Alma Swan
Key Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
JISC/UUK Conference, 15 June 2010, London, UK
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Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’
Open Access)
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In parallel with subscription journals
Key Perspectives Ltd
Australasia
5%
Africa
2%
Asia
12%
Central/South
America
8%
Europe
46%
North America
27%
Total at March 2010: 1625
Key Perspectives Ltd

Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’
Open Access)
In parallel with subscription journals
 Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services
 Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access
publishing)
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Key Perspectives Ltd
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Available to download online
Anyone can use their own data to populate it
Models the three alternative Open Access
communication scenarios (plus other scholarly
communication-related issues)
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Economic modelling:
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models processes
each process is composed of a set of actions with defined
relationships (information systems perspective on
scholcomm: Björk, 2007)
uses sets of variables, with each variable allocated a
suitable value(s)
Delivers:
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costs of each activity
economic benefits derived from each scenario
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Obvious direct cost savings (subscriptions, ILL, PPV)
Open Access makes it easier to find and retrieve the
material a researcher needs to:
 READ
 WRITE papers
 Carry out PEER REVIEW work
Open Access obviates the need to spend time
seeking permissions or dealing with copyright and
licensing issues
etc
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Overall cost of scholarly communication in the UK
is £5 billion per annum
Savings from moving from subscription journal
publishing to Open Access journal publishing:
£80m per annum
Savings from moving from subscription journal
publishing to Open Access provided through
university repositories: £115m per annum
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Builds on the work of Bjork and Houghton:
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Analysis of activities in the scholarly communication
system
Attached costs to each activity
Used the Houghton online model to calculate the
value of the main cost elements
Modelled the economic outcomes for individual UK
universities of a move to each new scholarly
communication scenario
Key Perspectives Ltd
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University A: Small, post-1992 university with a
research income of c2 million GBP per annum
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University B: university with traditional strength in
applied research and a strong enterprise focus:
research funding c10 million GBP per annum
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University C: large, research-intensive university:
research funding c75 million GBP per annum
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University D: old, large, elite university: research
income c200 million GBP per annum
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Do things differently in libraries
Buy journals in different ways
Run more or less elaborate repositories
Employ different numbers of people
Pay people different salaries
Key Perspectives Ltd
1,400,000
1,200,000
£ per annum
1,000,000
University A
800,000
600,000
University B
University C
University D
400,000
200,000
0
Key Perspectives Ltd
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
£ per annum
-1,000,000
-2,000,000
-3,000,000
University A
University B
University C
University D
-4,000,000
-5,000,000
-6,000,000
Key Perspectives Ltd
900,000
800,000
700,000
OA journals
£ per annum
600,000
500,000
400,000
OA via
repositories
300,000
200,000
100,000
Repositories with
overlay publishing
services
0
Key Perspectives Ltd
2,500,000
OA repositories with parallel
subscription-based journals
£500
£ per annum
2,000,000
£750
OA repositories with overlay
publishing services at 1127 GBP
per article
1,500,000
£1000
OA repositories with overlay
publishing services at 1000 GBP
per article
1,000,000
OA repositories with overlay
publishing services at 750 GBP per
article
‘Green’’
500,000
£1127
0
OA repositories with overlay
publishing services at 500 GBP per
article
Key Perspectives Ltd
2,500,000
£50
0
2,000,000
OA journals
(APC=2000 GBP)
£750
£ per annum
1,500,000
£1000
OA journals
(APC=1500 GBP)
1,000,000
OA journals
(APC=1000 GBP)
500,000
£1500
0
£2000
OA journals
(APC=750 GBP)
-500,000
-1,000,000
OA journals
(APC=500 GBP)
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Cyberspace is transforming universities
Charles Vest: “a transcendent, accessible,
empowering, dynamic, communally-constructed
framework of open materials and platforms on
which much of the higher education worldwide can
be constructed or enhanced”.
Part of a general move to openness
Research itself requires openness
Wealth creation and a healthy society
Economic aspect is not the sole criterion
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Organised by the Centre for Research
Communication, University of Nottingham:
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Glasgow:
London:
Birmingham:
Cardiff:
Leeds:
15 July
21 July
23 July
29 July
30 July
Key Perspectives Ltd
[email protected]
www.keyperspectives.co.uk
www.openscholarship.org
www.openoasis.org
Key Perspectives
Ltd
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Research income per annum (institution)
Number of researchers
Average researcher salary
Publications per annum (institution)
Time spent reading and writing articles
Time spent serving as editors and on editorial
boards
Time spent peer reviewing articles
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Number of subscriptions:
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Print-only
Electronic-only
Dual mode
Cost of subscriptions
Handling time for journals/books
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Operational cost of repository per annum
Time taken to deposit
Average salary of depositor
Number of items produced by the institution per
annum
Key Perspectives Ltd
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Information systems perspective on scholarly
communication (Björk, 2007)
Economic studies on the scholarly publishing
system:
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CEPA (2008) – identified costs and cashflows in the
system, worldwide and UK
Houghton et al (2006a, 2006b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c) –
identified costs and cashflows plus efficiency effects
Other studies on comparative costs of subscription
and OA publishing in individual institutions
Key Perspectives Ltd