Energy For Mega Cities
Energy for Mega Cities: a WEC study for The Montréal
Congress
Study Group:
Anil Razdan, Chair
Pierre-Noël Giraud,
Director
© World Energy Council 2007
Energy For Mega Cities
 Mr.Anil Razdan, Secy (Power) GOI, is chairing a global study on:
“Energy for Mega Cities”
 Pr. Pierre-Noël Giraud, Prof. at ParisTech, is the Study Director.
 The Study Group will study the growth, development and energy
linked issues of Mega Cities with population of about 10 million or more
for a time horizon up to 2050
 It would recommend the norms and code of conduct to ensure a
sustainable energy growth of Mega cities
Energy For Mega Cities
Objectives
 Develop a concept of a secure energy supply and distribution system, including
the transport sector, for large cities based on modern developing technologies, in
order to ensure a sustainable future.
 Policy formulation and recommendations, suited to specific regions.
 To disseminate lessons learned that can provide the benefits of urban living to
those in rural areas and thus relieve one of the main drivers of migration to cities
and help achieve the goal of access to basic energy services for all.
Energy For Mega Cities
Methodology
 The Study Group will examine the availability, affordability, sustainability,
investments and costs of the various techniques of supplying energy in very big
cities as well as the “policy packages” needed for their implementation
 These will be examined on both a regional and global scale, with particular
attention paid to urban needs tailored to specific regions, through four to five case
studies.
 Finally, policy actions and investment needs will be identified and communicated
in the report.
Energy For Mega Cities
Specificity of this WEC study
a bottom - up process starting from the study of what is actually done
and scheduled in representative mega cities
Business oriented: what could be the role of the energy industry, in
partnership with public authorities and civil society.
Energy For Mega Cities
A bottom up process:
 6 to 7 case studies of representative cities:
 Launched by a workshop organized by the national and regional WEC members
 Draft report by the “writing team” according to a common template
 Completion and discussion of the city report with local WEC members and within
the study group
 City reports will be attached to the final report
In the meanwhile:
 Compilation of existing literature by the “writing team” and drafting of the
transversal chapters of the final report
A bottom up process
Workshops planned with urban officials,
academics, WEC members
• Tokyo, October, 2
• Mexico City, November, 26
• New Delhi (done by WEC India, second WS end of
January)
• Cape Town (in process - January)
• London (in process)
• San Francisco (mere study tour, early February)
• Toronto ( opportunity being discussed)
Schedule
–Case studies completed by the end of
March
–First draft of the report circulated by the
end of April
–Report for Montréal congress
City report template 1
1. Data
•Demography, economics and city shape
•Energy consumption ( including evidence of energy
poverty, if relevant)
•GHG emissions
Define first what “ The city of…” means in terms of area,
population and administrative levels. Several definitions are
possible, according to their usefulness for the sustainability
issues.
Data should be given for the past, present and future trends BAU,
if available.
City report template 2
2. Policies
•National level ( impacting the city)
•City level
Give here a general presentation of the objectives and policies
already implemented and decided for the future, both at the
national level (only those policies impacting the city) and the
local level.
Pay attention to the issues of multi level governance.
Distinguish three main policy domains:
– Energy efficiency and GHG emissions reduction
– Combating energy poverty
– Adaptation of the energy and related systems to climate change
City report template 3
3. Road Maps
In the fields of: GHG emissions reduction, Combating energy poverty,
Adaptation to climate change:
Describe the MAIN actions that must pave the road maps towards
availability-affordability and acceptability of the future energy system of the
city. Select the most important and representative actions.
Describe the stakeholders involved and their relationships. Role of business,
role of public-private partnership, role of NGO’s and civil society
Evaluate the economics of the actions (cost-benefit analysis, investment
involved, etc)
Discuss whether:
•
the incentives/constraints system is rightly designed
•
the financing channels are well in place
for these actions to be carried out at a sufficient scale
Proposed Framework of
the Final Report 1
1. Population trends in Mega cities
2. Energy consumption, availability, affordability and related
GES emissions in Mega cities
3. Energy efficiency and city shape
There is no single efficient city shape… Policies must focus on how
to control a city dynamics
Importance of market forces and general scope for public policies
Proposed Framework of
the Final Report 2
4. The Tool Box: technical “building blocks” for efficient
energy (and related networks) supply
 Description, costs, technical and organisational affordability
of: plants, networks, end of pipe equipments
 The case for technologies adapted to low income
populations
 The case for centralised vs. decentralised networks/plants
Proposed Framework of
the Final Report 3
5. Efficient energy “packages”, their implementation and
financing
 Efficient energy policies are “packages of measures”.
 This chapter will be based on the city case studies, and report
“good” practices, including implementation: roles of
public/private, central/local, municipalities/civil society, and
financing.
Proposed Framework of
the Final Report 4
6. The global investment challenge
Assessment of the need for investment, by specific cities, regions,
worldwide
7. Policy recommendations
Annexes will present the City Case Studies
Bottom up process of gathering bibliography and
sharing of relevant documents through the WEC
website
Documents are now presented on the WEC
website under different headings:
– General
– By chapter of the final report
– By cities
A “Blog” has been set up on the web site for interactive
discussions among members.
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Population and city shape
• Population: 13m. Greater Tokyo: 36m.
Stagnating
• Very compact since Edo time: more than
8000/ha
• 77% of employment: tertiary
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Modal split
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Buildings
Computer buildings
Hospitals
Schools
Hotels
Department stores, etc
Offices
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Unit energy consumption (MJ/m2)
7000
8000
9000
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
GHG emissions by sectors 1990-2006
2 0 0 6 (F Y)
2 0 0 0 (F Y)
1 9 9 0 (F Y)
0
10
20
In d u s try
30
B u s in e s s
H o u s e h o ld
40
50
T ra n p o rta tio n
O th e rs
60
70
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Tepco( The Tokyo main utility) energy mix
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
07
la
nn
ed
17
)
(p
la
nn
ed
)
08
(p
06
04
Oil
05
03
Other gases
02
01
00
99
98
95
85
75
73
65
0%
Hydro
Geothermal
LNG/LPG
Coal
Nuclear
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Policies
• Kyoto target most probably not reached at
national level in 2012
• Tokyo has set its own target for 2020:
- 20% / 2000 ( - 18%/ 1990)
• Main policies:
– ETS for commercial buildings
– Strong standards for new buildings
– Transport and land use: already quite
efficient…
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Road maps
• Heat pumps ( and lighting)
• Hybrid and electric cars
• Greening of energy mix: nuclear,
geothermal, wind, efficiency in thermal
plants
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Heat pumps in buildings
Before measures are taken
After measures taken
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Elevator
Water supply and drainage
Ventilation
Wall outlet
Lighting
Hot water supply
Heat conveyance
Heat source for air conditioning
80
90
100
Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
Comments
• 2020 target ( -20% / 2000) probably to
be reached by Tokyo
• Later: what about the Tokyo contribution
to the -50% national target for 2050 ???
Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
• Report made by the Indian WEC committee
• Very comprehensive on:
– data
– nature and the scope of the problems, both
from the availability - affordability and
sustainability points of view
– generic policies that should be applied
Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
• NCT Delhi: 13m to 24m in 2020
• NCR: 37m to 64 in 2020
• Program of “counter magnet areas”
• Importance of illegal settlements
• Problems of energy (and water) availability
– Need for huge investments and improving
efficiency of electricity and water/sanitation
supply
Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary).
• Transport:
– Modal split: still 80% public, but
– Mainly buses, rickshaws,etc..
– Exploding use of personal vehicles:
congestion
– Efforts to shift to less polluting fuels
– Need for huge investments in rail and BRT
mass transportation system, with good
interoperability + walking and cycling
Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary)
• Complements on the actual road maps
would be welcomed
• Possibly a new workshop on road maps
in January
• First report already available through:
– J.K. Mehta:
[email protected]
Let’s have an very good
Mexico workshop!
Thank You