AP PSYCHOLOGY
WEEKEND
REVIEW
COLLEGE CREDIT HERE WE COME!
PERSPECTIVES/APPROACHES/SCHOOLS
OF THOUGHT
• Humanistic – Rogers (UPR, active listening), Maslow (pyramid and self-actualization),
reaching full potential
• Cognitive –Piaget (kid development), Chomsky (language), Rotter (locus of control),
Seligman (learned helplessness), Beck (CBT), thinking
• Behavioral – Pavlov (dog), Skinner (schedule of reinforcement), Watson (little Albert),
Thorndike (Law of Effect, cat), Bandura (Bobo doll observational), learned
• Socio-Cultural – Zimbardo (prison and role taking), Milgram (shocking and unethical,
obedience to authority), Asch (lines, conformity in groups), culture and groups
• Biological – medications, surgeries, genetics, etc,
• Psychoanalytic – (Psychodynamic), Freud (unconscious, defense mechanisms, id, ego,
superego), Neo-Freudians (Adler- Inferiority complex and birth order, Horney- love from
parents and insecurity, Erikson – psychosocial stages of development like trust vs.
mistrust)
• Evolutionary – Darwin and survival of the species ideas
RESEARCH STUFF
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Correlation vs. Exp.
IV vs. DV
Exp. vs. control group
Random Sample / Random Assignment
Confounding Variables
Controls (placebo effect)
Op. Def. of Variables
Correlation Coefficient
Measures of Central Tendencies
Measures of variability
Z score (Standard deviation)
Scatter Plot
Statistical Significance
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Bell Curve
Valid, Reliable
Replication
Statistical Significance
APA guidelines
2008 #2 FREE RESPONSE
We conducted a variation of Ash’s (1951) conformity study in which participants
made judgements about the length of lines. We randomly assigned participants
to one of two conditions and told them that the study involved perceptual
abilities. In the first condition, participants estimated the length of lines after
hearing five people pretending to be participants (confederates) give inaccurate
estimates. In the second condition, participants estimated the length of lines
without hearing estimates of confederates. As we expected, participants in the
first condition were less accurate in their estimates in line length, demonstrating
the tendency to conform to majority influence.
A. How would each element below be related to the specific content of the
experiment reported in the abstract?
• Control group
• Deception
• Operational definition of the dependent variable
• Hypothesis
• Debriefing
B. How might participants’ estimates on line length in the study be related to the
following?
• Cognitive dissonance
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
•Nature vs. Nurture
–Biological vs. Enviornmental
BIOLOGY / NEUROBIOLOGY
• Neurotransmission(parts,
action/resting potential, all-or-none,
refractory period, reuptake, synapse)
• Sensory / Motor neurons /
Interneurons
• Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
• Endocrine System
• Parts of Brain
• Brain hemispheres
• Brain imaging
• Plasticity
• Aphasia vs. agnosia
• Split-Brain
TRANSMISSION
• The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
(A) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along
the axon
(B) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across
the synapse
(C) facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors
(D) reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic
cleft
(E) protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by
enzymes
• The occipital lobes contain
(A) the primary visual cortex
(B) the prefrontal cortex
(C) the somatosensory cortex
(D) the pons
(E) sensory and motor connections to other
brain regions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
• Teratogens
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Attachment (imprinting)
• Critical Period
• Habituation
• Heritability
• Maturation
• Menarche / menopause
• Longitudinal v. cross-sectional
• Fluid v. Crystallized
• Parenting styles
• Gender identity, role, typing
Theorists
Piaget
Kohlberg
Gilligan
Erikson
Harlow
Ainsworth
KOHLBERG AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT
AINSWORTH AND THE STRANGE
SITUATION
• According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at
which a child is capable of using simple logic to think
about objects and events?
• (A) Sensorimotor
(B) Preoperational
(C) Symbolic
(D) Concrete operational
(E) Formal operational
The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have
had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles
they learned from theories and research that address child development.
A. Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the following four
researchers.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning
• Bandura’s social learning theory
• Ainsworth’s attachment research
• Baumrind’s research on parenting styles
B. Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to
raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories
below to address the corresponding psychological concept.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management
• Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior
• Ainsworth’s attachment research: self-reliance
• Baumrind’s research on parenting styles: self-esteem
SENSATION
PERCEPTION
• Bottom Up / top Down
• Gestalt
• Absolute Threshold
• Binocular Cues
– JND / Weber’s Law
• Trichromatic v. Opponent Process
(theories on color)
• Feature Detection (H&W)
• Eye / Ear
• Audition / Olfaction
• Hue, pitch, intensity, amplitude
• Place v. Frequency theory
• Vestibular Sense
• Kinesthesis
• Sensory Adaptation
• Monocular Cues
• Perceptual Set
• Selective Attention
• Size / Color Constancy
• A person with sight in only one eye lacks which
of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
(A) Retinal disparity
(B) Linear perspective
(C) Motion parallax
(D) Relative size
(E) Texture gradient
• A person with sight in only one eye lacks which
of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
(A) Retinal disparity
(B) Linear perspective
(C) Motion parallax
(D) Relative size
(E) Texture gradient
CONSCIOUSNESS
• Sleep stages
• Sleep Disorders
• Activation Synthesis v. Information Processing
• Lucid Dreaming
• Hypnosis
• Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
• Hidden Observer Response
• Dissociation
• Drugs: Withdraw, tolerance, Depressants, stimulants,
hallucinagens
• Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
(A) hormones excreted by the endocrine glands
(B) secretions of the exocrine glands
(C) drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory
disorders
(D) enzymes involved with the degradation of
interneuron signals
(E) neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal
across a synapse
• In terms of the effect on the central
nervous system, alcohol is most
accurately classified as which of the
following types of drug?
(A) Depressant
(B) Narcotic
(C) Psychoactive
(D) Stimulant
(E) Hallucinogen
THINKING AND LANGUAGE
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Concept / Prototype
Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Insight
Trial and Error
Algorithm
Obstacles to Problem solving
(Belief bias, perseverance,
confirmation bias, mental set,
mental rigidity, functional fixedness
• Phonemes v. Morphemes
• Linguistic Determinism
• Syntax v. Semantics
– Deep structure
• Chomsky = nature
– Critical period / LAD
• Skinner = nurture
– Observation, association,
reinforcement
Zoey wants to buy a car but is having difficulty deciding
what kind of car to buy. She is feeling anxious and wants to
make a decision soon. Zoey visits several local car dealers
and asks for the advice of several of her friends. Explain how
each of the following could influence her decision. Be sure
to discuss each concept in the context of Zoey’s decision.
Approach-avoidance conflict
Central route to persuasion
Heuristics
individualism
Rationalization
Self-efficacy
The autonomic nervous system
The foot-in-door phenomenon
TESTING / INTELLIGENCE
• Stanford-Binet IQ = MA / CA x 100 (
avg=100, SD=15)
• Standardized Testing
• Theorists
– Reliability / Validity
• Spearman- G Factor / Factor analysis
– Pilot / norms of achievement
• Gardner: Mult. Intelligences
• Achievement v. Aptitude
• Goleman- EQ
• Savant Syndrome
• Sternberg:Triarchic theory (analytical,
• Flynn Effect
• Bell Curve
• Factor Analysis
creative, practical)
MOTIVATION / EMOTION
• Drive-Reduction
– Homeostasis
– Push / pull factors
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Arousal
Incentive
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Hunger
– Lateral v.Ventromedial
Hypothalamus
– Set Point / BMR
– Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa
• Sexual Motivation (Innitial
excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution)
• Achievement Motivation
– Theory X vs.Y
• Conflicting motivations
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Emotions
Facial expressions = universal
Catharsis
Feel good-do good
James Lange theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter’s Two-Factor theory
2004 FR QUESTION #1
• James was the lead in the school play. It was opening night. Mr. Smith, the
director, asked James if he was ready to go on and reminded him about a few
last minute changes in the script.
• A number of thoughts and feelings came over James as the curtain went up.
James became anxious when he saw all the faces of the audience members.
Then he saw his mother, who is a professional actress, sitting in the front row.
James could not relax. At that instant, he saw his psychology teacher in the
audience. He knew that he needed to use the concepts learned in his class to
make sense of these thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.
DESCRIBE HOW EACH OF THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS
MIGHT HELP JAMES GIVE A STRONG PERFORMANCE.
• State-dependent memory
• Arousal theory
• Positive reinforcement
• Selective attention
• Imagery
• Social facilitation
• Sensory adaptation
STRESS
• Type A personality
• Type B personality
• Type A + negative anger = heart disease
• Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
– Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
• Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment Rating Scale (numerical value on stress)
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
• DSM V & changes
• Psychiatrist v. Psychologist
Disorders
• 2 weeks
• Anxiety
• Neuroticism (neurosis)
• Mood Disorders
• Psychotic (psychosis)
• Somatoform
• Delusions / Hallucinations
• Dissociative
• Schizophrenia
• Personality Disorders
THERAPY
Types of Therapy
• Psychoanalysis
• Humanistic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Biomedical
Eclectic approach!
Key Figures / Terms
Freud: Free association, dream analysis
Resistance/Transference (talking therapy
Rogers: Client-centered, UPR, Non-directive, active
listening
Classical / Operant conditioningCounterconditioning, Systematic desensitization,
flooding, aversive conditioning, modeling
REBT, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad, Rotter’s Internal v.
External locus
George Kelley: Personal Constructs
Drug therapy: (somatic therapy) review specific drug
treatments
THEORISTS
• Developmental Psych
– Piaget: Cognitive
• Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
– Kohlberg: Moral
• Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
– Erikson: Social (8 stages)
– Harlow: Touch and attachment
– Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious-ambivalent / Avoidant)