue for the acceptance and trading as a
substitute fuel in the energy markets. By the standardized monitoring of key
properties, RDF/SRF fuels can be classified and a preliminary assessment of their
combustion and environmental performance is achievable.
Fuel Preparation
Refused Derived Fuels (RDF)
The term RDF (Refuse Derived Fuels) is generic
and includes all recovered fuels
Definition – Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)
“Fuels derived from fractions of non-hazardous
waste and high calorific value for energy use in
industry”


For the characterization of the recovered
fuel as “SRF”, certain requirements of
standard CEN/TC 343 must be met
Additional standardization according to
national standards (e.g. German standard
RAL-GZ 724) improves the competitiveness
and marketability of the fuel
Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)
(CEN /TC 343)
Non hazardous waste
Compliance with
CEN TC 343
standards?
Yes
Self declaration
Yes
External certification
Yes
Certified SRF (i.e. RAL GZ-724)
No
RDF
Example: used tyres
No
RDF
Example: used tyres
No
SRF
Sampling Procedure
•
Sampling procedure designed and executed
according to EN 15442:2011
•
Sampling :
– Season variance
– Weather variance
– Customs variance
•
Harmonize the
produced RDF
according to
CEN/TC 343
Lot definition : Storage Lot
Lot size : 1.250tonnes
Sampling procedure: Sampling from
a static lot
Seasonality
Number of increments : 24
Minimum sample size : 0.8 kg
Minimum increment size : 430g
Effective increment size: 430g
Effective sample size : 10.32kg
1/6/2011
21/6/2011
29/6/2011
5/7/2011
27/7/2011
4/8/2011
30/8/2011
3/9/2011
9/9/2011
14/9/2011
19/9/2011
24/9/2011
29/9/2011
4/10/2011
10/10/2011
14/10/2011
27/10/2011
2/11/2011
7/11/2011
12/11/2011
17/11/2011
23/11/2011
30/11/2011
5/12/2011
9/12/2011
15/12/2011
27/12/2011
15/2/2012
24/2/2012
22/3/2012
2/4/2012
10/4/2012
17/4/2012
2/5/2012
9/5/2012
15/5/2012
15/6/2012
24/7/2012
28/7/2012
4/8/2012
11/8/2012
27/8/2012
31/8/2012
Fuel Characterization– Moisture Variance
60,00
Moisture Variance (%)
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
0,00
Increments Moisture
Weekly Average Moisture (%)
RDF Proximate and NCV Analysis
EPANAs’ MRF plant
Moisture
% w.t. ar
Volatiles
"
Ash
Fixed Carbon
"
"
Mean Value
St. Dev.
8.81
2.16
26.63
59.69
5.83
5.00
4.87
2.03
EPANAs’ MRF plant
NCV
NCV
NCV Classification
MJ/kg (dry)
MJ/kg (ar)
13.93 MJ/kg
Mean Value
18.56
12.94
St. Dev.
2.41
1.95
Values used for classification value
calculation
RDF Ultimate Analysis
EPANA MRF plant
C
% w.t. a.r
N
"
H
S
O
Cl
Ash
Moisture
Cl
Chlorine classification
"
"
Mean Value
St. Dev.
5.22
0.99
36.63
0.74
0.23
"
21.38
"
8.81
"
"
% w.t. dry
0.32 % w.t. dry
0.37
26.63
0.50
4.24
0.29
0.14
5.02
0.18
2.16
5.83
0.25
Values used for classification value
calculation
RDF Heavy Metals Analysis
EPANA MRF plant
Antimony (Sb)
mg/kg (dry)
Cadmium (Cd)
"
Arsenic (As)
Chromium (Cr)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)
Thallium (Tl)
Vanadium (V)
"
Mean Value
Median
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
1,41
<0.05
Proposed values
(Median) Remondis
Proposed values (median)
RAL GZ - 724
<9
4
2,34
-
-
"
27,34
18,62
<250
125
"
35,35
38,97
<1000
400
"
38,07
18,98
<400
250
5,87
10,59
<160
80
<0.05
<0.05
-
-
"
"
"
"
"
"
1,47
27,63
0,32
2,16
4,01
77,78
0,21
6,70
Mercury Classification Value (mg/MJ a.r.)
<12
6
-
-
-
-
<1
1
0,0319
Solid Fuels Technology Laboratory
(accredited ISO17025)
Coal
Humidity
Ash
Volatiles
Calorific Value
Cl
Ultimate
S
Heavy metals and
trace gas elements
Prototype
ASTM D7582
ASTM D7582
ASTM D7582
ASTM D5865
ASTM D4208
ASTM D5373
ASTM D3177
ASTM D3683
SRF
Prototype
Ash
ΕΝ 15403
Humidity
Volatiles
Calorific Value
Cl
Ultimate
S
Heavy metals and
trace gas elements
Biogenic content
ΕΝ 15414
ΕΝ 15402
ΕΝ 15400
ΕΝ 15408
ΕΝ 15407
ΕΝ 15408
ΕΝ 15411
ΕΝ 15440
Biomass
Prototype
Ash
ΕΝ 14775
Humidity
Volatiles
Calorific Value
Cl
ΕΝ 14774
ΕΝ 15148
ΕΝ 14918
ΕΝ 15289
Ultimate
ΕΝ 15104
Heavy metals and
trace gas elements
ΕΝ 15411
S
ΕΝ 15289
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
IN LARGE COMBUSTION PLANTS
Trace elements Ash Analyses with ICP-AAS (As, Hg, etc)
Mercury and heavy metals analysis with AA Shimadzu AA-6300
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with GFA-EX7i Graphite
Furnace Atomizer. (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Tl, V)
Chlorine /Halogen Content Analyses (CEN/TS 15408, CEN/TS 15289,
ASTM D4208-88) Parr Oxygen bomb apparatus Model 1901CLEE
with 1108CL Oxygen Combustion Bomb for chlorine service and
Accumet Model 25 pH/ion meter
TGA Analyses for pyrolysis and combustion reactivity – evaluation of
thermal processes kinetics.
Heavy Metals
fate in power
plant
On-line monitoring of major combustion emissions (i.e.
CO, NOx , N2O, HC, SO2, etc)
Isokinetic sampling of soot/fly ash particles Heavy Metals
and Heavy metals, Mercury
Dioxines (TCR TECORA / ISOSTUCK PLUS)
 Co-firing activities
 Hg measurements
 Efficiency measurements
24
Gasification process classifications
Based on gas flow pattern :
 Fixed Bed Gasifiers
 (Updraft)
 (Downdraft)
 (Fluidised Bed)
 (Bubling Fluidised Bed)
 (Circulating Fluidised Bed)
Based on operating pressure :
 Atmospheric or Near atmospheric operation
 Pressurized
Fluidized bed gasification
 Diverse solid fuels , Up- scalling , Large particle carryover
Laboratory Infrastructure
Pilot units
CFBG Gasifier
RDF Gasifier
Technical facts:
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier
(CFBG)
• Fuels wastes , energy crops,
wastes, sewage sludge
• Thermal input 150 kWth (20 kgh1)
• 1000h+ of operation
• 72 h tests
• Gas cleaning tests
Technical facts:
• Bubbling fluidized bed
• Fuels biomass, energy
crops, StabilatTM
• Thermal input 10 kWth
• 2000h+ of operation
• Study of agglomerations
Bubbling FB
Technical facts:
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier
(CFB)
• Consumption of 30kg/h RDF
• Production of ≈ 52 kg/h syngas
• Thermal input: 100kWth
Technical facts:
• 160 mm ID
• 3 m height
• Thermal input ≈ 3 kg/h
Drop tube furnace
Torrefaction
Technical facts:
• Waste type: wheat straw
pellets
• Feeding rate: 100kg/h
• Temperature range: 200-300oC
• Residence time: 10 min - 3
hours
• Heating demand ≈ 200 kWth
Fluidization engineering – fuel studies
Indicative Fuels: sunflower, Olive, Jatropha , Castor cakes, Sweet Sorghum
residues, Switchgrass, Giant Reed, Miscanthus, Willow, Cardoon
Sewage Sludge, RDF StabilatTM
Study of ash fusion chemistry
Study of flow regimes
4.0
Ποσοστό τήγματος
Tήγμα (%) στην κλίνη
5.0
5-10 kWth Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Θερμοκρασιακό
εύρος λειτουργίας
3.0
2.0
Τήγμα / καλάμι
1.0
Τήγμα / πυρηνόξυλο
0
Τήγμα / σόργο
700
800
KCl(l) (τηγμένο άλας)/σόργο
900
1000
Θερμοκρασία (oC)
1100
1200
Study of Agglomeration mechanisms
28
Fluidized bed gasification applications
 Gasifier integrated with coal
based combustion unit /
Kymijarrvi, Lahti Finland
• 300 GWh per annum
biomass & RDF - Fossil fuel
replacement
• Cheap solution – direct use
in existing boiler – avoiding
co-feeding solid wastes and
coal.
Examples of Waste volume minimization
applications
 Micro Auto Gasification System (MAGS) is a simple in
operation, safe and environmental friendly waste to
resources appliance, developed by Terragon Environmental
Technologies Inc. (Montreal, Canada) for use in ships and
isolated communities. It enables corporations or public
organizations to manage efficiently their own organic solid
waste, whether in marine or land based applications.
 In a single use, MAGS can process up to 40 kg/h of asreceived solid municipal waste. A push of a button initiates
a carefully controlled thermal treatment process in the
gasification chamber. Inside the chamber at temperatures
of 750°C, all organic material contained in the waste is
decomposed and converted into solid bio-char and a fuel
gas, called syngas. This syngas is then used as the main
source of energy for the waste treatment process.

http://www.terragon-gulf.com/technologies/mags/
30
Fluidized bed gasification applications
Varnamo IGCC- Sweden
 18 barg / 950 - 1000 oC
 Hot gas cleaning
 LHV = 5 MJ / Nm3
 Fuel : 18,0 MWth
 Power : 6,0 MWel
 Heat : 9,0 MWth
Qloss
W
Qloss
I.G.C.C
Integrated
gasification
Combined
Cycle
RAW
SYNGAS
CO, H2, CH4, N2, CO2, H2O,
Tars, NH3, HCN, H2S etc
GAS
CLEANING
AIR,
O2
Steam
RDF
AIR
bioSNG production
SRF energy utilization through gasification
Gasifier pilot plant
raw
syngas
30 kg/hr
104.3 kWth
S
R
F
dryer
5.1 kWth
moisture
12%
Δp = 200 mbar
174.5oC
heat
exchanger
gasifier
reactor type: Circulating Fluidized Bed
T = 800oC
λ = 0.31 (autothermal conditions)
85.1 kWth
40 oC
fan
ai
r
Engine
moist
ure
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute – Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
flue
gases
SRF gasification – main stream results
mass flow kg/hr
mole flow kmol/hr
molar composition
Temperature oC
H2O
CO2
CO
H2
O2
N2
Ar
CH4
SO3
HCl
NH3
COS
H 2S
SRF
air
hot syngas
1.11
2.67
30
32.04
15.0
174.5
0.010
3.0·10-3
0
0
0.207
0.773
9.2 ·10-3
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
60.07
800.0
0.083
0.080
0.211
0.232
0
0.360
4.2·10-3
0.027
0
1.3·10-4
2.8 ·10-5
4.5·10-5
1.6·10-3
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute – Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Different gasifiers – Different product
gases
Table 2: Composition of product gas for different reactor types [2]
Η2
CO
CO2
CH4
N2
HHV
(MJ/m3)
Fluidized bed / air
9
14
20
7
50
Updraft / air
11
24
9
3
Downdraft / air
17
21
13
Downdraft/oxygen
32
48
Dual fluidized bed
31
Pyrolysis
40
Type of reactor
Quality of Syngas
Tar
Dust
5.4
Fair
Poor
53
5.5
Poor
Good
1
48
5.7
Good
Fair
15
2
3
10.4
Good
Good
48
0
21
0
17.4
Fair
Poor
20
18
21
1
13.4
Fair
Good
Equivalence Ratio - λ
LHV
50
N2
40
30
4000
H 2O
10
2000
CO2
0,20
30%
8000
6000
H2
CO
20
0
Heat of Gasification (%LHV)
fuel A(a)
CH 4
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
Equivalence Ratio, λ
0,45
0,50
fuel A
fuel C
10%
• moisture↑ → λ ↑ for
autothermal conditions
• negative effect of ash content
need additional heat to operate
-10%
0,25
• λ↑ → CO, H2, LHV ↓
autothermal operation
0%
-20%
0
• λ↑ → CO2, H2O ↑
heat rejection
fuel B
20%
LHV (kJ/Nm3)
% molar (wet basis)
60
0,30
0,35
0,40
Equivalence Ratio, λ
0,45
0,50
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute – Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Temperature - T
Heat of Gasification (%LHV)
 autothermal conditions
 no considerable effect on syngas
composition
Tgasif=const.:
Tgasif=const.:
10%
λ = 0.42
5%
• T↓ → air ↓ for autothermal conditions
0%
-5%
-15%
600
700
• real char conversion is less that what
equilibrium predicts
Fuel C
λ = 0.30
-10%
λ↓ → LHVsyngas ↑
λ change do not affect CGE.
800
Temperature oC
900
1000
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute – Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Air preheating
50oC
150oC
250oC
air preheating has impact on 2% air reduction
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute – Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Gas cleaning Requirements for power – CHP applications
Upper limit
SOFC
Particles (ppmw)
NH3 (ppmv)
0.1
5000
H2S (ppmv)
1
Halogens (ppmv)
1
Alkalis (ppmw)
Tars (ppmw)
-
ICE
50
-
100
GT
1
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.5
Potential Syntheses of Fuels and
Chemicals
• Fischer – Tropsch
• MeOH - DME
• H2 (for example for H2O2)
• bioSNG
FT-synthesis plant
Syntheses
Process
FT
Synth
esis
MeOH
synth
esis
Catalyst
Fe
T
Process Conditions
[oC]
300-350
P [bar]
H2/CO
7-12
2,15
3
10-40
Co
200-240
ZnO/Cr2O3
350
250-350
Cu/ZnO/Al2O3
220-275
50-100
Ru
1,7
% conv
(CO basis)
50-90% with recycle
99% (25%
max/pass – 47% Actual
pass)
Products
a-olefines
gasoline
Sectivity
ASF-48% (max)
15-40% actual
Waxes diesel
ASF – 40% max
Methanol
>99% with recycle
Waxes
Gas cleaning requirements
Process
Contaminant
Sulfur
FT Synthesis
Halides
Nitrogen
Solids
MeOH synthesis
Sulfur (not COS)
Halides
Fe and Ni
Level
200 ppb
1000 ppb
60 ppb
10 ppb
Source/Comments
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4] – [5]
10 ppb
[2]
0.2 ppm NOX
[3]
10 ppm NH3
10 ppb HCN
20 ppb
0 ppm
<0.5 ppmv
(<0.1 ppb HCN)
0.001 ppmv
0.005 ppmv
[4] –[5]
[1]-[5]
[6]
[7]
[6]
Characterization of impurities – Tars
1. Primary products: characterized by cellulose-derived products such as
levoglucosan, hydroxyacetaldehyde,and furfurals; analogous hemicellulose-derived
products; and lignin-derived methoxyphenols;
2. Secondary products: characterized by phenolics and olefins;
3. Alkyl tertiary products: include methyl derivatives of aromatics, such as methyl
acenaphthylene, methylnaphthalene, toluene, and indene;
4. Condensed tertiary products: show the PAH series without substituents: benzene,
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, anthracene/phenanthrene, pyrene.
Characterization of Impurities – Tars
and their effect
Test 1
Test 2
~0
~ 178-338
Test 3
~ 3000
Tar elimination techniques
Thermal tar treatment
Thermal tar treatment systems work on the basis of partial oxidation of producer gas
loaded with tarry contaminants situated after the gasifier. Partial oxidation converts tar on
the expense of calorific value in the producer gas. Thermal tar treatment is rather unusual
in gas cleaning – this type of tar treatment presents itself rather as a possible process step
for the reduction of the tar release potential in gas production through primary measures.
Catalytic tar treatment systems
Catalytic tar treatment is based on the principle of tar cracking through thermochemical
reactions supported by catalysts. The cracking or reforming process leads to a
decomposition of tarry compounds which results in the successive formation of permanent
gas phases and lighter tar compounds.
Use of special Solvents
Use of Activated Carbon
Effectiveness in particle removal
Gas species cleaning with solid phase
sorbents
Na2CO3 + HCl ↔NaCl + CO2 +H2O
K p  PH 2O PCO2 / PHCl
ZnO(s) +H2S ↔ ZnS(s) +H2O
Shift : CO + H2O ↔ CO2 +H2
K p  PH 2O / PH 2 S
Mapping of Gas Cleaning T, P,
application etc
Particles
Removal
HOT
WARM
COLD
Akali
species
Aluminosilicates
( kaolin,
Barrier-Ceramic Candle
bauxite
Filters
and clay)
Electrostatic Filters
Particle
Barrier-Metallic Candle
Removal
Filters
techniques
Sulfur species
Halogen
species
Cyclones,
Wet Scrubbers
Wet scrubbers
Particles
Removal
techniques
Solid sorbents
(Zn, Ce, Co,Fe)
Catalysts
(Al-Co-Mo, etc)
Chemical
absorption
(alkaline/ water or
alkaloamines)
Tars
Particle Removal techniques
Thermal cracking
Ca, Na, K
carbonate
based
sorbents
CRI catalyst
dioxine
reduction
Physical
Wet scrubbers
absorption
(water/alkali
(Rectisol, Selexol) solution/olga)
Catalysts (Ni-Fe-dolomite)
Particle Removal techniques
Nitrogen
species
Catalysts
(Ni-Fe-dolomite)
Activated Carbon
Particle Removal techniques
Wet scrubbers (water/oil)
Activated Carbon
Wet scrubbers
(water)
Activated Carbon
Entrained flow gasification
Examples :
Liquid waste : black liquor , pyrolysis oil
• Usually use of oxygen.
• The retention time is only a few seconds, and so gasification has to
take place quickly at temperatures between 1200 and 1500°C.
• The high temperatures ensure a complete conversion of the
hydrocarbon compounds resulting from pyrolysis of the fuel.
• The reactivity of the fuel regarding the heterogeneous gas/solid
reactions is of secondary importance because the boundary layer
determines the speed of the entire process.
• The ash melts and accumulates after adequate cooling as slag.
Black Liquor gasification*
Black liquor
Atomising
medium
GASIFICATION
Oxygen
Raw gas
QUENCH
Green
liquor
Condensate
Weak
wash
© Chemrec AB 2005
SHORT-TIME
CONTACTORS
Cooling water
Boiler feed
water*
LPsteam*
REACTOR
SEPARATION
OF GAS AND
SMELT
White
liquor
GAS COOLER
MPsteam*
SULPHUR CLEAN-UP
PARTICULATE
REMOVAL AND
GAS COOLING
* Cooling water in DP1
Purified and
cooled syngas
(to flare)
Overall process: waste in - no waste out
bioSNG production
Waste ?
NG costs 30 €/MWh
CH4 Targets for wood 90 €/MWh (of which biomass costs are 25-30 MWh )
So CH4 targets for waste is 60 €/MWh
Highlight projects Biomethane 2G
Austria – Gussing
Repotec indirect gasifier, Gussing2 MWe
Ortnerindirect gasifier, Villach 3.7 MWe
Ortner indirectgasifier, Oberwart2.8 MWe
1 MW methanation pilotplant fromCTU-PSI (operational)
UK - GO GREEN GAS Project
National Grid / 1 MWbiomethanemethanationpilot plant with connecteto an industrial waste gasification unit
SWEDEN Goteborg Energi/EOn
GoBiGasproject : 20 MW biomethane large scale demonstration plant. (COD in 2013)-Repotec. Cooperation
HaldorTopsöein methanation
(Phase 2: Industrial plant of 100 MW biomethane).
NETHERLANDS - AMBIGO Project (Alkmaaar) –
Energy Research Center of the Netherland (ECN) plans to built a 2,8 MWbiomethaneplant in 2018 / ENGIE will
be a partner and the EPC of the project
FRANCE - GAYA PROJECT
600 kWbiomassgasification pilot plant with methanation –R&D project –FICFB technology + innovative
methanation
Thank you for your attention!
?
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questions?