Students:
These questions in the following pages are specific for the North Carolina Science Standard (a goal to learn some basic
information about a topic in science you are studying during your 6th grade year in school) listed below. Following the
standard are its clarifying objectives (more specific goals about that basic information you are learning and it can be
from two to four more specific bits of information that, once you learn them, will help you understand the main information,
the main goal or standard, you are learning.
There will be these questions for each chapter during 6th, 7th, and 8th grade in science and at the end of the 8th grade you
will take the EOG in Science and by then you will absolutely crush that test because you have been faithfully studying for
three years and by then you will own the information. Because you have been building good study habits, note taking
techniques, test taking techniques, and you have been disciplined in your schoolwork and homework.
Because of all that you will truly enjoy school but more so, you will enjoy learning. Remember, these are the basics, there
is always more you can study and learn, never be satisfied with the minimum. Go above and beyond in your learning.
(1) You can write the answers on a blank sheet of paper or the bubble answer sheet I have given you on the following
page.
(2) Once you have found out which questions you gave an incorrect answer for; find the pages in the textbook that cover
the material and explain what specific information was needed to answer the question correctly. If you cannot find any
helpful information in the textbook, write out three questions about the test question that you did not understand.
(3) For every incorrect question, go through each answer choice and explain why it is correct or incorrect. Include any tips
or hints you noticed that helped you eliminate choices. Place a question mark beside any question you cannot figure out
and bring it to class for discussion.
This a fair amount of work to do at home on your own but it will be worth it after you get back that “5” on your EOG after
8th grade!
I have added some extra notes (related specifically to this standard for Energy) from these two chapters 17 and 18 just
following the standard and clarifying objectives and just before the bubble answer sheet page. Read over them just before
answering the questions. Try not use them while you are answering the questions. Use them after you have answered all
the questions and determined which you answered incorrectly.
Cheers, Mr. Storlie
Essential Standard: (See chapters 17 and 18 in your orange textbook)
6.P.3 Understand characteristics of energy transfer and interactions of matter and energy.
Clarifying Objectives:
6.P.3.1 Illustrate the transfer of heat energy from warmer objects to cooler ones using examples of conduction, radiation
and convection and the effects that may result.
6.P.3.2 Explain the effects of electromagnetic waves on various materials to include absorption, scattering, and change in
temperature.
6.P.3.3 Explain the suitability of materials for use in technological design based on a response to heat (to include
conduction, expansion, and contraction) and electrical energy (conductors and insulators).
Energy: Conservation and Transfer
6.P.3.1
Energy can be transferred from one system to another (or from a system to its environment) in different ways:
• thermally, when a warmer object is in contact with a cooler one
• mechanically, when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance
• electrically, when an electrical source such as a battery or generator is connected in a complete circuit to an
electrical device
• by electromagnetic waves.
Thermal energy is transferred through a material by the collisions of atoms within the material. Heat flows
through materials or across space from warm objects to cooler objects, until both objects are at equilibrium. Heat
travels through solids, primarily by conduction. Heat is circulated in fluids, both liquids and gases, through the
process of convection. Radiation is energy that travels across distances in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Over time, thermal energy tends to spread out through a material and from one material to another if they are in
contact (conduction). Thermal energy can also be transferred by means of currents in air, water, or other fluids
(convection).
6.P.3.2
Light and other electromagnetic waves can warm objects. How much an object’s temperature increases depends on
how intense the light striking its surface is, how long the light shines on the object, and how much of the light is
absorbed. When light interacts with matter it is either absorbed, transmitted, refracted) and/or reflected
(scattered). An example of scattering is when the sky is blue. The sun is a major source of energy for changes on
the earth’s surface. The sun loses energy by emitting light. A tiny fraction of the light reaches the earth,
transferring energy from the sun to the earth. The sun’s energy arrives as light with a range of wavelengths,
consisting of: Visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected
by) human eyes. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.
Infrared light has a longer wavelength than visible light and is detected most often by its heating effect. Infrared
imaging has applications in space exploration and with satellite imaging. Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelengths
than visible light. These waves’ lengths are responsible for causing our sunburns. Most of these are blocked from
entering Earth’s atmosphere by the ozone but some days, more ultraviolet waves get through our atmosphere.
Scientists have developed a UV index to help people protect themselves from these harmful ultraviolet waves.
These are the types of waves in tanning beds.
6.P.3.3
Thermal energy is transferred through a material by the collisions of atoms within the material. Over time,
thermal energy tends to spread out through a material and from one material to another if they are in contact
(conduction). Thermal energy can also be transferred by means of currents in air, water, or other fluids
(convection). In addition, some thermal energy in all materials is transformed into light energy and radiated into
the environment by electromagnetic waves; that light energy can be transformed back into thermal energy when
the electromagnetic waves strike another material. As a result, a material tends to cool down unless some other
form of energy is converted to thermal energy in the material. There are some things that we use daily that we
want to conduct heat easily. Most of these items are made of materials that conduct heat readily: aluminum, steel,
copper. We call these materials thermal conductors. Similarly, there are things that we do not want to conduct
heat (pot handles, spatula, cooking utensils) and these items are generally made of materials that limit heat
transfer. We call such materials thermal insulators. Expansion joint strips in bridges allow for the bridge to expand
in hot weather and not break. These same joint strips allow for the bridge to contract in cold weather and not
break. Electrical energy also passes through conductors. An electrical conductor is a material through which an
electrical current can flow easily. An electrical insulator is a material through which electrical current does not
readily flow. Electrical conductors include most metals, while most nonmetallic solids (rubber, glass, porcelain,
ceramic) are insulators.