technical report no. 8
national carbon
accounting system
Usage and Life Cycle
of Wood Products
The lead Commonwealth
agency on greenhouse
matters
The National Carbon Accounting System:
• Supports Australia's position in the international development of
policy and guidelines on sinks activity and greenhouse gas emissions
mitigation from land based systems.
• Reduces the scientific uncertainties that surround estimates of land
based greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration in the
Australian context.
• Provides monitoring capabilities for existing land based emissions
and sinks, and scenario development and modelling capabilities that
support greenhouse gas mitigation and the sinks development agenda
through to 2012 and beyond.
• Provides the scientific and technical basis for international
negotiations and promotes Australia's national interests in
international fora.
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas
For additional copies of this report phone 1300 130 606
USAGE AND LIFE CYCLE
OF WOOD PRODUCTS
JAAKKO PÖYRY CONSULTING (ASIA-PACIFIC) PTY LTD
National Carbon Accounting System
Technical Report No. 8
November 1999
The Australian Greenhouse Office is the lead Commonwealth agency on greenhouse matters.
This report is issued by Jaakko Pöyry Consulting
(Asia-Pacific) Pty Ltd to the Australian Greenhouse
Office for their own use. No responsibility is accepted
for any other use.
The report contains the opinion of Jaakko Pöyry
Consulting (Asia-Pacific) Pty Ltd as to the Usage and
Life Cycle of Wood Products Project. Jaakko Pöyry
Consulting (Asia-Pacific) Pty Ltd has no responsibility
to update this report for events and circumstances
occurring after the date of this report.
JAAKKO PÖYRY CONSULTING (ASIA-PACIFIC) PTY LTD
Chris Borough
SENIOR CONSULTANT
Robert Miller
VICE PRESIDENT
8 October 1999
Printed in Australia for the Australian Greenhouse Office.
© Commonwealth of Australia 1999
This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or part for study or training
purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source
and no commercial usage or sale results. Reproduction for purposes other than
those listed above requires the written permission of the Communications Team,
Australian Greenhouse Office. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and
rights should be addressed to the Communications Team, Australian Greenhouse
Office, GPO Box 621, CANBERRA ACT 2601.
For additional copies of this document please contact National Mailing
& Marketing. Telephone: 1300 130 606. Facsimile: (02) 6299 6040.
Email: [email protected]
For further information please contact the National Carbon Accounting System
at http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/
Neither the Commonwealth nor the Consultants responsible for undertaking this
project accepts liability for the accuracy of or inferences from the material contained
in this publication, or for any action as a result of any person's or group's
interpretations, deductions, conclusions or actions in reliance on this material.
November 1999
Environment Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication
Usage and life cycle of wood products / Jaakko Poyry Consulting
(Asia-Pacific) Pty Ltd.
p. cm.
(National Carbon Accounting System technical report ; no.8)
Bibliography:
ISSN: 14426838
1. Wood products-Carbon content-Australia-Measurement. I. Jaakko Poyry
Consulting (Asia-Pacific). II. Australian Greenhouse Office. III. Series
674.8’0994-dc21
ii
Australian Greenhouse Office
SUMMARY
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting has developed a
methodology for assessing the contribution that the
use and accumulation of wood products makes to
the size of the carbon pool. This methodology is
captured in a computer model which we have, for
the purposes of this report, called "A National
Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products" or
"Carbon Model". The model operates under the
software package Microsoft® Excel 2000.
Pöyry Consulting’s own databanks.
With some minor improvements, these sources
provide an adequate base for ongoing data
collection for estimating carbon accumulations.
Priority areas for further research and development
include:
The main sources of information were ABARE, State
Forest Services, Forest and Wood Products Research
and Development Corporation (FWPRDC), industry
associations, CSIRO, forestry companies and Jaakko
Determining appropriate carbon content for
Australian species.
•
Refining the lifespan of timber products,
both long term products such as framing
timber in housing and products with a
shorter lifespan such as paper and
packaging.
The Carbon Model uses available statistics on log
flows from the forests and estimates the carbon
content of the various wood products processed
(e.g. sawn timber, plywood, pulp and paper and
woodchips). Estimates of the decay period of each
class of wood product have been made and
methods proposed for estimating the existing and
future pool of carbon represented by wood products
proposed. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) has proposed four alternative
approaches for accounting for carbon in wood
products. The Carbon Model developed in this
study incorporates these approaches.
This report focuses more on methodologies rather
than outcomes. However, to demonstrate the kind
of output generated by the model, we have run the
model using starting data and assumptions, most of
which are considered to be reliable but some of
which will require further refinement.
•
•
Researching the final disposal methods
of wood products some of which
(e.g. landfills) may significantly extend
the life of products before carbon release.
•
Refining the methodology for determining
the level of carbon sequestered in housing.
•
Evaluating the effects of the different IPCC
accounting approaches on Australia’s
carbon balance and the implications of each
approach on both sustainable forest
management and Australia’s commitments
under the Kyoto protocol.
Nothing in the report is or should be relied upon as
a promise by Jaakko Pöyry Consulting (Asia-Pacific)
Pty Ltd as to the usage and life cycle of wood
products in Australia. Actual results may be
different from the opinion contained in this report,
as anticipated events may not occur as expected and
the variation may be significant.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
iii
iv
Australian Greenhouse Office
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
iii
Summary
1. Background and Project Description
1
2. Log Flow Information
1
2.1
Softwood
1
2.2
Hardwood
2
2.3
Cypress Pine
3
2.4
Bark
4
3. Wood Flows from Processing
4
3.1
Wood Flow and the National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
4
3.2
Fibre Content of Wood
12
3.3
Softwood Sawmilling
12
Background
12
Information sources and assumptions used in the Carbon Model
13
Hardwood Sawmilling
13
Background
13
3.4
Information sources and assumptions used in the Carbon Model
13
3.5
Cypress Sawmilling
14
3.6
Plywood (Softwood and Hardwood) and Veneer
14
3.7
Particleboard and Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF)
14
3.8
Pulp and Paper
14
3.9
Preservative Treated Softwood
15
3.10
Hardboard
16
3.11
Hardwood Poles, Sleepers and Miscellaneous
16
3.12
Log and Woodchip Exports
16
Woodchip Exports
16
Log Exports
16
4. Carbon Content of Products
17
5. Life Span of Timber Products
17
5.1
Housing Sector
5.2
Life Span Pools assumed for Modelling in this Study
18
5.3
Discussion
19
6. Pool of Wood Products in Service
18
19
6.1
Housing
6.2
Modelling Approach to Carbon Sequestration in Housing
20
6.3
Carbon Starting Levels in Other Pools
21
7. Carbon Accounting Methods and Implications on Carbon Pool
7.1
Implications of Different Approaches
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
19
22
22
v
8. Summary of Recommendations for Ongoing Data Collection and Future Research
8.1
Improve Data on Hardwood
8.2
Softwoods
8.3
Bark
8.4
Wood Properties
8.5
Life Span of Timber Products
8.6
Accounting Approaches for Carbon in Wood Products
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Selected References
26
Glossary
27
TABLES
Table 2-1: Softwood plantation log removals for 1997/98 (thousands of m2)
2
Table 2-2: Native hardwoods forest removals 1997/98 (thousands of m )
2
2
Table 2-3: Comparison between hardwood saw, veneer and pulplog volumes (1998) from different sources
3
Table 2-4: Cypress pine log removals for 1997/98 (thousands of m2)
3
Table 3-1: Paper statistics - 1998
15
Table 3-2: Raw materials used in paper manufacture in 1998
15
Table 6-1: Private dwellings in Australia
19
Table 6-2: Preliminary estimate of carbon currently in storage (millions tonnes C)
21
FIGURES
Figure 3-1: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products - Sawmilling Wood Flows
6
Figure 3-2: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products Wood Flows in Preservative Treated Products
7
Figure 3-3: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products - Wood Flows in Plywood Production
8
Figure 3-4: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products Wood flows in MDF and particleboard manufacture
9
Figure 3-5: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products Wood Flows in Pulp and Paper Manufacture
10
Figure 3-6: National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products - Wood flows in export woodchips and logs 11
Figure 6-1: Australian housing starts (1955-98)
20
Figure 7-1: Impact of different wood products’ accounting methodologies in New Zealand
over the commitment period 2008-2012
23
Figure 7-2: Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the IPCC default approach
23
Figure 7-3: Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the stock-change approach
24
Figure 7-4: Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the production approach
24
APPENDICES
Appendix 1:
vi
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products in Australia
29
Australian Greenhouse Office
1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2. LOG FLOW INFORMATION
A National Carbon Accounting System is
being established within the Australian
Greenhouse Office. This project, "The Usage and
Life Cycle of Wood Products", is one of a series of
pilot projects commissioned to propose a
methodology for assessing the contribution that the
use and accumulation of wood products makes to
the change in and size of the carbon pool.
Annual log removals data are available through the
Australian Forests Products Statistics published
quarterly by the Australian Bureau of Resource
Economics (ABARE). Data are also available
through the Levies Management Unit of the
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, on
behalf of the Forest and Wood Products Research
and Development Corporation (FWPRDC). Log
removals data are also published by the relevant
State Forest Services and these provide a valuable
cross-check on ABARE data.
Jaakko Poyry Consulting has developed an Excelbased model, which we have called a "National
Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products in
Australia". Within this report we refer to this model
as the "Carbon Model". This model is supplied in
electronic form in Excel 2000. A hard copy version
is attached in Appendix 1.
Information has been obtained and examined under
the following components of the Carbon Model:
•
Log Flow from the Forest: Current annual
production data were obtained by species
groupings, and product classes, i.e. sawlogs,
veneer logs, pulp logs, roundwood and
other, e.g. sleepers.
•
Fibre Flow from Processing: Data on the
intake of raw materials to the various
processing options and the output of
products and by-products have been used
in the model to estimate the total tonnes of
carbon produced each year under various
end product classes.
•
Life Cycles and the Wood Products Carbon
Pool: Estimates of the life cycles appropriate
for each class of wood product have been
made and, together with the historical data
on housing stock for example, methods for
estimating the existing pool of carbon,
as represented by wood products, have
been proposed.
SOFTWOOD
Total removals of all plantation softwood logs for
1997/98 are shown in Table 2-1. These data were
collated from the annual reports of the various State
Forest Services and from information provided by
the private softwood plantation owners. A total
(crown and private) of 6,488,300 m3 of saw and
veneer log was harvested in 1997/98 according to
these data. However, the corresponding FWPRDC
figure provided by the Levies Management Unit is
6,663,603 m3 while the provisional figure from
ABARE is 6,547,000 m3 (Table 48, March Quarter,
1999). The ABARE figure includes cypress pine.
The estimated volume for cypress pine logs cut in
1997-98 is 296,000 m3 (refer to Section 2.3).
Deducting this from the ABARE figure leaves a
net softwood figure of 6,251,000 m3.
For pulplogs, the ABARE figure is 3,678,000 m3
and for roundwood it is 340,000 m3. The close
comparisons between all of these data are an
indication that the ABARE, FWPRDC or State Forest
Services data for softwoods can be used with
reasonable confidence.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
1
Table 2-1:
Softwood plantation log removals for 1997/98 (thousands of m3)
CROWN
State
Saw and
Veneer Log
Pulp Log
PRIVATE
Roundwood
Saw and
Veneer Log
Pulp Log
Roundwood
43.1
Western Australia
262.4
347.0
8.8
56.8
87.6
Tasmania
342.3
234.7
11.0
315.0
200.0
New South Wales
1,426.6
573.9
71.3
50.0
Queensland
1,015.2
423.8
76.8
90.0
287.0
10.0
Victoria
850.0
700.0
50.0
381.0
386.0
50.0
South Australia
802.0
340.0
45.0
777.0
335.0
105.0
Australian Capital Territory
120.0
1,669.8
1,295.6
208.1
5.0
TOTAL
4,818.5
2,619.4
267.9
Total crown and private
6,488.3
3,915.0
476.0
GRAND TOTAL
Source:
10,879.3
Annual report of State Forest Services and information provided by private growers
HARDWOOD
Total removals of all hardwood logs are shown in
Table 2-2 again using the annual reports of State
Forest Services as sources. Plantation-grown
hardwoods have been included in Table 2-2 along
with native hardwoods as the volume harvested is
still small and is mainly pulpwood.
Table 2-2:
The volume of hardwood logs from plantations will
increase rapidly over the next few years and should
be reported separately in the future.
In general, there is good agreement between the
various sources of information for hardwood
removals, in the saw and veneer log and pulp log
categories, as indicated below.
Native hardwoods forest removals 1997/98 (thousands of m3)
CROWN
State
Saw and
Veneer Log
Pulp Log
PRIVATE
Poles,
Sleepers
Other
Saw and
Veneer Log
Pulp Log
Western Australia
602.8
612.1
20.0
17.5
91.3
Tasmania
359.0
1,826.0
17.4
154.8
1,750.0
New South Wales
696.7
554.8
22.8
Queensland
193.5
64.2
Victoria
1,056.5
971.3
30.0
TOTAL
2,908.5
3,964.2
154.4
Total crown and private
3,320.8
5,980.5
184.4
GRAND TOTAL
9,485.7
Source:
2
240.0
Poles,
Sleepers
Other
30.0
175.0
412.3
2,016.3
30.0
State Forests Services and private growers
Australian Greenhouse Office
Table 2-3:
Comparison between hardwood saw, veneer and pulplog volumes (1998)
from different sources
Saw and Veneer Log (m3)
Pulp Log (m3)
State Forest Services
3,320,800
5,980,500
FWPRDC
3,171,960
Not reported
ABARE
3,430,000
5,900,000
Source
The FWPRDC figure would be expected to be low,
because mills processing less than 1,500 m3/a
do not pay a levy and are not required to file a
return. However, the comparisons between
ABARE and Table 2-3 data are quite good and
it is considered that the ABARE data for hardwood
saw and veneer logs and for pulp logs can be used
with confidence.
Unfortunately, ABARE includes cypress pine
removals under the total for coniferous logs and a
separate figure is not provided. It is necessary to
extract cypress pine volume and analyse separate
from softwood sawmilling because:
For "Poles, Sleepers and Other", however, the
information is conflicting, where available, and has
been otherwise difficult to uncover. As an interim
measure, it is suggested that the figure of 184,400 m3
(from Section 3.11.) be used as a constant. As poles
represent a considerable carbon store, it is
recommended that this area be investigated further.
CYPRESS PINE
Cypress pine is a small component of the total log
removals accounting for approximately 295,700 m3
in 1997/98 according to State Forest Services annual
reports and private estimates.
Table 2-4:
Cypress pine is a native conifer and
softwood sawmilling largely refers to exotic
species plantations, and
•
Cypress pine is a denser wood than exotic
pines and is used by a totally separate
industry supplying different products to the
market.
A cypress pine figure can be developed from the
ABARE information by applying a conversion factor
to sawnwood consumption and applying a
conversion factor to convert back to equivalent log
removals. It is recommended that ABARE takes
steps to provide a separate entry for cypress pine
sawlog removals. A figure of 315,000 m3 sourced
from the FWPRDC has been used in the model.
This is close to the figure in Table 2-3 indicating
FWPRDC data is likely to be reliable.
Cypress pine log removals for 1997/98 (thousands of m3)
State
Crown1
New South Wales
100.9
33 2
Queensland
122.8
39
TOTAL
223.7
72
GRAND TOTAL - CYPRESS SAWLOGS
295.7
Sources:
•
1
2
Private
State Forest Service annual reports
estimate
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
3
BARK
There has been no accounting for bark in this study
and it is proposed that all bark should be regarded
as being a component of logging slash (harvesting
residue) and accounted for under logging
operations, for the following reasons:
following species/industry headings:
•
Hardwood sawmilling
In most hardwood operations,
logs are debarked in the field.
•
Cypress sawmilling
•
Plywood
In softwood operations, it is estimated
that up to 50% of bark is lost prior to
the logs reaching the mill. Most of this
loss occurs during the mechanised
•
Particleboard and medium
•
Pulp and paper
delimbing and log docking operations.
•
Preservative treated softwood
Most softwood bark recovered at the
mill is used for garden mulch which
it is considered, would have decay
characteristics similar to that of
logging slash.
•
Hardboard
•
Hardwood poles, sleepers
•
Softwood bark is a significant source of carbon with
total bark varying from about 35% of underbark log
volume (not oven dry weight) in Caribbean pine to
20% in radiata pine and hoop pine. Also the carbon
content in bark is higher than in wood because of a
higher presence of flavinoids in bark. It is likely
that, in the future, an increasing proportion of
softwood bark will be used in the co-generation of
energy and it may be reasonable to review this
proposal should the situation change. In the
meantime, it is recommended that the characteristics
of bark such as moisture content, oven dry weight
and carbon content per m3 of bark on the standing
tree, etc, be investigated. This would be useful in the
event that more bark is used for co-generation,
particularly for radiata pine.
While this approach is appropriate at a continental
scale for accounting for wood product alone, and
a general assumption cannot be applied when
calculating a stand-based carbon balance.
Proportions of bark removal for the site may have
a significant impact on stand carbon balance.
4
in Australia have been developed under the
Softwood sawmilling
Logs are sold and log volumes are
recorded on an underbark basis.
•
Wood flows in the various wood products produced
•
•
•
3. WOOD FLOWS FROM PROCESSING
density fibreboard (MDF)
and miscellaneous
•
Export of woodchips and logs.
WOOD FLOW AND THE NATIONAL
CARBON ACCOUNTING MODEL
FOR WOOD PRODUCTS
The Carbon Model develops wood flows separately
for each sector and these are integrated to account
for cross-linkages. This is particularly important in
the accounting for waste or by-products which are
themselves used as resources for other segments of
the industry.
In conjunction with the carbon pool and life cycle of
timber products, this model enables the total and
future carbon pools to be estimated.
In broad terms, the components of the models
developed for each sector are similar, using:
•
An estimate of raw materials input,
whether of sawlogs, woodchips ex-sawmill,
or pulp logs
•
An estimate of the products of processing,
e.g. "x"% sawdust, shavings or sander dust
for on site energy generation or compost,
Australian Greenhouse Office
•
"y"% woodchips for other manufacturing
construction, panelboards for use in
processes, "z"% of sawn timber products,
furniture and cabinets, newsprint paper,
panel products, paper, etc.
writing and printing paper, etc.
An estimate of the proportion of products
•
A final figure for total Australian
consumption by end use categories,
converted to wood fibre content (oven-dry
weight) and to tonnes of carbon.
•
Import and export data were obtained from
the ABARE reports by end use categories.
by product categories, depending on
whether their expected end-use is long term
or short term; e.g. framing timber, dry
dressed boards, cases and pallet stock,
panel products for use in house
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
5
35%
11%
54%
15%
79%
6%
16%
84%
80%
5.5%
14.5%
* Percentages shown for softwood sawmilling, refer to model for hardwood and cypress pine.
Figure 3-1:
6
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Sawmilling Wood Flows
Australian Greenhouse Office
15%
85%
3%
Figure 3-2:
42%
15%
40%
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Wood Flows in Preservative Treated Products
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
7
39%
Round up,
clippings,
core trim
14%
Shrinkage and
compression
47%
21%
Figure 3-3:
8
70%
9%
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Wood Flows in Plywood Production
Australian Greenhouse Office
18%
Waste sander dust
71%
11%
Shrinkage and
compression
19%
34%
10%
37%
* Percentages shown for particleboard manufacture - see model for details on MDF
Figure 3-4:
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Wood flows in MDF and particleboard manufacture
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
9
70%
4%
30%
17.6%
Figure 3-5:
10
Waste
96%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Wood Flows in Pulp and Paper Manufacture
Australian Greenhouse Office
Figure 3-6:
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood Products
- Wood flows in export woodchips and logs
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
11
FIBRE CONTENT OF WOOD
Wood fibre content and carbon content are two
issues common to all of the processing options and
the choice of values adopted has a significant
bearing on the final outcome.
In the case of all sawn timber, treated softwood and
hardwood poles, etc., weighted basic densities for
the species involved have been applied across each
category. Basic density is defined as oven dry
weight divided by green volume and the values
adopted have been based on the CSIRO Division of
Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961,
"Shrinkage and Density of Australian and Other
Woods". Shrinkage data were also obtained from
Technological Paper No. 13. For board products and
paper, however, the situation is different because
all have been subjected to varying amounts
of compression during manufacture and to
compensate for this, their basic densities have
been adjusted accordingly from the air dry density
of the finished products.
It is recommended that refinements to basic density
be made by undertaking more accurate species
weighting and by reviewing some of the CSIRO
data published in 1961.
Carbon content is defined variably throughout the
literature with values ranging from 0.4 to 0.53 of the
oven dry (bone dry) weight. A figure of 0.5 has been
adopted as a starting point to use in the model but
is able to be rapidly changed if needed. This issue is
discussed in more detail in Section 4.
Apart from the assumptions concerning basic
density and carbon content, the other
manufacturing assumptions were developed from
interviews with representatives from the various
industry associations and individual sawmilling
companies. The issues addressed included:
12
•
recoveries of green sawn timber, sawdust
and chip;
•
actual sawn sizes and corresponding
dressed sizes; and
•
the range and proportions of products
produced.
For the softwood sawmilling industry, for example,
weighted averages of the information received have
provided assumptions of quite acceptable quality.
The same applies to the other species/industry
sectors, with the exception of hardwood sawmilling.
SOFTWOOD SAWMILLING
Background
The softwood sawmilling industry in Australia is
largely based on plantations of exotic pines,
although the native pine, hoop pine, is grown in
southern Queensland. Most plantations were
initiated around the 1930’s. Early development was
slow, but momentum was gained in the 60’s and
70’s and the total plantation area is now 948,000 ha.
Softwood processing has matured over recent years
to become a very efficient, highly mechanised and
well integrated industry, comparable with any of its
overseas counterparts. Growth of the industry will
occur as the plantations mature, although further
growth of the softwood plantation estate is expected
to be relatively small, reflecting a current preference
by plantation growers to invest in shorter rotation
hardwood species.
Most softwood mills are large, with up to 500,000
m3/a log intake. Most of the sawn timber is
seasoned and dressed. Value-adding options such as
machine stress grading, glue lamination and finger
jointing are common.
Nearly all softwood mills are now operating on zero
waste, with all slabs and edgings being chipped for
paper pulp or panelboard feedstock and the
sawdust and shavings being used for boiler fuel to
provide energy for kiln drying. In some cases, some
of this material is sold for composting, but this is
unlikely to continue if the co-generation of
electricity becomes more financially attractive.
Australian Greenhouse Office
Information sources and assumptions
used in the Carbon Model
Basic Density
A basic density of 415 kg/m3 is used. This is sourced
from the CSIRO Division of Forest Products,
Technology Paper No. 13, 1961 and is based on a
weighted average of the respective volumes of
radiata pine, slash pine, Caribbean pine and hoop
pine that are harvested.
Other Information Sources
•
The destinations of sawlogs and sawn
timber products were sourced from
representative sawmills in South Australia,
Tasmania, Queensland and the ACT
and from Pine Australia.
•
Import and export figures were derived
from ABARE’s Forest Products Statistics –
March 1999.
HARDWOOD SAWMILLING
Background
The hardwood sawmilling sector is quite different
from the softwood sector being characterised by a
large number of small mills; even the very few large
hardwood mills are much smaller than the average
softwood mill.
In recent years, the hardwood industry has
undergone considerable change in response to
reductions in their traditional resource base and to
the impact that softwood framing has had on the
traditional green hardwood framing market.
As indicated earlier, the hardwood plantation
resource is expanding and removals from hardwood
plantations have been included in the total
hardwood removals. The current area of hardwood
plantations is 287,000 ha and is expected to grow by
70,000 ha in 1999/2000. Most of this material is
currently of pulp log quality, but more sawlogs will
be harvested as the resource matures.
There is a reasonable degree of integration in the
hardwood industry, however integration is difficult
for the smaller more remote mills.
The hardwood sawmilling industry is far more
complex and varied than any of the other sectors.
There are at least 10 major species throughout the
country, all having different densities and shrinkage
rates, and to a great extent having different end
uses. This sector has not been addressed in this pilot
study in nearly the same detail as was applied to the
softwood sawmilling sector and the outcome should
be regarded as indicative only. It is recommended
that further work be done on hardwood sawmilling
and that the possibility of splitting it into
regions/species groups be considered.
Information sources and assumptions
used in the Carbon Model
Other Information Sources
Assumptions on the product out-turn from
hardwood sawmilling have been sourced from the
Victorian Association of Forest Industries and a
large sawmilling company operating mills in
Queensland, NSW and Tasmania.
Sawlog volumes produced and import/export data
have been sourced from ABARE.
Basic density of hardwood
A basic density of 630 kg/m3 is assumed for
hardwood sawlogs. This is an average of the
following ten commonly logged hardwoods: spotted
gum (E. maculata), blackbutt (E. pilularis),
rose gum (E. grandis), jarrah (E. marginata), karri
(E. diversicolor), mountain ash (E. regnans), alpine ash
(E. delegatensis), silvertop (E. sieberi), brown barrel
(E. fastigata) and messmate stringybark (E. obliqua).
The basic density assumed for poles and sleepers is
790 kg/m3. This is an average of spotted gum,
ironbark and blackbutt - the main species used.
Hardwood chips are lower in average density than
either sawlogs or poles and sleepers as they contain
a wider range of species as well as younger
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
13
regrowth and plantation material. An average basic
density of 570 kg/m3 is assumed. This is sourced
from Chin (pers. comm.) of CSIRO.
Other Information Sources
Assumptions on the product out-turn from
hardwood sawmilling have been sourced from the
Victorian Association of Forest Industries and a
large sawmilling company operating mills in
Queensland, NSW and Tasmania.
Sawlog volumes produced and import/export data
have been sourced from ABARE.
CYPRESS SAWMILLING
The cypress sawmilling industry is restricted to the
native cypress pine forests in Queensland and New
South Wales. The quantity of logs removed is small
and the data are currently included in the coniferous
forest information in the ABARE quarterly reports.
Data from industry sources and from the annual
reports of the Forest Services of Queensland and
New South Wales indicate that log removals in
1997/98 were approximately 296,000 m3.
In addition to plywood veneer, sliced or rotary
peeled decorative veneer is produced in small
quantities for furniture, door and panel overlays.
This production is not recorded separately by
ABARE (we recommend it should be). Jaakko Pöyry
Consulting estimates annual production is less than
10,000 m3.
Data sources used in the model for plywood
were from ABARE and the Plywood Association
of Australia. These data sources are considered
to be reliable.
PARTICLEBOARD AND MEDIUM DENSITY
FIBREBOARD (MDF)
The characteristics of these two wood panelboards
are different, but their feedstock and end use
product categories are similar. Their densities are,
however, different.
The industry consists of several relatively small,
low technology mills operating on a scattered
resource. Because of the distances involved,
integration with other processing sectors is difficult,
however some cypress pine chips are being used
in panelboard manufacture.
Particleboard and MDF plants are large-scale
operations and they are usually located close to their
resource. Both require low cost material as input
using either small logs unsuited to sawmilling, or
woodchips produced as a by-product of sawmilling.
Most of the feedstock is from softwood plantations,
although some regrowth hardwood is being used in
a plant in Tasmania and some cypress pine is being
used in a plant in Queensland. Total production in
1998 was 501,000 m3 MDF and 882,000 m3 of
particleboard (ABARE).
The products are principally green framing and
high value flooring and dressed panelling.
In terms of trade, Australia is a net exporter of
particleboard and MDF.
PLYWOOD (SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD)
AND VENEER
The Australian plywood industry is based
principally on plantation grown softwoods and
about 8% hardwoods, both native and plantation
grown. Large, high quality logs, for which premium
prices are paid, are preferred.
In volume terms, the plywood industry is small,
but it uses high technology and produces a variety
of products. Total production in 1998 was only
170,000 m3 (ABARE).
14
The industry source used for information on
processing assumptions in the Carbon Model was
the Australian Wood Panels Association.
Data reliability is considered to be high.
PULP AND PAPER
Pulp and paper plants are very large-scale
industries requiring large volumes of low cost
resource. Plantation grown softwood fibre provides
the major resource but hardwood and recycled fibre
is also important. Accounting for this sector is
complicated by the fact that recycled fibre is
exported and pulp is imported.
Australian Greenhouse Office
Table 3-1:
Paper statistics - 1998
(000s tonnes)
Production
Exports
Imports
Consumption
Newsprint
444
18
290
716
Printing and writing
424
47
577
954
Tissue
191
15
32
208
Packaging and industrial
1,483
357
255
1,381
TOTAL
2,542
437
1,154
3,259
Source:
Pulp and Paper Perspective, Vol. 19, No. 1, Nov. 1998, PPMFA
Australia has 5 pulp and paper mills. Production statistics for 1998 are shown in Table 3-1.
The quantities of raw materials used in the manufacture of paper are shown in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2:
Raw materials used in paper manufacture in 1998
(000s tonnes sold as "air dried")
Production
Exports
Imports
Consumption
Mechanical
345
0
2
347
Chemical
456
0
168
624
Semi-chemical
135
0
10
145
Recycled fibre (from wastepaper)
1,289
0
0
1,289
TOTAL
2,225
0
180
2,405
Source:
Pulp and Paper Perspective, Vol. 19, No. 1, Nov. 1998, PPMFA
While ABARE data provides some useful
information, the Pulp and Paper Manufacturers
Federation of Australia (PPMFA) provide a more
detailed source of information.
Data are published by the PPMFA on their web site
www.ppmfa.com.au; data are available back to
1981/82. In fact, ABARE uses the PPMFA as
a data source and the reported production figures
are identical.
Production figures in the Carbon Model in this
study are derived from assumed raw material usage
and conversion figures rather than reported
industry figures. This is important for modelling
wood flows through the product cycle and is
consistent with the approach used in the model for
other industry sectors, apart from export woodchips
which uses ABARE statistics for export quantities in
bone dry tonnes.
The model-derived paper production estimates are
15% lower than the ABARE or PPMFA figures.
The reason for this is that the model calculates the
wood-only raw material requirements for pulp and
paper in "oven dry tonnes" while pulp reported
figures are in "air dry tonnes" which contain
approximately 10% moisture and 2-25% of nonwood fillers depending on the process.
A complicating factor in the assumptions on waste
with the pulp and paper stream is the fact that mills
vary dramatically in their recovery according to
type. Kraft pulp mills typically have a low yield of
fibre (∼ 50%) whereas thermo-mechanical mills have
a high yield (∼ 95%). Based on weighted inputs,
a yield of 70% has been adopted.
PRESERVATIVE TREATED SOFTWOOD
Both hardwood and softwood can be preservative
treated, but only softwood has been allocated a
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
15
separate category in this project. This is because
treated sawn softwood has some use categories
which are different to untreated softwood, whereas
hardwood is usually treated so that the sapwood
can be protected against borer attack and its use is
then the same as for untreated hardwood.
Miscellaneous includes a range of products such as
Treated softwood poles and posts have also been
included with sawn softwood, but treated hardwood
poles and piles have been included with sleepers
and other miscellaneous hardwood products.
and further work is recommended.
The ABARE statistics do not list treated timber of
any description. The information used in the model
has been obtained from the Timber Preservers
Association of Australia.
HARDBOARD
The hardboard industry in Australia is quite small,
with only two plants in operation. One is at Ipswich
(Queensland) and the other is at Raymond Terrace
(NSW). Hardwood is used for feedstock, sourced
from pulp logs and sawmill residue. Total
production in 1998 was approximately 69,000 m3
(Jaakko Pöyry Consulting estimate).
The technology is quite old, but the products are
unique and have niche markets that are likely to
endure the competition from other panel products.
Both hardboard producers were contacted during
the study for manufacturing assumptions.
HARDWOOD POLES, SLEEPERS
AND MISCELLANEOUS
The existing stock of hardwood transmission poles
in Australia is reputed to number about 6,000,000
and production is estimated to be about 100,000
poles per annum, equivalent to about 75,000 m3
of log.
Railway sleepers also represent a considerable
resource, and although concrete sleepers are now
used for all new work, timber sleepers will continue
to be used for the maintenance of secondary lines.
16
mining, fencing and landscaping timbers.
As mentioned in Section 2.2, the log removals
information for this group is conflicting and difficult
to uncover. A provisional constant of 184,400 m3 has
been proposed for use in the model (see Table 2-2)
LOG AND WOODCHIP EXPORTS
Woodchip Exports
Export woodchips constitute a significant
proportion of the annual harvest from Australian
forests. The ABARE quarterly forest products
statistics gives 1,044,700 bone dry tonnes (BDt) of
softwood chips and 3,269,900 BDt of hardwood
chips exported in 1997/98. The total, 4,314,600 BDt,
is equivalent to 216 million tonnes of carbon (using
a conversion of 50%).
The Carbon Model uses the ABARE reported export
figures directly in bone dry tonnes. However, the
export controls have now been lifted on woodchips
and it may be difficult for ABS to get reliable data in
the future. Individual chip export companies keep
details of green tonnes exported and they have a
conversion factor to give tonnes of bone dry fibre
for the various species involved. These data could
be obtained on an annual basis, either from
individual companies or through the NAFI
woodchip exporters group.
Log Exports
Total exports of coniferous logs for 1997/98
consisted of 330,000 m3 of sawlog and 36,000 m3 of
pulp log. Hardwood log exports were 2,700 m3.
"Other" log exports came to 21,900 m3 (ABARE).
The log export trade is a relatively small part of
Australia’s forest products trade. It is, however
likely to increase as the "Asian crisis" stabilises and
more ports are utilised.
Australian Greenhouse Office
4. CARBON CONTENT OF PRODUCTS
applies to the relatively minor amounts of starch,
resins and other extractives that are present in wood.
In the literature cited, carbon content varied between
0.4 to 0.53 of the oven dry (bone dry) weight.
Hillis further advises however, that the carbon
content of bark is often quite different and that in
radiata pine, the proportion of flavinoids is about
35% of the total composition. Flavinoids are high in
carbon (C15H11O6) and have 80% carbon by weight.
This would give a total carbon content of radiata
pine bark of approximately 54%.
The following is taken from Appendix II, "Costs of
Carbon Sequestration through Afforestation:
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Australian Transport"
Working Paper 23, Bureau of Transport and
Communications Economics:
Various factors are used to convert biomass and wood
to elemental carbon.
Turner (1990, p. 2) divides the weight of wood by
1.74. This is equivalent to wood being 44% carbon.
Barson and Gifford (1989a, p. 437) assume that
carbon comprises 50% of dry biomass as do Grierson
et al (1991a, p. 250).
On the basis that most organic matter in wood fits
the formula CnH2nOn, Boardman (pers. comm.,
October 1995) suggests that 40% wood biomass is
carbon.
McLaren and Wakelin (1991) note that various
studies have used conversion figures for oven dry
weight to weight of elemental carbon of 42% to 53%.
They conclude that 49.6% is an appropriate figure for
radiata pine in New Zealand.
In the Carbon Model a figure of 50% carbon by
weight of oven dry wood has been used as a default
but may be readily changed as required. This figure
is consistent with that used in the Greenhouse
Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998, but
given the wide range of carbon contents quoted in
the literature, it is recommended that further
investigations of this issue be undertaken.
5. LIFE SPAN OF TIMBER PRODUCTS
The life span of timber products are critical in
ascertaining the quantity of carbon stored in timber
products. The Land Use Change and Forestry
Workbook 4.2 identifies four pools:
In another study undertaken in the UK (Thompson
and Matthews, 1989), 42% is used for softwoods and
45% for hardwood, however none of these
references show how the values used were derived.
A conversion of 0.5 is used in the Greenhouse
Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998.
Hillis (pers. comm.), from CSIRO, has provided the
same advice as Boardman. He makes the point that
the cellulose in wood is very similar in structure to
glucose, the formula for which is C6H12O6 and that
based on atomic weights, there is 40% by mass of
carbon in cellulose. Hemicellulose and lignin, the
other two principal components of wood, vary in
structure from cellulose, but they still have C, H
and O in about the same proportions and the same
•
short term (decaying in the year of harvest)
- paper, etc;
•
short medium term (decaying over 10
years) - panel products, e.g. fibreboard;
•
medium long term (decaying over 25 years)
sawn timber, e.g. packing crates, furniture;
and
•
long term (decaying over 50 years) building construction and fence posts.
In the Supplement to the Workbook (1998), the short
term pool decay rate was changed to three years.
In this study, considerable attention has been given
to subdividing the various timber products pools
into different classes and the life spans assigned
vary from those in the workbook. Decay rates used
assume a constant decay over the lifespan.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
17
The assumption of constant decay may not be valid
and requires further investigation.
•
Hardboard – weathertex, lining,
bracing, underlay.
HOUSING SECTOR
The housing sector in Australia constitutes the most
significant long term pool of carbon derived from
wood products and, at this stage, a life cycle of 90
years is being nominated for Australian housing for
the following reasons:
•
Preservative treated pine – sawn
structural timber.
•
•
•
•
Most of Australia’s housing is well in excess
of 50 years old.
50 years is the figure used by engineers
as the minimum life of housing for design
purposes and clearly almost all housing
exists for much longer than this.
Houses are demolished for purposes of site
redevelopment and road construction and
there is also an attrition due to cyclones,
fires etc.
90 years is nominated as an interim
measure but more detailed investigation
is recommended.
LIFE SPAN POOLS ASSUMED FOR
MODELLING IN THIS STUDY
Pool 5 – Long Term Products
The following products are used predominantly in
house construction and are therefore regarded as
having a life cycle of 90 years:
18
Pool 4
A 50 year life span has been nominated for:
•
Preservative treated pine – poles
and roundwood.
•
Softwood – furniture.
•
Hardwood – poles, piles and girders.
Pool 3
30 years has been nominated for:
•
Plywood – other (noise barriers).
•
Particleboard and MDF – kitchen
and bathroom cabinets, furniture.
•
Preservative treated pine – decking
and palings.
•
Hardwood – sleepers and other
miscellaneous hardwood products.
Pool 2
10 years has been nominated for:
•
Hardwood – pallets and palings.
•
Particleboard and MDF
– shop fitting, DIY, miscellaneous.
•
Hardboard – packaging.
•
Softwood – framing, dressed products
(flooring, lining, mouldings).
•
Cypress – green framing, dressed products
(flooring, lining).
•
Hardwood – green framing, dried framing,
flooring and boards, furniture timber.
•
Softwood – pallets and cases.
•
Plywood – formboard.
•
Plywood – structural, LVL, flooring,
bracing, lining.
•
Paper and paper products.
•
Particleboard and MDF – flooring
and lining.
Pool 1 – Short Term Products
3 years has been nominated for:
Australian Greenhouse Office
DISCUSSION
The lifetime in use and the final disposal methods of
wood products are the areas of greatest potential
inaccuracy and where we would recommend to the
AGO that more investigation be done. Large
proportions of the products can survive in a landfill,
for example, for very long periods (Skog &
Nicholson, 1998).
As can be seen, these factors have a greater weight
than the actual initial lifetime of paper and
packaging products in determining carbon emissions.
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting’s Carbon Model treats all
short life products such as paper and paper
products as decaying within 3 years with
consequent C emissions to the atmosphere.
In fact, the effects of disposal methods in landfills
and recycling could significantly prolong the period
of carbon sequestration.
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting has made preliminary
estimates of average lifetime in use for paper and
paperboard products:
This area needs more investigation and is
recommended for additional study by the AGO.
Tissue
3 months
Newsprint
1 month (with eventual disposal
6. POOL OF WOOD PRODUCTS IN SERVICE
landfill where average life may
be 30 years)
Packaging
HOUSING
The number of houses, as well as their longevity, is
required to calculate the major pool of solid wood.
15 months (with eventual disposal
landfill where average life may
be 30 years)
Printing
3 years (with eventual disposal
and Writing
landfill where average life may
The total number of private dwellings in Australia
at the time of the 1996 census was 7,019,300 of
which 5,366,500 (76%) were separate houses and a
further 574,100 (8.2%) were either semi-detached,
townhouses, row or terrace houses (see Table 6-1.).
Unfortunately the categories for recording private
dwellings have been subject to minor changes over
the years, with the most recent change being in
1991. Nonetheless, "Total Private Houses" has been
recorded for every census back to 1911 when the
number of private dwellings was 928,862.
be 30 years)
There is also the factor of recycling which extends
the time between cutting down the tree and eventual
disposal to landfill, etc. As a starting point, Jaakko
Pöyry Consulting assumes fibre in packaging and
newsprint grades is recycled 5 times; printing and
writing papers twice and tissue zero. For packaging
grades, which are largely recycled fibre, the effective
lifetime is 6 x 15 months = 7.5 years.
Table 6-1:
Private dwellings in Australia
1991 (‘000)
Separate houses
1996 (‘000)
4,947.2
(76.7%)
5,366.5
(76.4%)
Semi-detached/Row/Terrace/Townhouses
509.6
(7.9%)
574.1
(8.2%)
Flats/Apartments/Units
780.5
(12.1%)
930.9
(13.2%)
Caravans/Other/Not stated
212.9
(3.3%)
147.8
(2.2%)
TOTAL
Source:
6,450.1
7,019.3
Australian Census 1991, 1996
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
19
Factors not included in the census however are that
the average floor area of houses increased by about
19% between 1982 and 1997 (BIS Shrapnel – Sawn
Timber in Australia, 1996-2011) and that there has
been an increase in house renovations and extensions.
"Year Book Australia 1995" mentions that 67% of
houses approved in 1992/93 used brick veneer
cladding and 7% used timber cladding. Brick veneer
is most popular in the ACT with 97% of approvals.
It is least popular in Western Australia, the
Northern Territory and parts of northern
Queensland where the roof frame is generally of
timber, but the walls are usually cavity brick or
concrete block.
Some brick veneer houses use steel framing,
although nationally the use of timber framing for
brick veneer, fibreboard and timber clad houses is
quite high at around 95%.
Figure 6-1:
The number of new separate houses built over the
30 year period 1968/69 to 1997/98 was 3,063,593.
This is an average of 102,119 per year.
The timber volume used in a 2-storey brick veneer
house of 180 m2 total floor area, with the lower floor
of concrete slab and the upper of timber, has been
calculated at 13.88 m3. Timber cladding on the upper
storey would add 3.1 m3. (Source: D.M. Greve and
W.I. Diehm, "Timber volumes used in house
construction", Queensland Department of Forestry,
Timber Trends No. 2, 1985.)
MODELLING APPROACH TO CARBON
SEQUESTRATION IN HOUSING
There are a number of possible methods for
modelling how much carbon is sequestered in
existing houses and the rate at which this will be
released. The approach adopted in the Carbon
Model has been to:
Australian housing starts (1955-98)
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
20
Australian Greenhouse Office
•
Use historical data on new house construction
•
Available data on housing starts go back to
1955; What was the level of new housing
preceding this?
•
What is the level of wood in new dwellings
and how has this changed over time?
•
Is a constant annual decay rate over 90
years realistic for housing or is some other
relationship more appropriate?
(housing starts) as a base (actual data 19551987 assumed housing starts pre-1955).
•
Assume an average wood content per house.
This figure can be adjusted at any year in the
model to allow for changes in building sizes,
styles and wood content.
As a starting point, we have assumed a wood
consumption of 15 m3/house in the early
1900’s reducing to 13 m3/house currently.
Note, the 15 m /house is an estimate and is
3
not based on research.
•
Convert the total wood content to a carbon
equivalent. A basic density reduction from an
CARBON STARTING LEVELS IN
OTHER POOLS
The suggested approach to estimating carbon
starting levels for products with shorter life spans
than timber in housing is to:
•
Use historical production and import data
for each of the main product types, e.g.
plywood, MDF, paper and paper products.
assumed.
•
Convert this to carbon equivalents.
Assume a constant decay rate over 90
•
Apply a decay rate based on the assumed
product life or pool.
average of 600 kg/m3 in the early 1900’s to
450 kg/m3 has been used for timber in
houses. A carbon equivalent of 50% has been
•
years, i.e. 1.11% of the carbon content is
lost each year.
This is a recommended follow-up activity.
Using this methodology, the starting values (1997)
for accumulated carbon in the existing carbon pool,
carbon was estimated as 15.8 million tonnes.
Aspects of this approach, which will require further
research and development include:
Table 6-2:
As a starting point (1997) for the Carbon Model,
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting have assumed starting
values for the carbon pools (other than housing),
based on preliminary trend estimates. The start
point for the Carbon Model are shown in Table 6-2.
Preliminary estimate of carbon currently in storage (millions tonnes C)
ACCOUNTING APPROACH
Decay period (yrs)
IPCC default
Stock-change
Production
Pool 1
3
0
7.3
12.5
Pool 2
10
0
1.0
1.0
Pool 3
30
0
4.0
4.0
Pool 4
50
0
3.0
3.0
Pool 5
90
0
15.8
9.5
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
21
7. CARBON ACCOUNTING METHODS AND
IMPLICATIONS ON CARBON POOL
An expert group from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change met in Dakar1 in May 1998 to evaluate
approaches for estimating net emissions of CO2 from
forest harvesting and wood products. In their Dakar
report , four approaches were evaluated:
•
The current IPCC default approach. - All
CO2 emissions and removals associated
with forest harvesting and the oxidation
of wood products are accounted for by the
country in which the wood was grown and
in the year of harvesting.
•
The stock-change approach. - Changes in
carbon stock in forests are accounted for in
the country in which the wood is grown,
referred to as the producing country.
Changes in the products pool are accounted
for in the country where the products are
used, referred to as the consuming country.
•
The production approach. - Stock changes
derived from forests are accounted for in
the producing country. The carbon
contained in exported wood products
remains accounted for in the carbon stock
of the producing country.
1
•
The atmospheric-flow approach. - Removals
of carbon from the atmosphere due to forest
growth is accounted for in the producing
country, while emissions of carbon to the
atmosphere from oxidation of harvested
wood products are accounted for in the
consuming country.
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting has included the capacity
to model carbon sequestered by the IPCC default,
stock change and production approach into the
National Carbon Accounting Model for Wood
Products. The atmospheric flow approach has not
been attempted due to its complexity and
conceptual difficulty. The results of these
approaches contained in the model should be
regarded as preliminary. Jaakko Pöyry Consulting
provides this capacity purely so the user can
experiment with the affects of the different
approaches. The interpretation of the different
approaches is our own.
IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES
A paper by Ford-Robertson, Robertson and Sligh in
Appita 1999 – "Implications of Carbon Accounting
Methods for Harvested Wood Products in New
Zealand" found that the different accounting
methods under review by the IPCC had profoundly
different effects on New Zealand’s carbon balance
during the commitment period 2008-2012 under the
Kyoto Protocol (refer to Figure 7-1.)
Evaluating Approaches for Estimating Net Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from Forest Harvesting and Wood Products
22
Australian Greenhouse Office
Figure 7-1:
Impact of different wood products’ accounting methodologies
in New Zealand over the commitment period 2008-2012
Source: Ford-Robertson, J., Robertson, K. and Sligh, P (1999).
Implications of carbon accounting methods for harvested wood products in New Zealand. Appita ’99, pp 681-688.
The impact of applying the three approaches
using model developed in this study is shown
in the following figures. These assume production
remains constant at 1998 levels over the next 10
year period. All assumptions in regard to
manufacturing also remain the same.
Figure 7-2:
Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the IPCC default approach
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
23
Figure 7-3:
Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the stock-change approach
Figure 7-4:
Indicative carbon stocks in Australia using the production approach
It is emphasised that the Model’s outputs are
indicative as they are based on, as yet, only crude
estimates of the accumulated carbon pool to date.
Importantly, however, the Model provides a
mechanism by which Australia’s carbon stocks can be
determined using different accounting approaches.
24
An important follow-up to this study will be the
refinement of the Model to study the impact on
Australia of the different approaches over the first
commitment period 2008-2012.
Australian Greenhouse Office
8. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR ONGOING DATA COLLECTION
AND FUTURE RESEARCH
This is fundamental to any evaluation of
carbon sequestration in wood products.
Although there are considerable references
already on this subject, there is enough
confusion over the wide range of carbon
contents reported to make an objective
selection of the most appropriate carbon
content difficult. The model uses 50%
carbon by dry weight as a default starting
point for all products but may be readily
changed. This is simplistic and needs to
be refined to provide greater precision in
determining carbon estimates.
IMPROVE DATA ON HARDWOOD
•
Hardwood logs from plantations should
be reported separately in ABARE.
•
ABARE data on hardwood poles and
sleepers is unreliable. Producers should be
approached to improve data reliability.
•
Hardwood sawmilling input data for the
Carbon Model could be disaggregated into
3 regions to improve its precision.
The suggested regions are:
1.
Western Australia
2.
Queensland and
Northern New South Wales
3.
Tasmania, Victoria
LIFE SPAN OF TIMBER PRODUCTS
•
A provisional life span of 90 years for wood
in houses is proposed. This is not based
on detailed research. More work is needed
to refine/verify the figure for carbon
modelling purposes.
•
SOFTWOODS
•
ABARE appears to be a reliable source for
ongoing data collection.
•
products, especially paper and packaging,
which are often recycled should be more
thoroughly researched.
Cypress sawlog harvest data should,
however, be reported separately by ABARE.
At present, these data appear to be included
along with other softwoods.
•
•
Further research into the carbon content of
the species used in Australia is needed.
The final disposal method of wood products
consumed in Australia is not well
researched. How much wastepaper,
for example, is disposed of in landfill
sites which are reported to be effective
BARK
Bark has not been accounted for in the model.
A better understanding of the carbon content of
bark and its destination and use after harvesting is
needed to account for this significant carbon source.
WOOD PROPERTIES
•
The average basic densities used in the
model need to be reviewed. More accurate
species weighting may need to be applied,
particularly for hardwoods where a large
range of species with an equally large range
in density are utilised.
Similarly, the effective life span of other
carbon sinks?
•
Confirmation of the carbon sequestration
effects of landfill sites is needed in Australia.
ACCOUNTING APPROACHES
FOR CARBON IN WOOD PRODUCTS
The IPCC are reviewing four different approaches to
carbon accounting. Which approach is adopted can
significantly affect carbon balances at the national
level and has implications for data gathering and
reporting. More detailed modelling of the various
approaches for Australian wood production should
be a high priority leading up to the first
commitment period from 2008-2012.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
25
SELECTED REFERENCES
ABARE (1998). Forest Products Statistics – March
Quarter 1999.
Centre for International Economics (1999).
Early greenhouse action. Report prepared for
the Australian Greenhouse Office, June 1999.
Australian Greenhouse Office (1998b). Greenhouse
Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook.
CSIRO Division of Forest Products (1961).
Technological Paper No. 13, "Shrinkage and density
of Australian and other woods".
Australian Greenhouse Office (1998a). National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Land Use Change
and Forestry. Workbook for carbon dioxide
from the biosphere. Workbook 4.2 with
Supplements, 1998.
Ford-Robertson, J., Robertson, K. and Sligh, P.
(1999). Implications of carbon accounting methods
for harvested wood products in New Zealand. Proc.
Appita Conference ’99, pp 681-688.
BIS Shrapnel (1996). Sawn timber in Australia,
1996-2011.
Brown, S., Lim, B. and Schlamadinger, B. (1998).
Evaluating approaches for estimating net emissions
of carbon dioxide from forest harvesting and wood
products. IPCC/OECD/IEA Programme on
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Meeting
Report, Dakar, Senegal, 5-7 May 1998.
Bureau of Transport and Communications
Economics (1996). Trees and greenhouse:
Costs of sequestering Australian transport
emissions. Working Paper 23, April 1996.
26
Forwood Canberra (1974). Report of Panel 2 - Forest
Resources. Forestry and Wood-Based Industries
Development Conference, Canberra, 1974.
Greve, D.M. and Diehm, W.I. (1985). Timber volumes
used in house construction. Queensland
Department of Forestry, Timber Trends
No. 2, 1985.
PPMFA (1998). Pulp and Paper Perspective, (19,1)
Nov. 1998.
Skog & Nicholson (1998). Carbon cycling through
Wood Products; The role of wood and paper
products in carbon sequestration. Forest Products
Journal, Vol. 48 No. 7/8, pp 75-83, 1998.
Australian Greenhouse Office
GLOSSARY
%
percent
°C
degrees Celsius
a
year
ABARE
Australian Bureau of Resource Economics
ABS
Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACT
Australian Capital Territory
ADt
air dry tonnes
AGO
Australian Greenhouse Office
air dry density
mass of wood in the air dry condition divided by volume of wood in the air dry condition
basic density
mass of oven dry wood divided by volume of green wood
BDt
bone dry tonne
cm
Centimetres
CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
FWPRDC
Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation
g
gram
green density
mass of freshly felled wood divided by volume of green wood
h
hour
ha
hectare (10,000 m2 = 2.47 acres)
IPCC
International Panel on Climate Change
kg
kilogram
km
kilometre
LVL
laminated veneer lumber
M
million
m
metres
m
square metres
m
cubic metres
m /ha.a
cubic metres per hectare per annum
MDF
medium density fibreboard
ml
millilitre
NAFI
National Association of Forest Industries
NSW
New South Wales
ob
over bark
ODt
oven dry tonne
OSB
oriented strand board
PPMFA
Pulp & Paper Manufacturers Federation of Australia
t
tonne
Tg
1012 grams
ub
underbark
2
3
3
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
27
28
Australian Greenhouse Office
Loss from forest pool (000’s tC)
-7,000
-6,000
-5,000
-4,000
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
LOSS FROM FOREST POOL
tC (000’s)
Units
Notes
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
IPCC DEFAULT
-5,959
1998
-5,959
1999
-5,959
2000
-5,959
2001
-5,959
2002
-5,959
2003
-5,959
2004
-5,959
2005
-5,959
2006
-5,959
2007
APPENDIX 1
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
29
30
Australian Greenhouse Office
CARBON LOSS THROUGH DECAY
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
CARBON POOL PREVIOUS + ADDITIONS
ADDITION TO CARBON POOL
PRE-START CARBON POOL
Pool
DECAY LIFE
Pool
Notes
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s) 60% of 15,800 (40% imported)
tC (000’s)
Years
Years
Years
Years
Years
Units
LIFE CYCLE-PRODUCTION
8,300
1,000
4,000
3,000
9,500
25,800
3
10
30
50
90
-4,157
-114
-145
-64
-117
-4,596
12,470
1,138
4,348
3,190
10,533
31,678
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
1998
-4,161
-116
-152
-66
-127
-4,622
12,483
1,162
4,551
3,316
11,449
32,960
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
1999
-4,164
-118
-158
-69
-137
-4,647
12,492
1,183
4,747
3,439
12,355
34,216
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2000
-4,166
-120
-165
-71
-147
-4,669
12,498
1,203
4,936
3,560
13,251
35,448
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2001
-4,167
-122
-171
-74
-157
-4,691
12,502
1,220
5,119
3,679
14,136
36,657
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2002
-4,168
-124
-177
-76
-167
-4,711
12,504
1,236
5,296
3,795
15,012
37,844
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2003
-4,169
-125
-182
-78
-176
-4,731
12,506
1,250
5,467
3,909
15,879
39,012
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2004
-4,169
-126
-188
-80
-186
-4,749
12,507
1,263
5,633
4,021
16,735
40,159
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2005
-4,169
-127
-193
-83
-195
-4,768
12,508
1,275
5,793
4,130
17,582
41,288
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2006
-4,169
-129
-198
-85
-205
-4,786
12,508
1,285
5,948
4,237
18,420
42,398
4,170
138
348
190
1,033
5,878
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
31
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
5,000
0
20,000
15,000
10,000
30,000
25,000
40,000
35,000
CHANGE IN CARBON POOL
CARBON POOL
Carbon pool (000’s tC)
Change in carbon pool (000’s tC)
1998
1998
1999
1999
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
2000
2000
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Units
2001
2001
Notes
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
13
24
203
126
916
1,282
8,313
1,024
4,203
3,126
10,416
27,082
1998
9
22
196
124
906
1,256
8,322
1,046
4,399
3,250
11,322
28,338
1999
6
19
189
121
896
1,232
8,328
1,065
4,588
3,371
12,218
29,569
2000
4
18
183
119
886
1,209
8,332
1,083
4,772
3,489
13,103
30,779
2001
3
16
177
116
876
1,188
8,334
1,098
4,949
3,605
13,979
31,966
2002
2
14
171
114
866
1,167
8,336
1,113
5,120
3,719
14,846
33,133
2003
1
13
165
112
857
1,148
8,337
1,125
5,285
3,831
15,702
34,281
2004
1
11
160
109
847
1,129
8,338
1,137
5,445
3,940
16,549
35,410
2005
1
10
155
107
838
1,110
8,339
1,147
5,600
4,048
17,387
36,520
2006
0
9
149
105
828
1,093
8,339
1,157
5,749
4,153
18,215
37,613
2007
32
Australian Greenhouse Office
CARBON LOSS THROUGH DECAY
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
CARBON POOL PREVIOUS + ADDITIONS
ADDITION TO CARBON POOL
PRE-START CARBON POOL
Pool
DECAY LIFE
Pool
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Years
Years
Years
Years
Years
Units
Notes
LIFE CYCLE-STOCK CHANGE
4,900
1,000
4,000
3,000
15,800
28,700
3
10
30
50
90
-2,450
-114
-145
-63
-189
-2,959
7,349
1,138
4,335
3,127
16,990
32,939
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
1998
-2,449
-116
-151
-64
-200
-2,980
7,348
1,162
4,526
3,191
17,992
34,218
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
1999
-2,449
-118
-157
-65
-211
-3,000
7,347
1,183
4,710
3,254
18,982
35,477
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2000
-2,449
-120
-163
-66
-222
-3,020
7,347
1,203
4,888
3,316
19,962
36,715
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2001
-2,449
-122
-169
-68
-233
-3,040
7,346
1,220
5,060
3,377
20,930
37,933
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2002
-2,449
-124
-174
-69
-243
-3,058
7,346
1,236
5,226
3,436
21,888
39,132
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2003
-2,449
-125
-180
-70
-254
-3,077
7,346
1,250
5,387
3,494
22,835
40,313
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2004
-2,449
-126
-185
-71
-264
-3,095
7,346
1,263
5,542
3,551
23,771
41,474
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2005
-2,449
-127
-190
-72
-274
-3,112
7,346
1,275
5,693
3,607
24,698
42,618
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2006
-2,449
-129
-195
-73
-285
-3,130
7,346
1,285
5,838
3,662
25,613
43,744
2,449
138
335
127
1,190
4,239
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
33
Carbon pool (000’s tC)
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1998
1998
CHANGE IN CARBON POOL
CARBON POOL
Change in carbon pool (000’s tC)
1999
1999
1
2
3
4
5
total
1
2
3
4
5
total
2000
2000
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Units
2001
2001
Notes
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
-1
24
191
64
1,002
1,279
4,899
1,024
4,191
3,064
16,802
29,979
1998
-1
22
184
63
990
1,259
4,898
1,046
4,375
3,127
17,792
31,238
1999
0
19
178
62
979
1,238
4,898
1,065
4,553
3,189
18,771
32,476
2000
0
18
172
61
968
1,218
4,898
1,083
4,725
3,250
19,740
33,695
2001
0
16
166
59
958
1,199
4,898
1,098
4,891
3,309
20,697
34,894
2002
0
14
161
58
947
1,180
4,898
1,113
5,052
3,367
21,645
36,074
2003
0
13
155
57
937
1,162
4,897
1,125
5,207
3,424
22,581
37,236
2004
0
11
150
56
926
1,144
4,897
1,137
5,358
3,480
23,507
38,379
2005
0
10
145
55
916
1,126
4,897
1,147
5,503
3,535
24,423
39,505
2006
0
9
140
54
906
1,109
4,897
1,157
5,643
3,588
25,329
40,615
2007
34
Australian Greenhouse Office
Estimated proportion of exported products
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
total
Exports of coniferous sawnwood
%
%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
total
%
Estimated proportion of imported products
Framing
m3 (000’s)
Proportion of import as preservative treated timber
m3 (000’s)
Imports of coniferous sawnwood
%
%
%
Logs removed (saw and veneer) incl cypress pine
Preservative
Pallets and cases
total
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 31 Exports of sawnwood.
Estimated proportion by country of destination.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 31 Exports of sawnwood.
Estimated proportion by country of destination.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 31 Exports of sawnwood
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 14 and 17.
Estimated proportion by country of origin.
JPC estimate - Actual data not recorded by ABARE
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 14 and 17.
Estimated proportion by country of origin.
Source: Timber Preservers Assoiciation of Australia
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48 Roundwood removals
(Coniferous saw and veneer logs)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 13, includes 15% of
preservative treated softwood from New Zealand
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
Dried and dressed products stream (destination of dried and dressed products)
Framing
%
Industry sources: - Pine Australia and sawmills in S Aust ( 4), Tasmania (1), 80.0%
Furniture
%
5.5%
Queensland (3) and ACT (1).
Dressed products
%
14.5%
total
%
100.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
%
Green sawn stream (destination of green sawn material)
Drying and dressing
Calculated from Pulp and Paper requirement
Calculated from MDF and particleboard requirement
Left over from other two
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
Drying and dressing stream (destination of dried and dressed material)
Dried and dressed products
%
Industry sources: - Pine Australia and sawmills in S Aust ( 4), Tasmania (1), 84.0%
Shavings and waste
%
16.0%
Queensland (3) and ACT (1).
total
%
100.0%
%
%
%
%
%
Chip stream (destination of chips)
Panel
Export
Hardboard
Pulp and paper
total
Industry sources: - Pine Australia and sawmills in S Aust ( 4), Tasmania (1), 54.0%
Queensland (3) and ACT (1).
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
415
50.0%
415
1999
50.0%
1998
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
%
%
%
%
Sawlog stream (destination of total sawlogs)
Green sawn
Chips
Sawdust
total
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge
Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961
Notes
Industry sources: - Pine Australia and sawmills in S Aust ( 4), Tasmania (1), 79.0%
Queensland (3) and ACT (1).
Industry sources (TPAA), unlikely to change in next 3 years
15.0%
Industry sources: - Pine Australia and sawmills in S Aust ( 4), Tasmania (1), 6.0%
100.0%
Queensland (3) and ACT (1).
%
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
SOFTWOOD SAWMILLING
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2000
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2001
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2002
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2003
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2004
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2005
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2006
40.0%
0.0%
60.0%
0.0%
100.0%
18
11.0%
25.0%
0.0%
100.0%
64.0%
15.0%
678
6,488
80.0%
5.5%
14.5%
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
100.0%
15.0%
6.0%
100.0%
79.0%
40.5%
41.2%
0.0%
18.3%
100.0%
54.0%
35.0%
11.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
35
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
Chips for panel
Chips for export
Chips for hardboard
Chips for pulp and paper
Preservative timber
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
346
24
63
39
5
4
5
3
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Framing
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Dressed products
tC (000’s)
Pallets and cases
tC (000’s)
0
0
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
1999
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
1998
691
48
125
78
Calculated from above and plywood and cypress requirement
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Framing
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Dressed products
bdt (000’s)
Pallets and cases
bdt (000’s)
check sum
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
None
RAW MATERIALS
Sawlog volume
CARBON POOL
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
Units
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2000
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2001
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2002
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2003
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2004
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2005
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2006
346
24
63
39
691
48
125
78
0
1,666
115
302
188
823
838
0
373
572
1,036
215
5,811
5
4
5
3
2007
36
Australian Greenhouse Office
2,028
178
435
188
841
74
181
78
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Framing
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Dressed products
bdt (000’s)
Pallets and cases
bdt (000’s)
1
0
2
0
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
5
4
5
3
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
5
4
5
3
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
1998
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
Notes
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
EXPORTS
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Framing
Furniture
Dressed products
Pallets and cases
IMPORTS
Units
SOFTWOOD SAWMILLING-CTD.
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
1999
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2000
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2001
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2002
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2003
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2004
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2005
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2006
841
74
181
78
2,028
178
435
188
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
7
0
11
0
77
13
30
0
153
26
60
0
369
63
144
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
37
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
686
421
37
90
39
1999
686
421
37
90
39
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
215
215
215
0
0
0
39
39
39
37
37
37
511
511
511
802
802
802
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
215
215
215
0
0
0
39
39
39
24
24
24
408
408
408
686
686
686
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
686
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1998
421
37
90
39
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Framing
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Dressed products
tC (000’s)
Pallets and cases
tC (000’s)
Units
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2001
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2002
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2003
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2004
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2005
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2006
215
0
39
37
511
802
215
0
39
24
408
686
686
421
37
90
39
2007
38
Australian Greenhouse Office
Exports of broadleaved sawnwood
Estimated proportion of imported products
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
total
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
1998
21
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 31 Exports of sawnwood (sum of broadleaved roughsawn and dressed)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 15 Imports of roughsawn coniferous sawnwood and 18 Imports
of dressed coniferous. Estimated proportion by country of origin.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,Table 31
Imports of sawnwood (sum of broadleaved roughsawn and dressed)
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Dried and dressed products stream (destination of dried and dressed products)
Dry framing
%
Industry sources:
Furniture
%
Industry sources:
Flooring and boards
%
Industry sources:
Total
%
Imports of broadleaved sawnwood
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
%
%
%
%
Green sawn stream (destination of green sawn material)
Drying and dressing
Green framing
Pallets and palings
Total
None in 1998 Source??
Balance after panels, hardboard and pulp and paper
Calculated from Hardboard sawmill residue requirement
Calculated from Pulp and Paper requirement
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Drying and dressing stream (destination of dried and dressed material)
Dried and dressed products
%
Industry sources:
Shavings and waste
%
Industry sources:
Total
%
%
%
%
%
%
Chip stream (destination of chips)
Panel - MDF/PB
Export
Hardboard
Pulp and paper
Total
Industry sources:
Industry sources:
Industry sources:
Industry sources:
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
Victorian Assoc of Forest Industries and Sawmills
%
%
%
%
%
Sawlog stream (destination of total sawlogs)
Green sawn
Chips
Slab waste
Sawdust
Total
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks
Workbook 1998
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961
Notes
Industry sources:
Industry sources:
Industry sources:
%
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
HARDWOOD SAWMILLING
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
1999
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2000
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2001
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2002
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2003
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2004
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2005
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2006
21
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
106
50.0%
10.0%
40.0%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
100.0%
55.0%
30.0%
15.0%
100.0%
0.0%
85.2%
4.4%
10.4%
100.0%
45.0%
30.0%
5.0%
20.0%
100.0%
50.0%
630
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
39
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
Chips for panel
Chips for export
Chips for hardboard
Chips for pulp and paper
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dry framing, flooring and boards
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Green framing
bdt (000’s)
Pallets and palings
bdt (000’s)
check sum
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
None
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
CARBON POOL
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
RAW MATERIALS
Sawlog volume
%
%
%
%
%
Estimated proportion of exported products
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
total
Units
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 48 Roundwood removals (Broadleaved saw and veneer logs)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 31 Exports of sawnwood.
Estimated proportion by country of destination.
Notes
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
2
391
43
348
174
0
0
391
43
348
174
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
1999
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
1998
5
5
5
2
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2000
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2001
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2002
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2003
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2004
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2005
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2006
391
43
348
174
0
620
69
553
276
0
1,047
54
128
1,144
360
4,096
5
5
5
2
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
2007
40
Australian Greenhouse Office
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
EXPORTS
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
Dry framing, flooring and boards
Furniture
Green framing
Pallets and palings
IMPORTS
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dry framing, flooring and boards
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Green framing
tC (000’s)
Pallets and palings
tC (000’s)
Units
Notes
HARDWOOD SAWMILLING-CTD.
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
2
705
705
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
1998
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
1999
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2000
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2001
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2002
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2003
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2004
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2005
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2006
705
69
553
276
7
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
67
0
0
0
106
0
0
0
195
22
174
87
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
41
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
1999
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
360
360
360
87
87
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
418
418
418
865
865
865
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
360
360
360
87
87
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
391
391
391
839
839
839
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
839
tC (000’s)
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
PRODUCTION APPROACH
222
222
174
87
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Dry framing, flooring and boards
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Green framing
tC (000’s)
Pallets and palings
tC (000’s)
1998
444
444
348
174
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dry framing, flooring and boards
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Green framing
bdt (000’s)
Pallets and palings
bdt (000’s)
Units
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2001
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2002
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2003
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2004
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2005
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2006
360
87
0
0
418
865
360
87
0
0
391
839
839
222
22
174
87
444
43
348
174
2007
42
Australian Greenhouse Office
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
Dried and dressed products stream (destination of dried and dressed products)
Flooring and boards
%
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
total
%
%
%
%
Green sawn stream (destination of green sawn material)
Drying and dressing
Green framing
total
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
Residue, some chipped, some composted
Calculated from MDF and particleboard residue requirement
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
50.0%
570
1998
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
%
%
%
%
%
Sawlog stream (destination of total sawlogs)
Green sawn
Slab waste
Chips
Sawdust
total
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks
Workbook 1998
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961
Notes
Drying and dressing stream (destination of dried and dressed material)
Dried and dressed products
%
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
Shavings and waste
%
Cypress division of Queensland Timber Board
total
%
%
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
CYPRESS SAWMILLING
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
1999
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2000
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2001
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2002
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2003
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2004
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2005
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2006
100.0%
100.0%
73.0%
27.0%
100.0%
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
39.0%
42.8%
3.2%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
570
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
43
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Dressed products
Green framing
15
14
5
5
0
0
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dressed products
tC (000’s)
Green framing
tC (000’s)
0
0
15
14
31
28
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
1999
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
1998
31
28
Source: FWPRDC
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dressed products
bdt (000’s)
Green framing
bdt (000’s)
check sum
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
Chips for MDF
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
0
0
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
None
RAW MATERIALS
Sawlog volume
CARBON POOL
Dressed products
Green framing
Units
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2000
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2001
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2002
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2003
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2004
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2005
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2006
15
14
31
28
0
54
49
10
202
58
315
5
5
0
0
2007
44
Australian Greenhouse Office
54
49
31
28
15
14
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dressed products
bdt (000’s)
Green framing
bdt (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Dressed products
tC (000’s)
Green framing
tC (000’s)
0
0
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Dressed products
Green framing
5
5
0
0
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dressed products
Green framing
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1998
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Dressed products
Green framing
Notes
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dressed products
Green framing
EXPORTS
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Dressed products
Green framing
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Dressed products
Green framing
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Dressed products
Green framing
IMPORTS
Units
CYPRESS SAWMILLING-CTD.
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1999
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2000
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2001
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2002
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2003
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2004
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2005
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
15
14
31
28
54
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
45
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Units
87
1998
87
1999
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
58
58
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
29
87
87
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
58
58
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
29
87
87
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
Notes
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2001
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2002
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2003
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2004
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2005
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2006
58
0
0
0
29
87
58
0
0
0
29
87
87
2007
46
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
kg/m3
m3 (000’s)
Imports of coniferous preservation material
Source: Timber Preservers Assoiciation of Australia
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 14 and 17. Estimated proportion by country of origin.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 14 and 17. Estimated proportion by country of origin.
%
%
%
Estimated proportion of imported products
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
total
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
1998
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961
Notes
Preservative treated products stream (destination of preservative treated products)
Poles
%
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Roundwood
%
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Sawn structural
%
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Decking/palings
%
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
total
%
Shaping and drying stream (destination of total roundwood)
Preservative treatment
%
Shavings
%
total
%
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
PRESERVATIVE TREATED SOFTWOOD
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
1999
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2000
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2001
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2002
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2003
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2004
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2005
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2006
102
60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
3.0%
42.0%
15.0%
40.0%
100.0%
85.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
415
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
47
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
IMPORTS
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
4
4
5
3
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles
tC (000’s)
Roundwood
tC (000’s)
Sawn structural
tC (000’s)
Decking/palings
tC (000’s)
0
0
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
1999
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
1998
12
168
60
160
Refer Softwood Sawmilling worksheet
Source: Timber Preservers Assoiciation of Australia
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48 Roundwood removals (Coniferous other)
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles
bdt (000’s)
Roundwood
bdt (000’s)
Sawn structural
bdt (000’s)
Decking/palings
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
None
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
Sawn timber from sawmilling
Imported preservative treated timber
pool
pool
pool
pool
RAW MATERIALS
Softwood roundwood volume
CARBON POOL
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
Units
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2000
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2001
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2002
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2003
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2004
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2005
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2006
0
0
25
17
0
0
61
41
6
84
30
80
12
168
60
160
0
29
405
145
385
69
14
572
102
460
4
4
5
3
2007
48
PRESERVATIVE TREATED SOFTWOOD-CTD
Units
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
0
0
13
8
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
29
405
206
426
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles
bdt (000’s)
Roundwood
bdt (000’s)
Sawn structural
bdt (000’s)
Decking/palings
bdt (000’s)
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
12
168
85
177
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Notes
4
4
5
3
EXPORTS
Poles
Roundwood
Sawn structural
Decking/palings
4
4
5
3
Australian Greenhouse Office
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
49
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Poles
tC (000’s)
Roundwood
tC (000’s)
Sawn structural
tC (000’s)
Decking/palings
tC (000’s)
Units
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
Notes
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
1998
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
1999
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2000
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2001
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2002
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2003
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2004
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2005
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2006
14
0
88
90
43
235
14
0
80
90
30
214
214
6
84
43
88
2007
50
Australian Greenhouse Office
total
Estimated proportion of exported products
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
Exports of plywood
total
Estimated proportion of imported products
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
%
%
%
%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 36 Exports of plywood (total)
Estimated proportion by country of destination.
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
100.0%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Table 36 Exports of plywood (total)
%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
m3 (000’s)
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
540
50.0%
540
1999
50.0%
1998
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 23 Imports of plywood.
Estimated proportion by country of origin.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 23 Imports of plywood
(Total plywood)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics Table 2 (plywood)
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Plywood Association of Australia, unlikely to change in next 3 years
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961 and
allowance for compression and shrinkage.
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks
Workbook 1998
Notes
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
Imports of plywood
%
%
%
%
Plywood products stream (destination of plywood)
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
total
000 m3
%
%
%
%
Veneer and plymill stream (destination of logs)
Plywood
Roundup, clippings, core, trim
Shrinkage and compression
total
Plywood production
%
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
PLYWOOD PRODUCTION
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2000
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2001
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2002
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2003
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2004
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2005
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2006
100.0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
2
100.0%
13.0%
75.0%
12.0%
89
170.0
21.0%
70.0%
9.0%
100.0%
47.0%
39.0%
14.0%
100.0%
50.0%
540
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
51
0
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
IMPORTS
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
1
5
3
0
0
0
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
1999
36
119
15
141
38
362
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Formboard
tC (000’s)
Structural, LVL, bracing
tC (000’s)
Other (noise barriers)
tC (000’s)
Source: calculated from above
1
5
3
0
1998
19
64
8
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Formboard
bdt (000’s)
Structural, LVL, bracing
bdt (000’s)
Other (noise barriers)
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
None
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
None
RAW MATERIALS
Roundwood volume
CARBON POOL
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
Units
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2000
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2001
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2002
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2003
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2004
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2005
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2006
6
36
6
12
67
11
10
32
4
19
64
8
0
36
119
15
141
38
362
1
5
3
0
2007
52
Australian Greenhouse Office
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Formboard
bdt (000’s)
Structural, LVL, bracing
bdt (000’s)
Other (noise barriers)
bdt (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
EXPORTS
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Formboard
Structural, LVL, bracing
Other (noise barriers)
Units
PLYWOOD PRODUCTION-CTD
1
5
3
0
1
5
3
0
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
1998
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
1999
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2000
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2001
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2002
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2003
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2004
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2005
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2006
26
99
14
47
184
26
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
18
3
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
53
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1 tC (000’s)
2 tC (000’s)
3 tC (000’s)
4 tC (000’s)
5 tC (000’s)
Total tC (000’s)
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
84
13
50
7
1999
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
51
51
51
0
0
0
7
7
7
0
0
0
50
50
50
107
107
107
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
48
48
0
0
4
4
0
0
32
32
84
84
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
84
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1998
13
50
7
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Formboard
tC (000’s)
Structural, LVL, bracing
tC (000’s)
Other (noise barriers)
tC (000’s)
Units
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2001
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2002
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2003
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2004
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2005
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2006
51
0
7
0
50
107
48
0
4
0
32
84
84
13
50
7
2007
54
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
Panel stream (destination of panels)
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
total
Logs removed (Pulplog for panel production)
Imports of particleboard
Estimated proportion of exported products
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
total
Exports of particleboard
Estimated proportion of imported products
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
total
%
%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Product stream (destination of raw material)
Panel production
Sander dust
Shrinkage and compression
total
Proportion of pulpwood logs used by panel industries
Particleboard
MDF
total
%
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Units
PARTICLEBOARD
Table 24 Imports of board products (Total particleboard)
Table 24 Imports of board products (Total particleboard)
Table 24 Imports of board products (Total particleboard)
Table 24 Imports of board products (Total particleboard)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board products.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board products.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board products.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board products.
Estimated proportion.
Estimated proportion.
Estimated proportion.
Estimated proportion.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board products (Total particleboard)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics,
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 24 Imports of board products (Total particleboard)
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48 Roundwood removals
(Coniferous pulpwood for wood based panels)
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Jaakko P yry Consulting - basic density of product less resin after compression, air dry density
converted to oven dry density.
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
Notes
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
1998
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
1999
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2000
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2001
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2002
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2003
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2004
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2005
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2006
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
61
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
17
61.0%
39.0%
100%
1,325
19.0%
37.0%
34.0%
10.0%
100.0%
71.0%
11.0%
18.0%
100.0%
40.0%
520
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
55
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
IMPORTS
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
5
3
3
2
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
tC (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
tC (000’s)
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
1999
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
1998
92
179
165
48
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
bdt (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
Softwood sawlog chips
Cypress sawlog chips
pool
pool
pool
pool
RAW MATERIALS
Pulplog volume
CARBON POOL
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Units
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2000
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2001
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2002
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2003
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2004
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2005
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2006
0
4
4
0
0
9
9
0
37
72
66
19
92
179
165
48
0
177
345
317
93
144
30
505
0
808
5
3
3
2
2007
56
Australian Greenhouse Office
177
319
299
93
92
166
156
48
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
bdt (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
bdt (000’s)
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
5
3
3
2
5
3
3
2
1998
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Notes
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
EXPORTS
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Units
PARTICLEBOARD-CTD
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
1999
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2000
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2001
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2002
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2003
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2004
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2005
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2006
92
166
156
48
177
319
299
93
0
7
5
0
0
18
14
0
0
35
26
0
0
2
2
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
57
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
tC (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
tC (000’s)
Units
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
Notes
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
1998
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
1999
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2000
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2001
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2002
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2003
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2004
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2005
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2006
30
19
129
0
37
215
30
19
138
0
37
224
224
37
66
62
19
2007
58
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
%
%
%
%
Panel stream (destination of panels)
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Total
Estimated proportion of exported products
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Total
Exports of MDF
Estimated proportion of imported products
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Total
Imports of MDF
Proportion of pulpwood logs used by panel industries
Particleboard
MDF
Total
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board
products. Estimated proportion.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 37 Exports of board
products. (Total particleboard)
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 24 Imports of board
products. Estimated by country of origin.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 24 Imports of board
products. (Total MDF)
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
%
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48 Roundwood removals
(Coniferous pulpwood for wood based panels)
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, Air dry density was changed to oven
dry density, unlikely to change next 3 years.
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks
Workbook 1998
Notes
%
%
%
m3 (000’s)
%
%
%
%
Product stream (destination of raw material)
Panel production
Sander dust
Shrinkage and compression
Total
Logs removed (Pulplog for panel production)
%
kg/m3
Units
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
MDF
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
1998
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
1999
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2000
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2001
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2002
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2003
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2004
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2005
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2006
0.0%
57.0%
43.0%
0.0%
100.0%
139
0.0%
50.0%
50.0%
0.0%
100.0%
77
61.0%
39.0%
100.0%
1,325
14.0%
45.0%
23.0%
18.0%
100.0%
63.0%
11.0%
26.0%
100.0%
40.0%
600
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
59
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
IMPORTS
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
5
3
3
2
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
tC (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
tC (000’s)
0
0
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
1999
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
1998
45
144
73
57
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Australian Wood Panels Association, unlikely to change next 3 years
Source: ABARE, AWPA and FWPRDC
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
bdt (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
Softwood sawlog chips
Cypress sawlog chips
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
RAW MATERIALS
Pulplog volume
CARBON POOL
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Units
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2000
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2001
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2002
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2003
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2004
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2005
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2006
0
23
23
0
0
39
39
0
18
57
29
23
45
144
73
57
0
75
239
122
96
93
22
318
10
517
5
3
3
2
2007
60
Australian Greenhouse Office
75
199
101
96
45
119
61
57
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
bdt (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
bdt (000’s)
Furniture
bdt (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
bdt (000’s)
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
5
3
3
2
5
3
3
2
1998
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
Notes
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Units
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
EXPORTS
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
Furniture
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
MDF-CTD
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
1999
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2000
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2001
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2002
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2003
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2004
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2005
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2006
45
119
61
57
75
199
101
96
0
19
14
0
0
48
36
0
0
79
60
0
0
9
9
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
61
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Flooring and lining
tC (000’s)
Kitchen and bathroom cabinets
tC (000’s)
Furniture
tC (000’s)
Shopfitting, DIY, misc
tC (000’s)
Units
150
18
48
24
23
1998
150
18
48
24
23
1999
150
18
48
24
23
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
22
22
22
23
23
23
72
72
72
0
0
0
18
18
18
135
135
135
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
22
22
22
23
23
23
87
87
87
0
0
0
18
18
18
150
150
150
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
Notes
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2001
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2002
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2003
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2004
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2005
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2006
22
23
72
0
18
135
22
23
87
0
18
150
150
18
48
24
23
2007
62
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
%
%
%
Hardboard manufacture stream
Hardboard
Waste
Shrinkage and compression
total
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Harboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years, air dry density
was converted to oven dry density.
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks
Workbook 1998
Notes
Hardboard products stream (destination of hardboard products)
Weathertex
%
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Lining, bracing, underlay
%
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Packaging
%
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
total
%
%
kg/m3
Units
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
HARDBOARD
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
930
50.0%
930
1999
50.0%
1998
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2000
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2001
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2002
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2003
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2004
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2005
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2006
20.0%
54.0%
26.0%
100.0%
58.0%
27.0%
15.0%
100.0%
50.0%
930
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
63
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
IMPORTS
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
5
5
2
0
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Weathertex
tC (000’s)
Lining, bracing, underlay
tC (000’s)
Packaging
tC (000’s)
0
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
1999
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
1998
13
35
17
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Hardboard manufacturers, unlikely to change next 3 years
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Weathertex
bdt (000’s)
Lining, bracing, underlay
bdt (000’s)
Packaging
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
Hardwood chips ex sawmill
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
None
m3 (000’s)
0
pool
pool
pool
pool
RAW MATERIALS
Roundwood volume
CARBON POOL
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
Units
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2000
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2001
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2002
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2003
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2004
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2005
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2006
9
15
0
10
16
0
6
17
8
13
35
17
0
14
37
18
32
15
54
65
5
5
2
0
2007
64
Australian Greenhouse Office
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Weathertex
bdt (000’s)
Lining, bracing, underlay
bdt (000’s)
Packaging
bdt (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Notes
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
EXPORTS
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Weathertex
Lining, bracing, underlay
Packaging
Units
HARDBOARD-CTD
5
5
2
0
5
5
2
0
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
1998
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
1999
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2000
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2001
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2002
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2003
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2004
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2005
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2006
13
35
17
14
37
18
5
7
0
9
15
0
10
16
0
5
7
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
65
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1 tC (000’s)
2 tC (000’s)
3 tC (000’s)
4 tC (000’s)
5 tC (000’s)
Total tC (000’s)
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
47
6
17
8
1999
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2000
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
15
15
8
8
0
0
0
0
24
24
47
47
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
15
15
8
8
0
0
0
0
24
24
47
47
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
47
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1998
6
17
8
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Weathertex
tC (000’s)
Lining, bracing, underlay
tC (000’s)
Packaging
tC (000’s)
Units
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2001
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2002
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2003
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2004
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2005
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2006
15
8
0
0
24
47
15
8
0
0
24
47
47
6
17
8
2007
66
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
%
%
Paper manufacture stream
Paper
Waste
total
Paper products stream (destination of paper products)
Newsprint
%
Printing and writing
%
Household and sanitary
%
Packaging and industrial
%
%
%
%
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
Pulp manufacture stream
Pulp
Waste
total
Import
Export
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
Pulp
%
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
Waste paper
Import
Export
Recovered paper
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Paper
Softwood
Hardwood
Waste paper
Pulp
Units
ABARE - March 1999 - Table 2
ABARE - March 1999 - Table 2
ABARE - March 1999 - Table 2
ABARE - March 1999 - Table 2
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Jaakko P yry Consulting weighted average for Kraft, TMPC processes
Jaakko P yry Consulting weighted average for Kraft, TMPC processes
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Consumption of Pulp table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Consumption of Pulp table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Notes on Recovered Paper table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Notes on Recovered Paper table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Notes on Recovered Paper table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
Industry sources, unlikely to change in next 3 years
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
Notes
PULP AND PAPER
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
1998
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
1999
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2000
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2001
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2002
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2003
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2004
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2005
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2006
17.6%
16.6%
7.5%
58.3%
100.0%
96.0%
4.0%
100.0%
70.0%
30.0%
100.0%
180
0
43
137
1557
50.0%
1000
430
500
850
900
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
67
pool
pool
pool
pool
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
Not including waste paper
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Wood Resource Usage table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Wood Resource Usage table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
Included in roundwood volume
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Wood Resource Usage table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
From Pulp and Paper Perspective, PPMFA (Wood Resource Usage table) (assumption; 1 t = 1 m3)
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Newsprint
bdt (000’s)
Printing and writing
bdt (000’s)
Tissue
bdt (000’s)
Packaging and industrial
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
None
BY-PRODUCTS
Waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
Softwood chips ex sawmill
m3 (000’s)
Hardwood chips ex sawmill
m3 (000’s)
Chips ex forest
m3 (000’s)
Waste paper (Recycled and Imp) t (000’s)
Pulp (Imports less exports)
t (000’s)
CARBON POOL
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
RAW MATERIALS
Softwood Logs
Hardwood Logs
Units
385
363
164
1,274
0
0
385
363
164
1,274
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
1999
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
1998
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2000
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2001
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2002
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2003
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2004
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2005
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2006
385
363
164
1,274
0
385
363
164
1,274
464
207
373
128
0
1,463
180
1
1
1
1
1,403
833
2007
68
Australian Greenhouse Office
Notes
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
EXPORTS
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
t (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Newsprint
Printing and writing
Tissue
Packaging and industrial
IMPORTS
ABARE - March 1999 Table 4
ABARE - March 1999 Table 4
ABARE - March 1999 Table 4
ABARE - March 1999 Table 4
ABARE - March 1999 Table 3
ABARE - March 1999 Table 3
ABARE - March 1999 Table 3
ABARE - March 1999 Table 3
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Newsprint
tC (000’s)
Printing and writing
tC (000’s)
Tissue
tC (000’s)
Packaging and industrial
tC (000’s)
Units
PULP AND PAPER-CTD
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
1998
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
1999
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2000
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2001
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2002
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2003
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2004
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2005
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2006
658
893
181
1,173
8
23
8
178
15
47
15
356
15
47
15
356
145
289
16
128
289
577
32
255
289
577
32
255
192
181
82
637
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
69
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1 tC (000’s)
2 tC (000’s)
3 tC (000’s)
4 tC (000’s)
5 tC (000’s)
Total tC (000’s)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
Less carbon in imports, including carbon in waste
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere, less carbon in imported pulp
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Newsprint
tC (000’s)
Printing and writing
tC (000’s)
Tissue
tC (000’s)
Packaging and industrial
tC (000’s)
1998
658
893
181
1,173
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Newsprint
bdt (000’s)
Printing and writing
bdt (000’s)
Tissue
bdt (000’s)
Packaging and industrial
bdt (000’s)
Units
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
1999
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2000
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2001
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2002
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2003
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2004
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2005
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2006
1,660
0
0
0
0
1,660
1,219
0
0
0
0
1,219
1,300
329
447
90
587
658
893
181
1,173
2007
70
Australian Greenhouse Office
%
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
Softwood exports
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
total
Hardwood and other exports
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
total
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
Weighted average
Softwood logs
Hardwood logs
Units
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 32. Exports of roundwood.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 32. Exports of roundwood.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 32. Exports of roundwood.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 32. Exports of roundwood.
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
Chin ( per comm) CSIRO
Notes
EXPORT CHIP AND LOG
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
1998
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
1999
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2000
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2001
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2002
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2003
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2004
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2005
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2006
25
0
25
330
36
366
50.0%
429
415
630
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
71
0
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
IMPORTS
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
0
0
0
0
355
36
4
1
1
0
1999
355
36
0
0
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Logs/roundwood
tC (000’s)
Pulpwood
tC (000’s)
Wood chips
tC (000’s)
4
1
1
0
1998
152
15
4,315
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
pool
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Logs/roundwood
bdt (000’s)
Pulpwood
bdt (000’s)
Wood chips
bdt (000’s) Source: ABARE Table 42, Export of woodchips (total in BDt)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
None
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
RAW MATERIALS
CARBON POOL
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
Units
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2000
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2001
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2002
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2003
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2004
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2005
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2006
0
355
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
4
1
1
0
2007
72
Australian Greenhouse Office
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Logs/roundwood
bdt (000’s)
Pulpwood
bdt (000’s)
Wood chips
bdt (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
EXPORTS
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Logs/roundwood
Pulpwood
Wood chips
Units
EXPORT CHIP AND LOG-CTD
4
1
1
0
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
1998
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
1999
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2000
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2001
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2002
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2003
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2004
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2005
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2006
0
0
0
0
0
0
76
8
2,158
152
15
4,315
355
36
0
0
0
2007
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
73
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1 tC (000’s)
2 tC (000’s)
3 tC (000’s)
4 tC (000’s)
5 tC (000’s)
Total tC (000’s)
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
2,241
0
0
0
1998
2,241
0
0
0
1999
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
2,165
2,165
0
0
0
0
76
76
0
0
2,241
2,241
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Logs/roundwood
tC (000’s)
Pulpwood
tC (000’s)
Wood chips
tC (000’s)
Units
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2000
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2001
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2002
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2003
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2004
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2005
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2006
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,165
0
0
76
0
2,241
2,241
0
0
0
2007
74
HARDWOOD POLES, SLEEPERS AND MISC
Units
MANUFACTURING ASSUMPTIONS
Basic density
kg/m3
Notes
CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Technological Paper No. 13, 1961
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
790
790
790
790
790
790
790
790
790
790
Carbon conversion (bdt to tC)
%
JPC assumption from Greenhouse Challenge Vegetation Sinks Workbook 1998
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
Product stream
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
Sawdust and waste from sleeper production
Total
%
%
%
%
%
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48. Roundwood removals.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48. Roundwood removals.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48. Roundwood removals.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 8. Railway sleepers.
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
16.0%
29.0%
28.0%
27.0%
100.0%
Australian Greenhouse Office
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
75
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
IMPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
IMPORTS
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
5
5
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
1999
35
64
62
59
23
220
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles piles and girders
tC (000’s)
Sleepers
tC (000’s)
Fencing, mining and other
tC (000’s)
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 8. Railway sleepers.
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 48.
Roundwood removals (Sleeper logs, fencing, mining, poles and piles, other).
5
5
5
1998
28
50
49
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
tC (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
pool
pool
pool
Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles piles and girders
bdt (000’s)
Sleepers
bdt (000’s)
Fencing, mining and other
bdt (000’s)
check sum
PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN AUSTRALIA
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
PRODUCTS USED IN OTHER PROCESSES
BY-PRODUCTS
Sawdust , shavings and waste
Carbon in by-products
PRODUCT FROM OTHER PROCESSES
None
RAW MATERIALS
Volume
CARBON POOL
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
Units
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2000
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2001
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2002
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2003
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2004
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2005
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2006
0
2
0
0
2
0
14
25
24
28
50
49
0
35
64
62
59
23
220
5
5
5
2007
76
HARDWOOD POLES, SLEEPERS AND MISC-CTD
Units
IMPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
Notes
1998
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
5
5
5
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
EXPORTS
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
EXPORTS IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
bdt (000’s)
EXPORTS IN TONNES CARBON
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
TOTAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Poles piles and girders
Sleepers
Fencing, mining and other
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
m3 (000’s)
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
35
58
62
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN BONE DRY TONNES
Poles piles and girders
bdt (000’s)
Sleepers
bdt (000’s)
Fencing, mining and other
bdt (000’s)
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
28
46
49
Source: ABARE Forest Products Statistics, Table 8. Railway sleepers.
5
5
5
Australian Greenhouse Office
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
77
ATMOSPHERIC APPROACH (not modelled)
STOCK CHANGE APPROACH (JPC preferred)
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
tC (000’s)
87
14
23
24
1999
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of consumption
23
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
61
61
85
85
Net change in carbon stocks in the forest and wood products pool accounted for in country of production
including carbon in waste
23
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
63
63
87
87
Emissions at harvest treated as release to atmosphere
87
PRODUCTION APPROACH
IPCC DEFAULT APPROACH
1998
14
23
24
Notes
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN TONNES CARBON
Poles piles and girders
tC (000’s)
Sleepers
tC (000’s)
Fencing, mining and other
tC (000’s)
Units
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2000
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2001
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2002
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2003
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2004
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2005
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2006
23
0
0
0
61
85
23
0
0
0
63
87
87
14
23
24
2007
78
Australian Greenhouse Office
Publications in this series
1.
Setting the Frame
2.
Estimation of Changes in Soil Carbon due to Changed
Land Use
3.
Woody Biomass: Methods for Estimating Change
4.
Land Clearing 1970-1990: A Social History
5a. Review of Allometric Relationships for Woody Biomass for
Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia
5b. Review of Allometric Relationships for Woody Biomass
for New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory,
Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia
6.
The Decay of Coarse Woody Debris
7.
Carbon Content of Woody Roots
8.
Usage and Life Cycle of Wood Products
9.
Land Cover Change: Specification for Remote
Sensing Analysis
10.
National Carbon Accounting System: Phase 1
Implementation Plan for the 1990 Baseline
11.
International Review of the Implementation Plan for the
1990 Baseline (13-15 December 1999)
The National Carbon Accounting System provides a complete
accounting and forecasting capability for human-induced sources and
sinks of greenhouse gas emissions from Australian land based
systems. It will provide a basis for assessing Australia’s progress
towards meeting its international emissions commitments.
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au