Future energy carriers and propulsion
systems for buses and long distance trucks
Göran Wirmark, et al
Senior Vice President
Volvo Technology AB
Welcome to Volvo Group
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solutions for commercial use.
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service.
Volvo Technology
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Volvo Corporate Values
Volvo Technology
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Current global issues
200
Oil Price
Global Warming
Global economy
180
160
$ per barrel
140
Actual basket price
Forecast Term.
Forecast consensus
Trend (2004-2008)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Peak Oil
Fuel/Food
New technology
Energy Reserves
Oil
Gas
Coal
Growing cities
Raw material price
Business Cycles
Example: HD Truck registrations in the EU and NAFTA
700
650
(thousands)
600
600
550
550
500
CAGR = 5%
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
10 year cycle
Eur + NA
FCST JD Power-LMC
FCST Global Insight
Polyn. trend (EU+NAFTA)
100
74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12
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Exhaust Emission Regulations
On Road US
0.20
Tier 2 -01
Particulates (g/kWh)
Tier 3 -06 (05)
On Road Japan
Non Road
EU+US
0.15
s
e
d
u
it
n
g
a
m
EU-II 95/96
US’02
0.10
0.05
Tier 4A
1-
f
o
r
e
rd
o
2
EU-III 00/01
Japan NST 05
Japan NLT 05
0.02/0.0
3
US’10
On Road EU
EU-IV 05/06
US’07
Tier 4B
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2.0
EU-V
08/09
3.5
5.0
7.0
NOx (g/kWh)
European road transport advisory council
Guiding objectives for 2030
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Biofuels will cover some of the demand
• Targets and current status in EU
– 10% renewable fuels for road transport 2020
– 2:nd generation technologies needed in order to reach 10% without
compromising sustainability*
2050
– 4% in EU-27 2009, indicative target 2010 5.75%
2020
• Vision for EU
2010
– 25% renewable fuels 2030
2005
Integrated
biorefineries
Ethanol, synthetic diesel, methanol,
DME, SNG (Generation 2)
Improvement of current processes
(Generation 1)
Ethanol, ETBE, FAME, FAEE
Source: www.biofuelstp.eu *IFPRI report 2010
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7 Date
- Field test
• BioDME project demonstrates full chain from production of
fuel from biomass to the utilisation in vehicles
• 14 Volvo DME trucks in customer operation
• Demonstrate and verify DME technology in real applications
• Planned yearly distance 100 000 km per truck (average)
Piteå
Field test
Stockholm
Göteborg
Jönköping
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A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
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Volvo’s position on Future Fuels
• Diesel fuel, increasingly from biomass
resources, will remain the dominant fuel
for at least two decades
• Natural gas and biogas will be used
regionally
• DME is a strong candidate for a more
long-term future fuel:
– CO2 neutral if produced from biomass
• All fuels can be combined with hybrid
drivelines
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Technology is there - Fuel availability a problem
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10 Date
Energy efficient R&D LH technology solutions
Powetrain efficiency
•Energy efficiency
•Energy saving
•Energy recuperation
Vehicle efficiency
•
Total vehicle energy management
•
Efficient & functional Aerodynamics
•
Reduced friction and low friction tiers
•
GPS based energy usage rout planning
•
Driver utilization of vehicle FE potential
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•
Efficient energy conversion
•
Efficient powertrain utilization
•
Reduced friction
•
Waste heat energy recovery
•
Brake energy recovery
What happens to energy in the fuel?
19% Air Drag
38%
100%
Fuel
Energy
8%
Charge Air
Cooling
15%
Heat to
Coolant
29%
Exhaust
Gases
From GIB-T fuel economy task force (M. Lejeune)
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4%
Engine
Friction
3%
Accessories
3%
Driveline
Friction
19% Rolling
Resistance
40-ton EU long-haul truck
at 90 km/h on a flat road
Improving combustion effiency
Efficiency - Meas & Ideal
γ=1.3 1
A100 - 1200rpm/2400Nm
60
Compr
Ratio
58
42
40
Meas Ind Eff (gross)
44
Meas Ind Eff (net)
46
Meas Brake Eff
48
189
171
165
g/kWh
Volvo Technology
A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
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158
146
Ideal Cycle Eff - 18:1
Gas Ex
50
Ideal Cycle Eff
with actual RoHR
Heat
Loss
52
Mech
Losses
Efficiency [%]
54
Ideal Cycle Eff - 16:1
Potential
Faster Comb
56
142
Advanced Combustion Concepts
HCCI
PPC
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Waste Heat Recovery
• Turbo-compounding:
–
Mechanic
–
Electric
–
Electro-mechanic
• Bottoming cycling (Rankine system)
• Thermo-electric solutions
• Heat-to-Cool
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Rankine Waste Heat Recovery
• Rankine WHR: Potential 4-8% on long haul
• Working fluid depending on heat source
• Piston, turbine or scroll expander
• Mechanical or electric coupling
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Thermoelectric power generation
N-type conductors have negative electrons as majority carriers
P-type conductors have positive holes as majority carriers
TE generator
Positive characteristics
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Solid-state devices
Simple set-up
No moving parts
No greenhouse gases
High reliability
Low maintenance
Long lifetime
Thermoelectric materials
n-Ba8Ga16Ge30
Saramat, A., Svensson, G., Palmqvist, A.E.C. et al. J. Appl. Phys. 99, (2006), 023708.
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Hybrid Bus
- launched at IAA September 2008
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A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
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Our parallel hybrid system - ISAM
• Electric launch and
acceleration to traffic
speed
El-motor
Gear box
• Smooth transition to
diesel engine power
• Electric recuperation
of brake energy
• Li-Ion energy
storage
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Power Electronic
Converter
Lithium Ion
Battery
Electric Motors
Tmax [Nm/kg]
Torque [Nm]
PM
8.0
PM
6.0
4.0
2.0
AC (IM)
AC (IM)
DC
MD13
1.0
2.0
Pcontinuous [kW/kg]
Speed [rpm]
Permanent Magnet Motors offers best opportunity for
automotive applications; weight, low speed performance
and best tolerance for misalignment in system assembly.
Volvo Technology
A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
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Energy Storage for HEV
[W/kg]
(SOC)
1600
1200
S-Cap(100%)
Li-Ion(50%)
Dual Storage System
Combining Super Capacitors and
Energy storage allows for lower
cost combinations.
800
400
NiMH(35%)
Lead-Acid (5%)
10
Li-Ion
Possibilities for significant cost
reduction.
20
30
[Wh/kg]
NiMH
Today’s industrial standard for
Hybrid Vehicles.
Traditional lead-acid battery 100 kW / 30 sec >>> ~1500 kg weight
Li-Ion cell-stack 100kW / 30sec >>> ~100 kg weight
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Most challenging issues for advanced
ESS
Estimation of
• SOC
State of Charge
• SOH
State of Health
Life cycle Cost
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A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
23 Date
Hybrid technology
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A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
24 Date
Volvo 7700 Hybrid
-Analysing Success Factors
35%
30%
25%
20%
Electrification of Auxilliaries
Utilising I-Shift gear box
Stop & Go (idle shut down)
Cost reduction of
15%
Downsizing of engine / speed range
complete system!
10%
5%
Brake energy recuperation
0%
City centre
12 km/h
Volvo Technology
A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
25 Date
City
18 km/h
Suburban
25 km/h
Summary
• ICE fuelled with Diesel,
increasingly from biomass
resources, will remain the
dominant propulsion system
for at least two decades.
• Natural gas and biogas will be
used regionally, DME is a
strong candidate for the future.
• Improved efficiency in the
complete powertrain is of vital
importance
– Future combustion systems
– Energy management
– Waste energy recovery
• HD hybrids are on the market
to stay
– Energy storage system key
barrier
– Cost is in focus
Volvo Technology
A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
26 Date
Volvo Technology
A3PS, Vienna November 18, 2010
27 Date