Lamarckian Evolution) The Baldwin Effect and Function Optimization

"!$#&%'()*+,-#./
( 0124365+7289
: ;=<><?A@B@2C6DFEHG>@H?AIKJMLNPORQTSUG>GVWSX<ZYMSX[\;=[Y^]?AEHG>D_`;=G>DFEa;Xb
cedf8gihTjlknmporqtsuknvTqwk8xkngAyzmljlf8knvjn{UcFd}|udmty}~idorjtyzjlkPvsu>knmlBsujH>{Kid>mljcFd}||suvin{cP>>
sujB|ukniqwn qndz|ud>ljtyzjlk> kw~Th
e}>UTni U¡¢£¤l¥¦Bi¢t§K¦UÄ©Aª=¢£«¬¯®iz°=}¤t«±§£¡¢n£¨R²F³2¨=PÚ¢t§£¤
µ¥2§£¨=z}§¢t¶R¡rº¾=$z¡r¡º¢n§t£·¸¡r«±¡r¢w£°$¨}«¾¹i§Mizº Wµ ¤£ ½«»iº¾°R©T¼½¥2¬2¨=¤£«».º¾¿£Ü¤t¡r¨=°=®i§t¤£9¨=i°UF¬ Ú¤£µ °=§£zz§£§§r¡¦=¢t§tz¤tº±¢£¡«»°=¤£®i¬ §>¼Wª z¤K¤£¨=¤£=¨=¬
¡TzÀ µ «»¢t¬«»W ½¢t¹i}Wz°A¤t§R¬Á°=i¤£Ü¡r°=®i2¤£¨=®Tz°=z¤£«}°Un=¬A«»°=®r¦¤£µ ¨=«»°AÂ
¬A«»¹A«±¬ ¡rºa²³2¨=¿º¡r¤t¤£z¢8§t¡r¢w£¨Ãz¤t¨½Á¬nÄ= =º»T«¾¤£§¤£¨=Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°nÆKn¤>²ÅP©
Á¬Ázµ º»«¾°½®Ç¡È§£«»W =º»®i}°=z¤t«±¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=É¥W§t¨½¥Ê¤£Ü¡¤¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°=§nÄ=«»§t¤
¥2¨=}¢t§£«¾ =º»®Tz°=z¤£«¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=W§¥2«»¤£¨= µ ¤2º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®W¡r§¥zº»ºR¡§8¶R¡¡¢ËÂ
£·A«±¡°Èz¹iTº ¤t«»i°ni°A¹Tz¢t®TW¤t¤£¨=W§n¡Wº»=z¡ºT =¤t«» È¼=¥2¨=«»º»®iz°=}¤t«±
§£¡¢nt¨ µ ¤£«»º¾µ «»Ìz«»°=®¤t¨½¯Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°nÆ>n¤.nT°A¹iz¢£®iz§2¤£¤t¨=8µ ®iº»TªU¡ºXi =¤£«» µ Ã²
2¡º»§t8§£¨=¥Í¤tÜ¡r¤¡Î§t«»W =º»®Tz°=z¤£«±¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=`nÄ= =º»i«»¤t«»°=®Î¤t¨=8Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°
nÆKn¤2z¡r°W§tTWz¤£«»Wz§M µ ¤£ Uz¢Ë¦Hi¢£Ï¦Hi¢£W§F¦R¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°z¹iTº µ ¤t«»i°¤t¨X¡¤
z =º»©¤£¨=8§w¡rWº»=z¡rºK§t¡r¢w£¨1§t¤£¢w¡r¤tz®T©¸²
Ð Ñ ePW(È$/
Ò ÓtÄ©Aª=¢£«¬Õ®iz°=}¤t«±¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½WÖÃnTª=«»°=z§º¾=z¡rº§£¡¢nt¨`¥2«»¤£¨×¡i¢t¤£¢w¡i¬Á«¾¤£«»i°U¡rº
Ô
®iz°=}¤t«±1¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=Ã²È³2¨=1i§£¤niWT°1¦HT¢tØ¦8¨¸©Aª=¢£«±¬-®Tz°=z¤£«±$¡rº»®ii¢£«»¤t¨= µ §tz§
º¾=z¡rº§£¡¢n£¨Ù¤£Ã«» =¢t¹T¤£¨=«¾°½«¾¤£«±¡º Xi µ º¡r¤t«»i°¡§¥zº»º¡§¤t¨=§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§ =¢£=¬ µ n¬
ª¸©Í®Tz°=z¤£« ¢t>niª=«»°U¡r¤t«»i°M²`³2¨=È¢tz§ µ º»¤t«»°=®-«» =¢t¹TzWz°A¤£§¡r¢tÈ¤t¨=z°`n=¬A¬Úi°A¤£
¤t¨=§t¤£¢t«»°=®i§8 =¢£=nz§t§£¬ªA©¤t¨½®Tz°=z¤£«¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=Ã²³2¨=«»§«»§8À µ «»¹i¡º»z°A¤2¤£Ç¡¦Hi¢£Êr¦
¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°}¹iiº µ ¤£«»i°R²
¶Û=z¡ºM§t¡r¢w£¨Ã«»°¤t¨½«¾§9i°A¤tnÄ=¤z¡r°$ªX¤£¨= ®TÄ¤¦¡r§2ªUz«»°=®¡°U¡rº»i®i §¤tW¡·A«»°U¬
¦º»¡¢£°=«»°=®1¤£Ü¡¤=z µ ¢£§$¬ µ ¢£«»°=®1¤t¨½$º»«Ü¦Hz¤£«»Wµ r¦¯¡°«»°U¬Á«¾¹A«±¬ µ ¡rº§t¤£¢t«»°=®X²µ Å µ ¤¤£¨=z¢t
«¾§8¡°=T¤t¨=}¢¥2¡>©$«»°¥2¨=«±£¨1º»¡¢£°=«»°=®ÝH«l² i²»¼=º»=z¡rºR§t>¡¢w£ÜÞ¿¡°U¬}¹iiº µ ¤£«»i°1z¡° «¾°A¤£z¢w¡Tn¤²
ßl°=§t¤£¡i¬¦Rn=¬A«»°=®¤t¨½2«¾ =¢t¹TzW}°¸¤£§RªU¡T£·T°¸¤£8¤t¨=Î§t¤t¢£«»°=®U¼T¤t¨=´X¤t°=z§£§2¹i¡º µ ¦K¤t¨=
«¾ =¢t¹TzW}°¸¤Xz¡°ªUP¤t¢w¡r°=§l¦Bz¢t¢£¬¤tÎ¤t¨=«»°U¬A«»¹A«¬ µ ¡ºl²X³2¨=«»§KÜ¡§F¤£¨=nÆKn¤r¦£Ü¡°½®i«»°=®
¤t¨=ÎÚ¤£°=z§t§Îº±¡°U¬A§nz¡ Xi¼½ª µ ¤¤t¨=8¢t}§ µ º»¤t«»°=®¦Bi¢tà¦Rz¹Tiº µ ¤t«»T°W«»§§£¤t«»º»º2Ówá8¡¢£¥2«»°=«±¡°=Ö8«»°
°U¡¤ µ ¢ti²Fâ¡¢t«» µ §F =¨=z°=TWz°X¡.¡r§t§£Á9«¡r¤t¬¥2«»¤£¨¤t¨=«»§F¦HT¢tÏ¦Rniª=«»°=«»°=®2º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®¡r°U¬
z¹iTº µ ¤t«»i°¡¢tnTº»º¾>n¤t«»¹i}º¾©·A°=¥2°1¡r§2¤t¨=ãäå¾ærçè±éÃêìëênínîï ðZñïò}ñpï»ó£ñt²
ßl°¿¤t¨=«»§K U¡r Uz¢F¥ni U¡¢£e¡p¦Hi¢£¦U¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°}¹iiº ¤£«»i°.¡r°U¬¡§£«¾ =º»R®Tz°=z¤£«
¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=^¤t¨X¡¤FnÄ= =º»i«»¤t§F¤£¨=Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°nÆKn¤²P¡º»§£¯9iWµ X¡¢tP¤t¨=z§£¡ = ½¢t¸¡T£¨=z§¤£
¡§£«¾ =º»2®iz°½z¤t«±¡rº¾®Ti¢£«¾¤£¨=ô¥2«»¤t¨= µ ¤º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®X²õ µ ¢2}W =«»¢t«±z¡rº¡r°U¬W¡r°U¡º»©A¤t«±z¡rºU¤£z§t¤£§
º¾AT·$§£ U>n«Ü´z¡º»º»©Ã¡r¤2¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°Èi ½¤t«»W«»Ì¡r¤t«»i° =¢tTª=º»zW§>²8 µ §tW¡ª=«»°U¡¢£©1z°U9Á¬Á«¾°½®
¦Hi¢¤£¨=z§tÈ =¢£iª=º»z§öÎ¤t¨ µ §¼/º¾=z¡rº2§t¡r¢w£¨^«¾°Ú¤t¨=«»§WnT°¸¤£nÄ=¤«¾°A¹Tiº»¹iz§£Ü¡°½®i«»°=®¡Tt¨
¦¤t¨½$¶Úª=«»¤t§«¾°-¡Ç§t¤t¢£«»°=®Ã}°Un=¬A«»°=®U²¶ÛÁ}¡º§t¡r¢w£¨Í«¾§¿º¾«»«¾¤£¬ ¤t1T°=W§£¤tz Í«»°¤t¨=
§t¡r¢w£¨-§£ U¡inT²1¨=}°-¤t¢n¡°=§Ë¦Hz¢£¢t«»°=® Ú¤t°=}§t§¿¦H¢tT÷T°=§t¤£¢t«»°=®1¤£¡r°=i¤£¨=z¢ µ °U¬Az¢¤t¨=
Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©A¼A¥.¥ º¬º»«¾·T2¡i£¨§t¤£¢t«»°=®¤£Ü¡>¹T.¡ °=«±À 8z¹i¡º ¡r¤t«»i°M²K
¤t¨=z¢£n¦HT¢t µ §£§t¤£zz Xz§t¤¡r§wnz°Aµ¤8¡§2 µ ¢2º¾=z¡rºK§t¡r¢w£¨1«»°=§£¤t¡T¬µ ¦F°=nÄ=µ ¤¡§nnz°Aµ ¤²/ø
õ µ ¢¡r°U¡º»©A¤t«±z¡rº¡r°U¬}W =«»¢t«±z¡rºU¢£z§ µ º¾¤£§«»°U¬A«±z¡r¤tÎ¤tÜ¡r¤¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§t¤£¢w¡r¤tz®T«¾}§¡¢t
¦H¤£z°$¡r°nÄ=¤t¢t}Wzº»©¦a¡r§t¤F¦HT¢tô¦F§t¡r¢w£¨R²ù/¥z¹Tz¢¼T¦ µ °Un¤£«¾T°=§nÄ=«¾§£¤¥2¨½z¢t8ªXi¤t¨¤t¨=
§t«»W =º»2®Tz°=z¤£«¿¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=ô¥2«»¤t¨½ µ ¤º»¡¢£°=«»°=®¡r°U¬¤t¨=¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°§t¤£¢w¡r¤tz®T© µ §t¬«»°
¤t¨=«»§F U¡ Xz¢nT°¸¹Tz¢t®T2¤t8º»=z¡ºAi ½¤t«»$¡P¥2¨=«»º»¤£¨=§£«»W =º»F®iz°½z¤t«±2¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=×9ÄÁ ½º¾T«»¤t«»°=®
¤t¨=Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°$9Æ9¤ni°A¹Tz¢t®Tz§8¤t$¡®iº»iªX¡ºKi ½¤t«» µ Ã²F¿§t¤ µ ¬A©¤t¨=«»§8 =¨=z°½iW}°=i°
ªA©Í¨=«»¤£º¾}©×ï»óü}ñ
µ¥2§t¨=«»°=«±t®ú¨1n¡rÄU¢t¡in¡¤§£W U=9¬A«z¡rº»º§z¡¦§£¡¦§t«»¤t¨½ =º»âWi®i§£}°=¡z¤t°U«±¬È¶K¡«»º»z®i ½T«¾¢t°½«»¤t§2¨½Wû=¬A¬Azz¹Tº»§zº»ïiý} Xñt²¬
¡º»§t§t¨½¥`¤tÜ¡r¤
À µ «»¹i¡º»z°Un8nº±¡§£§tz§ÎnÄ=«¾§£¤¦Bi¢P¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°=§>¼A§ µ £¨¤tÜ¡r¤¤£¨=Î¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°=§«»°$¡r°WÀ µ «»¹i¡º»z°Xn
nº±¡§t§¡¢£ =¢t=n}§t§t>¬Í«»°¡r°«¬Áz°A¤t«±z¡ºP¦a¡r§t¨=«»i° µ °U¬Áz¢§£ U>n«Ü´¦Hi¢£W§r¦.¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°
¡°U¬Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§£¡¢nt¨ §t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i«»z§>²
þ ÿtþ "!#$%&'()*
+1¡°A©Wr¦¤£¨=1ÓtÄ©Aª=¢£«¬®iz°½z¤t«±¡rº¾®Ti¢£«¾¤£¨=W§£Ö¤t¨X¡¤nTª=«»°=º»=z¡ºK§£¡¢n£¨Ã¡°U¬®Tz°=z¤£«
§t¡r¢w£¨ µ §t¥2Ü¡¤2«»§«»°nÆKn¤¡¿¦Bi¢t"¦2¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°}¹iiº µ ¤£«»i°R²Ò°½i¤t¨½z¢8¥p¡>©¤tÜ¡r¤
º¾>¡¢t°½«¾°½®¡r°U¬z¹Tiº µ ¤£«¾T°$z¡r°W«»°A¤tz¢n¡in¤2«»§2¤£¡rº¾º»¥Íº»¡¢£°=«»°=®ÝH«l² i²»¼iº»=z¡ºXi ½¤t«»W«»Ì¡r¤t«»i°UÞ
¤t1£Ü¡°=®T¤t¨=´X¤t°=z§£§¦¡°È«»°U¬A«»¹A«±¬ µ ¡ºM¥2«»¤t¨= µ ¤¡º»¤tz¢£«»°=®¤t¨=«»°U¬A«»¹A«±¬ µ ¡rº-, §2®Tz°=z¤£«
n=¬Ai²Ê¶Û=z¡º8§t>¡¢w£¨R¼8T¢Wº»¡r¢t°=«»°=®X¼2¥2«»º¾ºÎÜ¡>¹i ¤t¨=nÆKn¤ ¦£Ü¡r°=®i«»°=®¤£¨=1´X¤t°=z§£§
º¡r°U¬A§nz¡ Xi²³2¨=«»§8«»§ U¡r¢t¤8¦2¥2Ü¡¤8«»§8·A°=¥2°¡r§¤t¨½ã/ärå¾æçPè±é-ê±ëêní9î.ïò}ñ.ï»ó£ñt/² .8¢ µ ¡ µ
¡°U¬Ú¨=«»¤tº»z©Ã1ï 0ZñÜ¡>¹T8¦H °U¬¤t¨X¡¤¥2¨½z°Ã}¹iiº»¹A«»°=®WÅP¸Tº»¡°1°½ ¢w¡rºF°=z¤l¥i¢t·A§ §£«¾°½®
®i¢w¡rW¡¢F¤t¢£zz§¼Û®iz°=}¤t«±8§tµ >¡¢w£¨È¤tÜ¡r¤ µ §t>¬1º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®¤tt¨X¡°=®T.µ ¤£¨=8Ú¤£°=z§£§¦ µ °Uµ n¤£«¾T°
¥p¡r3§ 2 µ §£¤.¡r§nÆKn¤£«¾¹TW¡§8¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i«»z5§ 4ÎªXi¤t¨È¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i«»z§¡r°U¬
§t¡r¢w£¨9ÄÁ ½º¾T«»¤t«»°=®2¤t¨½pÅ¡º±¬A¥2«»°nÆKn¤P¥z¢£i¢£76$n«»z°A¤e¡r°U¬8nÆKn¤£«»¹i2¤t¨X¡°®Tz°=z¤£«
§t¡r¢w£¨Ã¡º»T°=i²
³2¨½«¾§M U¡ Xz¢FnÄ= =º»i¢£z§R¤£¨=2niª=«»°U¡r¤t«»i°2r¦Uº»=z¡ºA¡°U¬Î®i}°=z¤t«±P§t¡r¢w£¨«¾°¿¤t¨=¬Ái$¡r«»°
¦K¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°i =¤£«»W«»Ì¡¤£«»i°8¦HT¢ ½¢tiª½º¾}W§¤£Ü¡¤Ü¡>¹iÎªU}z°z°Un=¬A¬¡r§ª=«»°U¡r¢t©§£¤t¢t«»°=®T§²
õ ¢º»Á}¡º=§£¡¢nt¨¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½ §tz§i°½2«¾¤£z¢w¡r¤t«»i°r¦§£¤tz} Uz§£¤¡§nnz°A¤8² .8«»¹iz°¡8 ¢t¢£z°A¤
§tiµ º µ ¤£«»i°R:¼ 9U«» 1¡i£¨È¦¤£¨=¶µ ª=«»¤t§>öK«Ü¦¤t¨= µ ¢£¢tz°A¤§£iº µ ¤t«»T°1«»§°=T¤.¡º»=z¡rºT =¤t«»µ µ 1¼
¤t¨=z°È¤t¨½$è<;>=@?BADCênæ/E5AråGFTîaèHAé«»§¤£¨=ªUz§£¤8¦¤£¨=¶ UT§t§£«¾ª½º¾¿°=z«»®iÄªXi¢§£¤w¡r¤tz§>²8ßB¦¤t¨=
«¾ =¢t¹T¬§tTº µ ¤t«»i°1«»§n=¬A¬ÈªX¡i£·1i°A¤£$¤£¨=t¨½¢tii§£iWT¼=¥¥2«»º»ºF¢tn¦H}¢¤t¤t¨½«¾§¡r§
¡W¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°W§£¡¢nt¨§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©A²8ßl°1¤t¨=«»§z¡r§ti¼K¤£¨=°=nÄ=¤8§t¤w¡r¤t¢£z =º±¡in}§.¤£¨= ¢t¢£z°A¤
§t¤w¡r¤ti²FßB¦K¤t¨½2«¾ =¢t¹T¬Î§tTº µ ¤t«»i°«»§FW}¢tzº»© µ §£¬¤t£Ü¡r°=®i2¤£¨=´X¤t°=z§£§r¦¤£¨=2 µµ ¢t¢£z°A¤
§t¤w¡r¤ti¼½¤t¨=}°1¤t¨=8§£¡¢nt¨ §t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©¥2«»º»ºUªX¢t9¦Hz¢t¢£¬ ¤t¡§Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°R²
IM«»® ¢tóT¼i¤n¡·Tz°¦H¢£i
.8¢ ¡ ¡°U¬¨½«¾¤£º»z©$1ï 0ZñË¼T«»º»º §t¤t¢n¡¤£z§¨=¥º»=z¡rºU§£¡¢nt¨1z¡r°
¡º»¤tz¢¤t¨½µ 2Ú¤£°=z§t§2º±¡r°U¬A§w}¡ Xi²Fµ ³¡µ ·A«»°=®KJÍ§t¤£z =§¬Az} Uz°½§µ ¤t¨½ªU¡r§t«»°¦¡r¤t¤t¢n¡in¤£«»i°R¼T¤t¨ µ §
LMON8NQPRTSQUWVHXPYNZS[\S<]QP
^D_-VHSa`1bcD_-dBeWPYbPHNZSgfhd7iDNQj)`GV
SkUBlTP\Nm\`1fDS<]QP
NQP\`Gn7]5odB_-VDd7fZUVkSp_k`1NQnqU7_-P*XH]QPXHl5Pj
`1Nr_\UBNQjDdBbsdB_\jDP\_B[WNQPRTS)UgVkXP\NDSqjDd5PVqNQdWStW`GPYuGjrU8iDND`GvgiQPVkd7u1iQS<`GdBNwqxDdB_VkSHPPYcyPVkSqUWVHXPYNZS[DUBu1uz{oD`GS
XH]QUBNQnWPV*UB_\P)SHPVHSkPjUBNQjSp]QPoyPVkS
`1bcD_-dBeWPYbP\NDSa`GV)SHUBl5P\Nw
1
F(X)
0
0
32
64
96
128
1-Dimensional Variable X
Fitness, no learning
Fitness after n-steps down hill
Fitness after descent to a local optimum
RI «»® µ ¢tóa4r|=} ê.êìëênínîAY.~ åOA ínäråE êwäw? í7}rA éîk=} ê)e îaéUê7EB.E å»äéUæZ}E ínä7Á= êA\8~ ä/AéUê8ærè<;ê}éEzèkAréUäå
~WFAéUínîlèkAréW;>=@?ACZêg;êzéAîHEK;ACZêæQArçé}Aè±å±å3AréîH}ÁêFîaéXêBEBEå»äéUæZE}ínä7=Áêg
$¡·A«»°=®8¤t¨½2¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°9¡¤£¤tz¢¡r¢t µ °U¬¤£¨=º»=z¡rºUT =¤t«» µ È²UßB¦Rº»=z¡rºK§t¡r¢w£¨«¾§2¬AT°=¤£
ni°A¹i}¢t®i}°Uni¼M¤t¨=}°Ã¤£¨=´X¤t°=z§£§Î¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°1ªXnTWz§>9¡r¤«»°1¡Tt¨ÈªU¡r§t«»°1¦¡r¤t¤t¢n¡in¤£«»i°R²
J2i¤£¤t¨X¡¤R>¡i£¨ªX¡§t«»°r¦U¡¤t¤£¢w¡Tn¤t«»i°M¼¨½¥z¹Tz¢¼rÜ¡§F¡2 Xi¤t}°¸¤£«±¡º»º»©¬A«ÜÆz¢£z°A¤Fz¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°
ni¢£¢tz§£ UT°U¬A«»°=®8¤t8¤t¨½z¹i¡rº ¡¤£«¾T°8¦U¤£¨=º»=z¡rº¸T =¤t«» 1*² Ü¡°½®i«»°=®¤£¨=PÚ¤t°=}§t§º±¡°X¬TÂ
§wz¡r U2«»°¤t¨=«»§F¥p¡>©n¢t¡r¤tz§µ¤t¨½2 UT¤tz°A¤t«±¡rºi¦Bi¢F«»W U¡Tn¤t«»µ°=®2®Tz°=z¤£«§£¡¢n£¨WªA©«»°Un¢£¡§£«¾°½®
¤t¨=8º»«»·izº»«»¨=A=¬¦¡º»º»=z¡¤£«¾°½®WT¢t§n¡ =º»z§«»°nz¢t¤n¡«»°1ªU¡r§t«»°=§2r¦e¡¤£¤t¢n¡in¤£«¾T°R²
ù/«»°¸¤£i°-¡r°U#¬ J2Tº¡r°ïò}ñp¥z¢t¤£¨=Ú¢£§t¤¢tz§£¡¢n£¨=z¢t§¤t19ÄÁ ½º¾T¢t¤t¨= ã/ärå¾æçPè±éÙpê ~B
~ênínî µ §£«¾°½®®Tz°=z¤£«¿¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=§²X³2¨=z©«»º¾º µ §£¤t¢n¡¤tÎ¤t¨=Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°9Æ9¤ µ §t«»°=®¡®Tz°=z¤£«
¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=6¡°X¬1¡§£«¾ =º»8¢w¡°X¬Ai6º»¡r¢t°=«»°=® =¢t=nz§£§¤t¨X¡¤¬Az¹Tzº»i =§¡§£«»W =º»8°= ¢n¡º
°=z¤l¥i¢t·K²8³2¨=®i}°=z¤t«±¿z°Un=¬A«»°=®§£ U9«u´Xz§¡°= µ ¢n¡ºF°=z¤l¥i¢£·1¤tT UTº»i®i©ªA©1«»°U¬A«±µ z¡¤ËÂ
«¾°½®W¥2¨=«±£¨1¦2ðiü Xi¤£z°A¤t«±¡ºnT°=°=9¤t«»i°=§¿§t¨= µ º±¬ªU µ §t¬ ¤t1nT°=°=n¤¡®i«»¹Tz°1§t}¤.r¦
¡¢t¤£«Üń«±¡º°= µ ¢£i°=§>²-³2¨½$TªQ2nn¤£«»¹i¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°ÚÝH¥2«»¤t¨= µ ¤º¾>¡¢t°½«¾°½®¸Þ¿«¾§§ µ t¨Í¤£Ü¡¤¤t¨=
ÓwnT¢t¢t>n¤tÖÈ°=z¤l¥i¢£·1¢tz§ º»¤t§«»°Ã«»°Un¢£¡§£¬È´X¤t°=z§£§¼¡r°U¬Ã¡rº»ºT¤t¨=}¢°=z¤l¥i¢£·¸§¿Ü¡>¹i¤t¨=
§w¡i¼T«¾°Á¦Hz¢t«»T¢Ú¤£°=z§£§²µ ³2¨½«¾§2n¢£¡¤£z§.¡¿§t =«»·T.¡¤¤t¨½$Ónni¢£¢t9¤tÖ§tTº µ ¤t«»i°«»°W¡°WT¤t¨=}¢lÂ
¥2«¾§£ 9¡r¤FÚ¤£°=z§t§2º±¡r°U¬A§w}¡ Xi²F³2¨=®Tz°=z¤£«±2z°U9Á¬Á«¾°½® µ §£z§K¡ £Ü¡r¢w¡Tn¤tz¢¡rº» =Ü¡ªXz¤2Ýlü=¼
ói¼Þ¥2¨=«±£¨W§£ U>n«ÜÚz§2¤t¨½.9ÄÁ«»§£¤tz°U9.r¦¡9i°=°=>n¤t«»i° ÝH«l² i²»¼Uó>Þz¼T¤t¨=¡rª=§tz°Xn8¦¡ni°AÂ
°=n¤£«¾T°ÝH«l² i²»¼=üiÞT¢2¤t¨=ni°=°½n¤t«»T°Ãz¡° ªU µ °=§t Xn«ÜÚ¬ ÝH«l² i²»¼ Þz²PßB¦¤t¨=9i°=°=>n¤t«»i°
«¾§ µ °=§£ U9«u´X¬È«»¤.z¡r°ÃªX§£z¤8¢w¡r°U¬Aiº»©Wi¢Î§tz¤¿¹¸«±¡º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®X².¶Û¡¢£°=«»°=®W«»°1¤£¨=«»§¯}¡§t
«¾§W}¢tzº»©¡1¢n¡°U¬ATÉ§t>¡¢w£¨Í¦8 UT§t§£«¾ª½º¾¡§£§t«»®i°=z°A¤t§¤t µ °=§£ U9«u´X¬nT°=°=n¤£«»i°=§
¬Az°=T¤t¬ªA©¤£¨= §£©¸ªXiºl²
ù/«»°¸¤£i°¡°U¬ J2Tº±¡°¦H °U¬ ¤tÜ¡r¤8¤t¨=ÈÓ >Ö§t©AªXiºM°=z¹i}¢8¦ º»º»©1¬A«»§w¡ ½ U¡r¢t¬ ¦B¢ti
¤t¨=z«»¢®iz°½z¤t«±8n=¬A8¥2¨=z°¤tµ ¨=8§t>¡¢w£¨®iT¤p9º¾T§tÎz°= µ ®i¨W¤£¤£¨=8µ ®iº»iªX¡º=T =¤t«» µ Ï¤tÜ¡r¤
«¾¤n µ º±¬ªX2¢t>¡i£¨=¬¹¸«±¡/º¾>¡¢t°½«¾°½®U²M³2¨=«»§e¡r = X¡¢£§¤t8ªX¡ªA©TÂl =¢t=¬ µ 9¤¦K®iz°½z¤t«±2¬A¢£«u¦B¤
n ½º¾>¬È¥2«¾¤£¨ =¢t}$¡¤ ¢tW9i°A¹iz¢£®iz°Xni²ù¡r¢t¹i}©Ù1ï }ñ2 =¢t¹A«±¬Az§¡Ç®iA=¬ÈnÄ= =º±¡°U¡r¤t«»i°
¦Hi¢µ ¤£¨=W¡°½i$¡rº» µ §Î¢tzµ§ µ º»¤t§¦.ù2«»°A¤tT°¡r°U#
¬ J2Tº±¡°È¥2«¾¤£¨¢tz§£ U>n¤¤t1¤£¨=-Ó£ ÌzÌ}º¾r¦
¤t¨= Xz¢£§t«»§t¤£z°A¤¯À µ }§t¤t«»T°=§¡¢t·A§>² ÖÅzº»z¥'1ï }ñ¡º»§trÆz¢£§.¡¢£z¹A«¾}¥\¡°U¬¡n¢£«¾µ¤£«±À µ .r¦
ù2«»°A¤ti°¡°U¬ J/iº±¡°R²
$WWÎ& #P1z

³ÈªXz¤t¤£z¢ µ °U¬Az¢£§t¤n¡°U¬^¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°-¡°U¬ÍÅ¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°ú§t¡r¢w£¨×§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i«»z§$¡r°ÍnÄU¡in¤
W=¬Azºr¦p¤£¨=W§£«»W =º»®Tz°=z¤£«¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½ ¥2¡§ µ §£¬¤£1§t¤ µ ¬A©ÈªUT¤t¨-¡r = =¢tA¡i£¨=z§¿¦HT¢
§tiº»¹A«»°=®W§£$¡rº¾ºK¤£z§t¤¿ =¢tTª=º»zW§>²8³2¨==¬AzºR¥2¡§ µ §£¬È¤t¤t¢n¡i£·1¤t¨½nÄ= U9¤t¬ ¢tz =¢£nÂ
§tz°A¤w¡r¤t«»i°r¦§t¤£¢t«»°=®T§«»°$¡r°$«»°A´X°=«»¤tzº»©º±¡¢£®i Xi µ º±¡¤t«»T°R²
³FÁ¬Ázº¤£¨=1nÆKn¤1r¦¤t¨=Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°Í§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©A¼2T°=º»©-¤t¨½1Ú¤£°=z§£§W¦ µ °Un¤£«¾T°
°=z¬A§2¤£ªX.£Ü¡r°=®i>¬K² I=T¢¡Tt¨§£¤t¢t«»°={® R¥¥2«»º»ºX¢tn¦H}¢¤£z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°AÂlÒÕ¡r§¤£¨=8¹i¡º µ
¢tz¤ µ ¢t°=>¬1ªA©W¤£¨=z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°¦ µ °U9¤t«»i° µ §£¬ªA©W¤£¨=§t«» =º»®i}°=z¤t«±¡rº»®ii¢£«»¤t¨=ô¥2«»¤tÄÂ
µ ¤8º»¡¢£°=«»°=®U²¿¨=z°¡Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§t¡r¢w£¨-§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©1«»§ µ §t>¬K¼¡§£ni°X¬Èz¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°
¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°W«»§2ni°½§t¤t¢ µ n¤£¬K² I=T¢>¡i£¨W§£¤t¢t«»°=® M¥.¬A9Ú°=¤£¨=z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°AÂtÅÈ¦HT¢§£¤t¢t«»°=®
¡§¤£¨=¡>Ä=«» µ ^z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤t«»T°AÂaÒÍ¹i¡rº µ p¡rWi°½®¤t¨½§t}¤r¦R§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§9iW Xi§£¬¦R§£¤t¢£«¾°½®
2¡°U¬«»T¤ , §8¶°=}«¾®TÄªUT¢t§8«»°Ãù¡rWW«Ü°=®§£ U¡inT
² °=°=«»°=®W¡§£«»W =º»8®iz°½z¤t«±¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=
i°¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°1}¹i¡º µ ¡¤£«»i°AÂtÅú =¢t=¬ µ 9z§¢t}§ µ º»¤t§Î«±¬Azµ °A¤t«±z¡rºR¤t¢ µ °½°=«»°=®W¡§£«¾ =º»®Tz°=z¤£«
¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=Ïi°¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°z¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°AÂlÒ¡°U¬ µ §t«»°=®¿i°=Î«¾¤£z¢w¡r¤t«»i°r¦§£¤tz} Uz§£¤.¡r§wnz°A¤2¤£
t¨X¡°=®T.¤£¨=z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°¦F¤t¨= µ ¢t¢£z°A¤§t¤£¢t«»°=®X²
ÒÎ°WnÄU¡rW =º»P¦ °Un¤£«»i°«»º»º §t¤t¢n¡¤£z§¤t¨½nÆKn¤2r¦RW=¬Azº»«»°=®¤£¨=.Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡r°§£¡¢nt¨
§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©A²³2¨=Î¦HTº»µº¾¥2«»°=®ª=µ «»¤¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°W¥2¡§n¢£¡¤£¬1ªA©§£i¢t¤£«»°=®¤t¨=¿ª=«»°U¡¢£©§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§
¦Kº¾}°=®i¤£¨¦H µ ¢¡iz9i¢w¬Á«¾°½®¤t8¤t¨½z«»¢«»°¸¤£z®i}¢¹i¡º µ i²Û³2¨=2§t¤£¢t«»°=®üTüiüiü/«»§®i«»¹i}°¤t¨=Î¹i¡º µ
ðiý=öM¡§¤£¨=«»°¸¤£z®i}¢.¹i¡rº r¦p¤£¨=§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§«»°U9¢t¡r§tz§ªA©-ó¤t¨=¹i¡rº ¡r§t§t«»®T°=¬ ¤t¤t¨=
§t¤t¢£«»°=®«»§¬An¢£zWz°A¤£¬µ ªA©ð½3² A¤£¢t«»°=®óióTóüÎÜ¡r§¹i¡rº µ pü½3² Á¤t¢t«»°=®óTóiµóió«»§F¤t¨=}°$¡§£§t«»®i°½¬
¹i¡º µ rTü=²F³2¨=Î¦HTº»º¾¥2«»°=®Î¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°$¥2«»º»ºXªU¬Áz°=i¤£¬I µ °Un¤£«»i°Ãóa4
W@#" W*¡y#"¦
W*¡D@#"a¥
W*¡¡y#"
W*¡D@¢£
W*¡D*¡y¢§¡D W*¡¡D@¢§¡D¦
W*¡¡¡y¢§¡T¥
qD¡Z*#¤¡D
qD¡Z*¡#¤¡D
qD¡Z*¡D*# qD¡Z*¡¡# ¦
qD¡y¡D*& ¥
qD¡y¡D*¡&
qD¡y¡¡D*&
qD¡y¡¡¡&£¨
³2¨=¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°-«»§ Xi§£¬Í¡§¡1¡>Ä=«»«»Ì¡¤£«¾° =¢tTª=º»zÃ²È³2¨=«»§¿¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°«»§°½i¤¿¦ µ º»º»©
¬Anz ½¤t«»¹iï >ñ¯ï1©}ñ2§t«»°UnªFÝ\«r«¬«=óÞªFÝ-««K«iüTÞ¡°X¬ªFÝ-«K«óió>Þ{ªFÝ-«¬«.üTüiÞ}¼F¥2¨=z¢t
ªF<Ý ®¸Þ8«»§8¤t¨=W¡>¹Tz¢w¡r®iz¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i° ¦¡º»ºF§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§8«»°ÃÄ©A Xz¢t =º±¡r°={®U²ù2¥z¹iz¢>¼R«»¤¬AAz§
Ü¡>¹i¡§£«»®i°=«Ü´z¡r°A¤¡W µ °A¤r¦¬Anz ½¤t«»i°R²/³2¨=8¦HTº¾º»¥2«»°=®8¦ µ °Un¤£«¾T°° ¯T±>-Ý BÞ2¢£z =¢t}§tz°A¤t§
z¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°AÂtÅÍni°½§t¤t¢ µ n¤£¬¦B¢ti²
I µ °Xn¤t«»i°Èói²
T³Wy*#§qWy*#´ T³Wy*¡#§qWy*#´ T³Wy*¡D*#§qWy*#´ T³Wy*¡¡#§qWy*¡#´¦
T³W@¡D*#§qWy*#´ T³W@¡D*¡#§qWy*¡#´¦
T³W@¡¡D*#§qW@¡D*#á¥
T³W@¡¡¡#§qD¡¡y¡¡#´¨
T³Z¡D*µ¶qWy*#´ T³Z¡D*¡µ¶qWy*¡#´¦
T³Z¡D*¡D*µ¶qWy*¡D*#á¥
T³Z¡D*¡¡µ¶qD¡y¡¡¡#´¨
T³Z¡¡D*µ¶qW@¡D*#´
T³Z¡¡D*¡µ¶qD¡y¡¡¡#´¨
T³Z¡¡¡D*µ¶qD¡y¡¡¡#´¨
T³Z¡¡¡¡µ¶qD¡y¡¡¡#´¨
J2i¤£2¤tÜ¡r¤¤£¨=2ªU¡r§t«»°=§¦R¡¤t¤£¢w¡Tn¤t«»i°W¡r¢tÎ$¡i¬Á¬Azz Xz¢¡r°U¬¬9 ¡¤£¤tz¢2¡¢£ µ °X¬¡i£¨Wº»=z¡rº
W«»°=«» µ 1 ²
·/°U¬Az¢8¤£¨=¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°W§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T© µ §£¬¨=z¢£i¼K¤£¨=§t¤£¢t«»°=®¥2«¾¤£¨1¤t¨½ªU}§t¤8¹i¡º µ 8«»°
¤t¨=8º»=z¡ºK°=}«¾®TÄªUT¢t¨=A=¬r¦§t¤£¢t«»°=®/F¥ µ º±¬W¡rº»¥p¡>©A§¢£z =º±¡in8§£¤t¢t«»°=® µ °=º»z§t§eÜ¡§¤t¨=
ªUz§£¤¹i¡rº µ i¼A«»°$¥2¨½«£¨1z¡r§t§£¤t¢t«»°=® e«¾§¡º»=z¡rºKi =¤£«¾ µ 1²Kßl°¤t¨=«»§2«»W =º»zz°A¤w¡r¤t«»°r¦
¤t¨=8¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°¿§t¡r¢w£¨W§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T©¤t¨=Î§t¤£¢t«»°=®¬A«»§£¤t¢t«»ª µ ¤t«»i°=§2¡¢£¡º»¤t}¢t¬¡¤¤£¨=ªXz®i«»°AÂ
°=«»°=®r¦¡T£¨®Tz°=z¢n¡¤t«»T°¤t8W=¬AzºT¤t¨=29Æ9¤t§¦Ki°=«»¤tz¢n¡¤t«»T°r¦U§t¤£zz Xz§t¤¡r§wnz°A¤>²FÒ
§t¤t¢£«»°=®8¢tz§£«¬Á«¾°½®¡¤¡Îº»Á}¡º=T =¤t«» µ 1¼9¦Hi¢FnÄU¡ =º»i¼>«»°Un¢t>¡§t}§«»¤t§F¥2°¬A«»§t¤£¢t«»ª µ ¤£«¾T°ªA©
¤t¨=8§ µ '¦F¤t¨=¬A«»§t¤£¢t«»ª µ ¤£«»i°=§¦¡rº¾ºKr¦R«»¤t§«¾W¬Á«¡r¤t2¶1°½z«»®iÄªUT¢t§>²ù2¥z¹iz¢>¼A¤t¨=}§t
°=z«»®iÄªXi¢ Xi«»°A¤t§8¬AW°½i¤8°=n}§t§w¡r¢t«»º»©1z°U¬ µ 1¥2«»¤£¨1Ìzz¢£1¢tz ½¢tz§£z°A¤w¡¤£«»i°R{² J2z«»®iÄªXi¢£§
¡¤.¡ùÎ¡W«»°=®¬A«»§t¤n¡°Un¦¤l¥¦H¢tTÊ¤£¨=º¾=z¡rºRT =¤t«» µ ô¥2«»º»ºR¡º»§t¹i¬A¥2°=¨=«»º»º
i°=8§t¤£z ÈÝa¡r§t§ µ W«»°=®¤£¨=z©$¡r¢t8«»°W¤£¨=8§w¡ªU¡r§t«»°Wr¦e¡r¤t¤t¢n¡in¤£«»i°UÞ}¼A¤t¨ µ §n¢£¡¤£«¾°½®°=}¥
¢tz =¢£z§t}°¸¤n¡¤£«¾T°=§Î¦Hi¢§tTWÎ§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§Î¤tÜ¡r¤¡¢t8T°=8§t¤t} Ãnº»i§£z¢¤£¤£¨=º»=z¡ºKT =¤t«» µ 1²
¶ÛzK¤ ¸-Ý ¹YºwÞªU¤t¨=¢t} =¢tz§£z°A¤w¡r¤t«»i°r¦e§£¤t¢£«¾°½»® «»°¤t¨= UT º±¡¤£«»i°1¡¤Î¤t«»W> º²ÎÒ2¤
¤t¨=ªU}®i«»°=°=«»°=®¦¡T£¨Ã®Tz°=z¢n¡¤t«»T°Ã¤£¨= ½¢ti Xi¢£¤t«»i°X¡ºR¢£z =¢£z§tz°Aµ ¤n¡¤t«»T°-¦§£¤t¢t«»°=®T§¡¢t
t¨X¡°=®T¬ÈªA©Ã¬Ai«»°=®T°=«»¤tz¢n¡¤t«»T°Ãr¦p§£¤tzz Xz§£¤W¡§w9z°A¤²ßl°¤t¨=¦HTº»º¾¥2«»°=®>À µ ¡¤t«»T°=§¼
¸¼±Ý\¹YºwÞ¢£z =¢£z§tz°A¤£§$¤£¨=1¬A«»§t¤£¢t«»ª ¤£«¾T°-r¦.§t¤£¢t«»°=®T§¡Z¦H¤tz¢§£¤tz} Uz§£¤1¡§w9z°A¤²sJ2i¤£¤tÜ¡r¤
¤t¨=Î¢t¬A«»§£¤t¢t«»ª µ ¤t«»i°¦R§t¤£¢t«»°=®¢£z =µ ¢£z§tz°A¤n¡¤t«»T°=§2¥2«»º¾º µ § µ ¡rº»º¾©ªX.¬A«ÜÆKz¢tz°A¤¦HT¢F¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°½§
¤tÜ¡r¤¡¢t¬A«ÜÆKz¢t}°¸¤>²I½i¢¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°Ãói¼A¤£¨=i§££Ü¡°½®iz§8¡¢t
½3¾T¿ÀDÀDÀDÀqÁHÂQÃ/ÄÅ½)¿ÀDÀDÀDÀqÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿ÀDÀDÀÇÁHÂÃÆ½)¿ÀDÀÇWÀqÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿ÀÇWÀDÀqÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿WÇWÀDÀDÀqÁHÂÃ
½3¾T¿ÀDÀDÀÇÁHÂQÃ/ÄÅ½)¿ÀDÀÇDÇÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿ÀÇWÀÇÁHÂÃÆ½)¿WÇWÀDÀÇÁHÂÃ
½3¾T¿ÀDÀÇWÀqÁHÂQÃ/ÄÅ½)¿ÀÇDÇWÀqÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿WÇWÀÇWÀqÁHÂÃ
½3¾T¿ÀÇWÀDÀqÁHÂQÃ/ÄÅ½)¿WÇDÇWÀDÀqÁHÂÃ
½3¾T¿WÇDÇDÇDÇÁHÂQÃ/ÄÅ½)¿WÇDÇDÇDÇÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿WÇDÇDÇWÀqÁHÂÃÆ½)¿WÇDÇWÀÇÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿WÇWÀÇDÇÁHÂÃÆÅ½)¿ÀÇDÇDÇÁHÂÃ
½3¾T¿ÀDÀÇDÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿ÀÇWÀÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿ÀÇDÇWÀqÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿ÀÇDÇDÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇWÀDÀDÀqÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇWÀDÀÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇWÀÇWÀqÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇWÀÇDÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇDÇWÀDÀqÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇDÇWÀÇÁHÂQÃ/Ä#À
½3¾T¿WÇDÇDÇWÀqÁHÂQÃ/Ä#ÀqÈ
Á¤t¢t«»°=®T§2¥2¨=«±£¨$º»«»T°1¡§w¡i¬½¬Aº».ªXz¤l¥zz°1ªX¡§t«»°=§2r¦e¡r¤t¤t¢n¡in¤£«»i°Ü¡>¹i8°=¢£z =¢£z§tz°ÁÂ
¤w¡¤£«»i°-¡>¦B¤tz¢T°=W«»¤£z¢w¡r¤t«»i°r¦§t¤t}z U}§t¤$¡r§wn}°¸¤>²È³2¨=W° µ ªXz¢r¦p Xi«»°A¤t§¿¦a¡º»º»«»°=®WT°
¤t¨=§w¡T¬=¬Aº»ªU}¤l¥z}°º¾=z¡rºFi =¤£«¾¡«»§.À µ «»¤t¨=«»®i¨È«»°Ã¡§t$¡rº»ºq$ ª½«¾¤/¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°R²¿Ü¡r¤
¡ªX µ ¤º±¡r¢t®i}¢¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°=§ õÎªA¹¸«» µ §tº»©A¼i¡Wó>üiüÎª=«»¤F¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°¥2«¾¤£¨W¤l¥º»=z¡º=T =¤t«»¡2¥2«»º»º
Ü¡>¹i8¡§£$¡º»º»z¢F Xz¢wn}°¸¤n¡®T¦R§n¡i¬=¬Aº»8 Xi«»°A¤t§2¡§2ni U¡¢£¬¤t¤t¨=8§£«¾Ì}.r¦R¤t¨=8§£¡¢nt¨
§t U¡Tniö«»¤8¦Biº»º»¥2§.¤£Ü¡¤¯¦Hz¥z¢§£¤t¢£«¾°½®i§¥2«¾º»ºFÜ¡>¹TÌzz¢t¢£z =¢£z§tz°A¤n¡¤t«»T°-«»°-¡°«»°AÚ°½«¾¤£
UT µ º±¡¤£«¾T°W®Tz°=z¤£«8¡rº¾®Ti¢£«¾¤£¨=Ã²Mù2¥z¹iz¢>¼=¤l¥«»§£§ µ z§8¡¢£.¥i¢£¤t¨1nT°=§t«±¬Az¢£«»°=®U²
ói²ÒÎ§¤£¨=° µ ªU}¢¦º»=z¡ºPi =¤£«¾¡«»°Un¢£¡§£i¼®Tz°=z¢n¡º»º»©Ã¤£¨=W° µ ªXz¢r¦§w¡T¬=¬Aº»
Xi«»°A¤t§F¥2«»º»ºU¡º»§t8«»°Un¢£¡§£i²F¨=}°¤t¨=2¡>Ä=«»$¡º° µ ªXz¢F¦Kº»=z¡º=T =¤t«»¡nÄ=«¾§£¤t§
«»°¡ª=«»°U¡r¢t©Ín=¬A¬Ú§t U¡Tni¼Î¤t¨=z°^nÄU¡i9¤tº»©ÍÜ¡ºÜ¦¤t¨=È Xi«»°A¤t§«»°¤t¨½1§t U¡Tn¡¢t
º»=z¡ºFT =¤t«»$¡¡°U¬ Ü¡rºu¦¡¢£§w¡T¬=¬Aº» Xi«»°A¤t§¿ªUz¤l¥zz°ú¤t¨=º»=z¡rºi =¤£«»$¡=K² +Çi¢t
SGA
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
10
Generations
20
30
SGA with Baldwinian Learning
1
0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
10
Generations
20
10
Generations
20
30
SGA with Baldwinian Learning and Scaled Fitness Values
0000
1111
0.9
0.8
0
0
1
0000
1111
0.9
0000
1111
0.9
0.8
0
SGA with Larmarckian Learning
1
0000
1111
30
0
0
10
Generations
20
IR«»® ¢t
ð 4).8ÒªXzÜ¡>¹A«»i¢M¥2«»¤t¨¡°U¬¯¥2«¾¤£¨= ¤¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°¡°U¬¿Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°¶K¡r¢t°=«»°=®X²
³2¨=8µ §t¤t¢£«»°=®WüiüTüiü¿«¾§¡¿º»=z¡ºKT =¤t«» µ '¡°X¬Ãµ óTóióTó2¤t¨=¿®iº»iªU¡rºUT =¤t«» µ È²
®Tz°=z¢n¡º»º»©¸¼A¥2¨=}°Ã¤£¨=ªU¡r§t«»°=§r¦¡¤t¤£¢w¡Tn¤t«»i°Ü¡>¹T¡¢w¡T¬A« µ §®T¢t¡r¤tz¢Î¤tÜ¡r°-ói¼½¤t¨=
° µ ªXz¢r¦p§n¡i¬=¬Áº¾ Xi«»°A¤t§8¦HT¢¡T£¨º¾=z¡rºi ½¤t«»$¡¥2«»º»ºR®T¢t¥ ¡r§¡¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°1r¦
¤£¨=ù¡W«»°=®8¬A«»§t¤w¡r°Un8¦B¢tià¤t¨=º»=z¡rºKi =¤£«¾¡Î¤t¤t¨½°=¡r¢tz§£¤§w¡T¬=¬Aº»8 UT«»°¸¤>²
ð=²ßl°¡°A© Ú°=«»¤t Xi µ º±¡r¤t«»i°Í®i}°=z¤t«±1¡rº»®ii¢£«»¤t¨=È¼R¡°A© UT«»°¸¤£§¤tÜ¡r¤Ü¡>¹i¢£z AÂ
¢£z§tz°A¤n¡¤t«»T°«¾°È¤t¨½ UT µ º±¡¤£«¾T°ÃªXn¦HT¢tº»=z¡ºP§t¡r¢w£¨-«»§¡ = ½º¾«»¬ $¡>©Ü¡>¹T°½
¢£z =¢t}§tz°A¤w¡r¤t«»i°È¡>¦H¤£z¢2º»Á}¡ºK§t>¡¢w£¨1«»§¡r = =º»«»¬K²
IM«»® ¢tWð«»º»º §t¤£¢w¡¤£z§¤£¨=¢tz§ º»¤t§Tª=¤w¡r«¾°½¬ §t«»°=®1¤£¨=nÄU¡in¤W=¬A}ºr¦.¡§t«»W =º»
®iz°=}¤t«±Wµ ¡rº¾®Ti¢£«¾¤£¨=µ 6¤t =¢t=nz§£§I µ µ °Un¤t«»T°ói²IM«»µ ® µ ¢£Wð1¡º»§t «¾°Xnº µ ¬Az§¤£¨=W¢£z§ µ º¾¤£§r¦
nÄ= µ ¤£«¾°½®$¤£¨=z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°AÂtÅÍ¹iz¢£§t«»i° ¦ I µ °Un¤t«»T°-ó¥2¨=«±£¨W=¬Azº»§2¤£¨=ªXzÜ¡>¹A«»i¢2r¦
¤t¨=Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡r°W§t>¡¢w£¨È§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©A¼K¡§2¥zº»º¡r§¤t¨½¢tz§ µ º»¤t§8¦¤£¨=¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°W§£¡¢nt¨
§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©A²F³2¨=n¢tT§t§£¹iz¢Î¢w¡¤£8¥p¡r§ü=1² ¡°X¬W¤£¨=8 µ ¤w¡r¤t«»i°¢n¡¤£.¥2¡§2ü¿¦HT¢p¡rº¾ºXnÄ= Xz¢t«ÜÂ
Wz°A¤t§>²ÅPi¤£¨W¤£¨=8§t«»W =º»®iz°½z¤t«±8¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½\¥2«»¤t¨= µ ¤º¾>¡¢t°½«¾°½®¡°U¬¤t¨=8¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°
§t¡r¢w£¨-§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T©9i°A¹iz¢£®i¤£Ã¡º¾=z¡rºi ½¤t«» µ 1²8³2¨=WÅ¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡° §t¡r¢w£¨-§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T©
ni°A¹i}¢t®i}§¤t¤t¨½®iº»iªU¡rºFi =¤£«¾ µ 1¼Aª µ ¤¬AAz§¿§t§tº»¥2º»©¸²õÎ°=¢£¡§£i°È¦HT¢8¤t¨=§tº»¥
30
ni°A¹i}¢t®i}°Un¦2¤t¨½Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§£¡¢nt¨§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©È«¾§Î¤tÜ¡r¤8¤t¨=z¢£«»§.º»z§£§8¹i¡¢t«±¡r¤t«»i°«»°
¤t¨=2z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°r¦§£¤t¢£«¾°½®i§«¾°¤t¨½§t X¡in µ °U¬Az¢¤t¨½2z¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°AÂtÅÈ¹i}¢t§t«»T°¦K¤t¨=/¦ µ °U£Â
¤t«»i°R²Òº»º§t¤£¢t«»°=®T§«»°Ã¤£¨=z¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°ÁÂËÅ^¹Tz¢t§£«¾T°¦I µ °Un¤t«»T°ÙóÜ¡>¹TW¡°Èz¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°
ªUz¤l¥zz°ðiü¡r°U¬Tü=¼U¡r°U¬¹Tz¢2Ü¡ºÜ¦¦¤£¨=§£¤t¢£«¾°½®i§¨X¡>¹i¡r°$}¹i¡º µ ¡¤£«»i°¦z«»¤t¨½z¢.ðTý
i¢ iü=²F³2¨ §2¡¿i°=nÂl¤t«»2§wz¡rº¾«»°=®¦F¤t¨=Î¦ °Un¤t«»T°W¥2¡§ Uz¢Ë¦Hi¢£W¬ªA©§ ª=¤£¢w¡Tn¤t«»°=®WðTü
¦H¢tT ¤t¨½µ¹i¡rº µ r¦/¡rº¾ºF Xi«»°A¤t§8«»°Ã¤£¨=§t X¡iµ ni²³2¨=«»§¬A«±¬°=T¤ni =º»z¤t}º¾µ ©¢£zW¹T¤t¨=
§wz¡rº¾«»°=® =¢£iª=º»zÈ¼iª µ ¤2«¾¤¬Á«¬z¡ µ §t¤£¨=®i}°=z¤t«±¡rº»®ii¢£«»¤t¨=ô¤tnT°¸¹Tz¢t®T8¦a¡r§t¤t}¢²
Éÿtþ Ê\¢Ë°)#Ì£>$ÎÍÐÏÑ
$ÓÒÔq£Õ)
A¤t¢£«¾°½®i§F¥2¨=«±£¨º¾«»T°¡Î§n¡i¬=¬Aº»2ªXz¤l¥zz°WªX¡§t«»°=§Fr¦Û¡r¤t¤t¢n¡in¤£«»i°Ü¡>¹i°=8¢tz ½¢tz§£z°A¤w¡¤£«»i°
¡>¦H¤£z¢i°½W«»¤tz¢n¡¤£«¾T°¦2§t¤£zz Xz§t¤¡§w9z°A¤ö«»¤8¦Hiº»º»¥2§¤£Ü¡¤¿¤t¨=¡in¤ ¡ºz¹i¡º ¡r¤t«»i°½§.r¦
¤t¨=z§£§t¤£¢t«»°=®i§8¡¢£«»°1§£iW8§£z°=§t«»¢£¢tzº»z¹i¡r°¸¤>²8³FªUWT¢t8§t Xn«Ü´µ ¼M¤t¨½z¹iµ ¡rº µ ¡¤£«¾T°=§
¦K§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§¤£Ü¡¤¡¢t2§n¡i¬=¬Áº¾2 Xi«»°A¤t§z¡°W£Ü¡r°=®i2¥2«»¤t¨½ µ ¤FnÆKn¤£«¾°½®¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°§£¡¢nt¨
¡§2º»i°=®¡§2¤£¨=®T¢w¡i¬Á«¾}°¸¤¬Á«¾¢£n¤£«¾T°=§2«»°U¬ µ 9¬ªA©º»Á}¡ºR§£¡¢n£¨Ã¬A°=i¤£Ü¡r°=®ii²P³2¨ µ §¼
I µ °Xn¤t«»i°ón µ º±¬ÈªUni°A¹Tz¢t¤£¬¤£1¤t¨=¦Hiº»º»¥2«»°=®¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°M¼R¥2¨=«±£¨¥W¢t9¦Hz¢¤tÃ¡r§
I µ °Xn¤t«»i°ð 4
W@#" W*¡y#"¦
W*¡D@#"a¥
W*¡¡y#"a¥
qW*¡Dy*&Ðy
qW*¡D@¡&ÐQ¥
qW*¡¡Z*&Ðy
qW*¡¡y¡&Ðy
D¡D@#§¡D D¡D*¡y#£a¥
D¡D*¡D@#£
D¡D*¡¡y#£
qD¡¡Dy*#Ö¡Z qD¡¡D@¡#Ö¡Z qD¡¡¡Z*#Ö¡Z qD¡¡¡y¡#"ÿ
ÒÎªU ¤Ü¡rºÜ¦U¦K¤t¨=2Ä©A Xz¢t =º±¡r°=z§°=¥-Ü¡>¹T´X¤t°=z§£§p¡>¹Tz¢w¡r®iz§P¤tÜ¡r¤R¦l¡>¹ii¢M¤t¨=Î®iº»iªX¡º
i =¤£«¾ µ µ óTóióTóÝHi² ®U²»¼gªFÝ-««Xó5«iÞsªFÝ-««AüQ«TÞz¼WªFÝ\««y«½óÞsªFÝ-«««iüiÞ}¼WªFÝ\«=óD«XóÞÎªFÝ\«iü«AüiÞ}¼
ªF-Ý ««óTóÞ¬¤ªFÝ-««ÎüiüiÞ£Þz²¨=«»º»¤t¨=«»§Î¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°«»§8«»°Ã¡°A©W¥2¡>©A§¯À µ «»¤£W¬A«ÜÆz¢£z°A¤¼M«»¤
ªUz¨X¡>¹iz§2«±¬Az°A¤£«}¡º»º»©¤£I µ °Xn¤t«»i°Èó µ °U¬Az¢2¤£¨=¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§t>¡¢w£¨1§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©$¬ÁnÚ°=¬
¨=z¢tT²³2¨=«»§F«»§ªU>z¡ µ §£8¤t¨=Î§tz¤r¦RÀ µ ¡¤£«»i°=§¬Áz§wn¢£«»ª=«»°=®¤t¨½¢t>¬A«»§t¤t¢£«»ª µ ¤t«»T°¦K§t¤t¢£«»°=®i§
°U¬Az¢¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°§t¡r¢w£¨¢t}$¡«»°=§29Ä½¡Tn¤tº»©1¤£¨=§w¡i²8Òº»§£W°=T¤t¤tÜ¡r¤¯¡r°A©$§£¤t¢£«¾°½®
µ«¾£
° I µ °Un¤£«»i°`ó¥2¨=«±£¨Ù¨X¡§¢t} =¢tz§£z°A¤w¡r¤t«»i°`¡>¦H¤£z¢WT°=«»¤tz¢n¡¤t«»T°Ùr¦§t¤t}z U}§t¤Ã¡r§wnz°A¤
¬AAz§°=T¤¯£Ü¡r°=®i«»¤t§8z¹i¡rº ¡¤t«»T°$«»#
° I °Un¤t«»T°Ãð=²õ°½º¾© §w¡i¬½¬Aº» Xi«»°A¤t§£Ü¡°½®i¤t¨=z«»¢
z¹i¡º µ ¡r¤t«»i°R²¿³2¨ µ §¼M¤t¨=§n¡µ W¹Tz§µ=z µ ¢«»°ÈªUT¤t¨ ¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°=§¥2¨½z°i°=«»¤tz¢n¡¤£«¾T°
¦§£¤tzz Xz§£¤¡r§wnz°A¤«»§¡ ½ =º»«¾>¬K²8³2¨=«»§8«¾ =º»«»z§¤£Ü¡K¤ I µ °Un¤£«»i°Íó¡°X°¬ I µ °Un¤£«»i°Ãð¡¢t
=¢t=nz§£§t¬È«»°Ã¡r°1«±¬Az°A¤t«±z¡rºK¦a¡r§t¨=«»T° µ °U¬Az¢8¤t¨½Å¡rº±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§t¡r¢w£¨È§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©Ã¡r§¥zº»ºl¼
§t«»°Un¡º»ºK§w¡T¬=¬Aº»z§Î UT«¾°A¤£§.¡i}À µ «¾¢£¤t¨½z«»¢z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤t«»T°W¦B¢ti"i¤£¨=z¢Î UT«¾°A¤£§«»°¤t¨=§£ U¡i9i²
A«»°UnÈ¤t¨=Ã¡Tn¤ µ ¡º8¹i¡º µ z§¦¤£¨=z§£Ã§n¡i¬=¬Aº»È UT«»°¸¤£§$¡r¢t1«»¢t¢£zº»z¹i¡°A¤>¼2«»¤W«»§$nº»¡r¢¤tÜ¡r¤
¤t¨=z¢£¡r¢t§£z¤t§Î¦F¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°½§¤t¨X¡¤¡¢£À µ «»¹i¡º»z°A¤ µ °X¬Az¢¤£¨=¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°W¡°X¬$Å¡º±¬TÂ
¥2«¾°½«¡r°1§t>¡¢w£¨ú§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i«»z§>öF¨=¥}¹iz¢>¼R¤£¨=W¬A«ÜÆ}¢tz°A¤¿¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°=§8¥2«»¤t¨=«»°È¤t¨=}§tW§£z¤t§¡¢t
§t¤t«»º»º µ °=«±À µ 8¤t¤£¨=8§t«»W ½º¾2®Tz°=z¤£«±¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½ ¥2«»¤£¨= µ ¤2º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®X²
Ú¨=z°W¡Î§t«»W ½º¾P®iz°=}¤t«±2¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½`¥2«¾¤£¨= ¤º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®8«»§FnÄ= ¤£¬T° I °Un¤t«»T°ð½¼
¤t¨=§£¡¢n£¨¡®A¡«»°.nT°A¹iz¢£®iz§F¤t2¤£¨=§n¡WMº»Á}¡ºiµ «»°=«» µ 1²A³2¨½¢tzµ § µ º»¤t§M¦ µ §tµ «»°=®2}«¾¤£¨=z¢
¤t¨=¶M¡¡¢w£·A«±¡°i¢Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©1¡r¢t8«±¬Az°A¤t«±z¡rºR¤t¤£¨=8¢tz§ µ º»¤t§Îiª=¤n¡«»°=¬¦HT¢
I µ °Xn¤t«»i°Èói²
`5ÈzÈ01$/ 365+97Î89 Í#MØ
¤t}§t¤t>¬¤t¨=ÎnÆKn¤t§8r¦¡i¬=¬A«»°=®Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°W¡°U¬¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°§£¡¢nt¨ §t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i«»z§2¤£
¡§t«»W =º»2®Tz°=z¤£«¿¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=ôT°W¤t¨½8¦Hiº»º»¥2«»°=®8° µ Wz¢£«±z¡ºKT =¤t«»W«»Ì¡r¤t«»i° =¢£iª=º»z§54
×
âBã
Ù2äTEnî-?}èOÚZèìéÛÜÛÝ-Ý
Þ5ß Þ<à øBá âBã Þä×ðTüiü8å æ Ý Þ8â ç óüQègéDêÝlðQëqÝ
ÞHÞz¼ ÝÞìï ç 0
í»óð¹B0í»óTónñ
Þ<à ø
âBã
îKíBA} çê<>~ êzåïÛrÛÜ Ý-Ý
Þ7ß Þ<à øBá âBã Þä§ðÎå æ ç Ý
Þ\ê5HñMÝò ß ÝÞBß Þ}¼
ÝÞìï ç 0=óð
¹0½óió9ñ
Þ<à ø
âBã
âã
ó?zèBêzçäréôDÛÜKÝ\ÝÞ5ß Þ<à øBá âBã Þä æ ¸ Ý*üTüiÞâ ü ç õ èWéDêÝ ö Ý Þ Þqå^ó¼ Ý
Þìï ç 0=ó>ð¹B0=óió9ñ
Þ<à ø
Þ<à ø
I½i¢{= £¨¸¥n¦H}º-, §8¦ °Un¤£«¾T°s'
ð «»§¤t¨=°=z®A¡¤t«»¹T¦2¤t¨=®iº»iªU¡rºFW«»°=«» 1¼=¥2¨=«±£¨«»§
¡i¬=¬A>¬¤t ¤t¨=¦ µ °Un¤£«»µ i°-§£Ã¡§¤t W¹i¤t¨½$®Tº»iªU¡rº«»°=«» µ Ê¤£1Ìzz¢£Uµ ²È³2¨=nÄU¡in¤
¹i¡º µ r¦ð ¬Áz U}°U¬A§T°§t©A§t¤£z6 =¢t>n«»§t«»i°RöT¦Bi¢2 µ ¢2nÄ= Uz¢£«»Wz°A¤t§ð´^
ä ýQTòQ©
í a0iòTðQ=²
ßl°¤£¨=z§tnÄ= Xz¢t«»W}°¸¤£§¼A¥ §£¬1¡°zº»«»¤t«»§t¤¦HT¢t'r¦¤t¨=8§t¤n¡°U¬½¡¢w¬Ç§t«»W =º»2®Tz°=z¤£«
¡ º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=ôÝ÷î)óøÞ}²A³2¨=2 =¢£iªU¡rµ ª=«»º¾«»¤l©r¦Û9¢ti§£§t¹Tz¢¥2¡§P§tz¤¤tü
íò.¡r°U¬¤t¨½ µ ¤n¡¤t«»T°
¢w¡¤£W¥2¡§üíüiüa=²³F µ ¢£°U¡z°A¤.§£zº»n¤£«¾T°ÝB¥2«¾¤£¨-¤£ µ ¢£°U¡z°A¤t§r¦§t«»Ìz$ðTÞ¡°X¬&.8¢n¡>©
n=¬A«»°=®8¥z¢£ µ §t>¬«»°}¹iz¢£©z¡r§ti²F³2¨½2§t¤t¢£«»°=®8º¾}°=®i¤£¨¥p¡r§eðTüiüp¦Hi¢¡º»º=¤£¨=¢t}2 =¢tTª=º»zW§>²
¶K=z¡ºKT =¤t«»«¾Ì>¡¤t«»T°«¾§z =º»©i¬«¾°¤t¨=¯¦Hi¢£'8¦ Ewîtên\ê ==7ê EwîTä Eínê}éAî²
³¡rª=º»ó8§t¨½¥2§2 Uz¢Ë¦Hi¢£$¡r°Un.¬½¡¤w¡¯¦HT¢2¡i£¨1¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½ T°W¡T£¨$r¦¤t¨=Î¦ °Xn¤t«»i°½§
¦Hi¢¡Î¹i¡¢£«¾}¤l©.r¦ Xi µ º±¡¤t«»T°§t«»Ìzz§>²Fßl° U¡¢£¤t«± µ º±¡r¢¼¥p9i°=§£«¬Áz¢ Xi µ º±¡r¤t«»i°§£«»µÌzz§¦ 0Tü
¡°U¬ÈóüTüÎ¦HT¢¡º»ºU¤£¨=¢t}8¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°=§>¼U¡r§2¥zº»ºR¡r§¡ Xi µ º¡r¤t«»i°§t«»Ìz8¦ ¸üTü8¦HT¢ .8¢t«»z¥2¡°½·
ÝH§t«»°U9.«»¤«»§¤t¨=ÎÜ¡¢n¬Az§£¤2¦R¤t¨½.¤£¨=¢t}¦ °Un¤£«¾T°=§P¦Hi¢¤£¨=8®iz°½z¤t«±8¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨½\¤t¿§tiº»¹TÞz²
³e¡rª=º»Wó§t¨=¥2§8¨=¥Ï$¡r°¸©¤t«»W}§¤t¨½µ ®Tz°=z¤£«¡rº»®ii¢£«»¤t¨=àÚ°U¬A§¿¤t¨=®iº»iªX¡ºF§tTº µ ¤t«»i°
ÝH ¤r¦ùiü ¢ °=§wÞ¥2«»¤t¨½«¾°ó>üiüTü1®Tz°=z¢n¡¤t«»T°=§²ÚÝ-J/i¤t¤tÜ¡r¤¤t¨=}§tÃ¡r¢t°;è±é=èp;èOúäZîaèkAré
=¢tµTª=º»zW§>öi¤£¨=µ =¢£iª=º»z§«»°W§£n¤£«¾T°Ãð¿¥z¢£ ;Tä û<è ;üè ú}äZîaHè Aé =¢tTª=º»zW§>²Þ
¡r§t¤t¢£«»®i«»° =£Ä¥n¦Hzº
.8¢£«¾}¥p¡r°=·
X i ½§t«»Ìzä 0iü óüTü 0iü óüiü 0iü óüTü Aüiü
ý.8Ò
ü
ü ü ü ð ó ó
ý.8Òå.Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°
iü
Tü ó5© iü
ý óT0
ý.8Òå.¶M¡¡¢w£·A«±¡° iü
Tü © ðQ0 óW óT Tü
³e¡rª=º»Ãóa4þR}¢l¦HT¢t$¡r°Un/¦ ÷îóØø"T°Í¤t¨=¢£zÃ° µ z¢t«±¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°=§>²³2¨=° µ ªXz¢r¦
¤t«»Wz§¤t¨X¡¤2¤t¨½ù .¯Ò^Ú°U¬A§2¤£¨=i ½¤t«»$¡rº=§tTº µ ¤t«»i°R¼A µ ¤¦ iü¿¢ µ °½§¼=«»§2§£¨=¥2°R²
ßB¦Xi°=¥2«»§£¨=z§R¤£Tª=¤w¡r«¾°8¢£z§ º»¤£§eÀ «±£·Aº»©¸¼n¤£¨=p¶M¡¡¢w£·A«±¡°2§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T©«»§Rni°½§t«»§t¤£z°A¤tº»©
¤t¨=ªXz§t¤>²Wù2¥z¹Tz¢¼M«Ü¦i°=«»§8µ «»°A¤tz¢£zµ §t¤£¬«»°1¤£¨=º»i°=®¤t}¢t 9Æ9¤t§¦2¤t¨=z§£W§£¡¢nt¨
§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i«»z§>¼=¤t¨½z°1¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°¿§t¡r¢w£¨Ã¡ ½ U¡r¢t§¤t¥T¢t·ªXz¤t¤£z¢T°¤t¨=KÎ¡§t¤£¢t«»®i«»°W¡r°U¬
.8¢t«»z¥2¡°=· ¦ µ °U9¤t«»i°=§>¼2¥2¨=«»º»1Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°-º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®ú¥T¢t·A§ªU}¤t¤t}¢1i°Í¤t¨½µ=£Ä¥n¦Hzº
¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°R"
² IR«»® µ ¢t È§t¨½¥2§$nT°¸¹Tz¢t®Tz°UnÈ®i¢n¡ =¨½§¦Hi¢¤£¨=° ¡r§t¤£¢t«»®i«»°¡°Us
¬ =£Ä¥n¦Hzº
300
RASTRIGIN
BEST STRING
250
3000
plain ESGA
Baldwin
Lamarkian
200
2000
150
1500
100
1000
50
500
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
GENERATIONS
600
700
plain ESGA
Baldwin
Lamarkian
SCHWEFEL
2500
800
0
0
100
200
300
400 500 600
GENERATIONS
700
800
900
1000
IR«»® ¢t
4.Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°È¹¸§>²R¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°1º»¡¢£°=«»°=®W«»°È¤l¥° µ z¢t«±¿i =¤£«¾«»Ì¡¤£«¾T°¦ µ °U£Â
¤t«»i°=µ §>²
¦ µ °Un¤£«»i°=§>öA¤t¨=8¹i¡º µ 2r¦¤£¨=ªXz§t¤Î§t¤£¢t«»°=®«¾°¤£¨=8 UT µ º±¡¤£«»i°Ýa¡>¹Tz¢w¡r®i¬¹iz¢iü¿¢ µ °=§wÞ
«¾§ ½º¾T¤t¤£¬ú¦HT¢¡i£¨®Tz°=z¤£« ¡º»®iT¢t«»¤t¨=È¼ µ §t«»°=®-¡È Xi µ º±¡¤t«»T°-§t«»ÌzÈK¦ 0iü½ÿ
² Á«¾«»º¡r¢
¢tz§ µ º»¤t§¡¢£Tª=§tz¢£¹i¬Ç¦HT¢2º¡r¢t®Tz¢ Xi µ º¡r¤t«»i°§£«¾Ì}z§²8ßl°Ã¡rº»ºz¡r§tz§¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°W§£¡¢nt¨
¢tz§ µ º»¤t§«¾°È¦l¡§t¤£z¢«»W ½¢t¹i}Wz°A¤²ù/¥z¹Tz¢¼Mi°¤£¨=»½tÄ¥n¦HzºP¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°È¤t¨½$¡>¹i}¢w¡®T
ªUz§£¤2§tTº µ ¤t«»i°«»§ UAi¢£z¢P¦Hi¢2¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°§t¡r¢w£¨¤tÜ¡r°$Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°º»¡r¢t°=«»°=®¡>¦H¤£z¢p¡r°
nÄ=¤tz°U¬Á¬ Xz¢t«»=¬¦F¤t«»WT²
8»P»
³2¨=¢t}§ µ º»¤t§F =¢£z§t}°¸¤£¬¨=z¢£¡¢£º±¡¢£®izº»©9ÄÁ ½º¾T¢w¡r¤ti¢£©8«¾°8°U¡r¤ µ ¢£i²Fù2¥z¹iz¢>¼>¤t¨=¢tz§ µ º»¤t§
nº»¡¢£º¾©«»°U¬A«±z¡r¤t¤tÜ¡r¤.¡Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§t>¡¢w£¨È§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©¡§8¬AnÚ°½¬È«»°1¤t¨=«»§Î U¡ Xz¢z¡r°
§tiz¤t«»z§ªXWT¢tnÆ>n¤t«»¹i¤tÜ¡r°-¡1¶R¡r$¡r¢w£·A«¡r°§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i© µ §£«»°=®¤t¨=§w¡¦Bi¢t
¦º»=z¡º§t¡r¢w£¨R²ßl¤¿§t¨= µ º±¬ªXW°=T¤t¬ ¤tÜ¡r¤ªA©WT¢tnÆKn¤t«»¹Ti¼¥W¡r°Ã¤£Ü¡¤¤t¨=
Å¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°W§£¡¢nt¨È§t¤£¢w¡r¤tz®T©1¥2«»º¾ºK§£iz¤t«»W}§pnT°A¹iz¢£®i¤£$¡®iº»TªU¡ºKT =¤t«» ô¥2¨=z°
¤t¨=W¶M¡$¡r¢w£·A«±¡°W§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©ni°A¹i}¢t®i}§¤t1¡º»Á}¡ºFi =¤£«» µ Ã²ù/¥}¹iz¢>¼K«»°¡rµ º¾ºFr¦¤t¨=
z¡§£z§ =¢t}§tz°A¤t>¬-¨½z¢ti¼¤£¨=$Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°È§t>¡¢w£¨ú§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©ú«¾§¿ µ £¨Ã§£º¾¥z¢¤tÜ¡r°¤t¨=
¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§£¡¢n£¨R²
ßl¤F«»§¡rº»§t.9º¾>¡¢¤£Ü¡¤M¤t¨=z¢£2nÄ=«»§t¤FÀ «»¹i¡º»z°U9pnº±¡r§t§t}§¦=¦ °Un¤£«¾T°=§M¦Hi¢F¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°
¡°U¬Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°È§t>¡¢w£¨ú§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i«»z§>²1µ Ò°>À µ «¾¹i¡rº»z°UnWnº±¡r§tµ§«¾°¤£¨=«»§z¡r§tW«»§¬ÁnÚ°=¬
§ £¨¤£Ü¡¤¡º»º2¦ °Un¤t«»T°=§«»°¤t¨= À «»¹i¡º»z°UnÈnº±¡§t§¡¢£1 =¢t=n}§t§t>¬^«¾°¡r°«±¬Az°A¤t«±z¡rº
¦a¡µ §£¨=«»i° µ °U¬Az¢Îzµ «»¤t¨=z¢¡¶M¡¡¢w£·A«±¡°µ T¢¡Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°§t¡r¢w£¨1§£¤t¢w¡r¤tz®T©¸²
õÎ°=È°=T¤w¡ª½º¾¬A«ÜÆKz¢tz°XnªU}¤l¥z}°`¤t¨=È¢tz§ º»¤t§1¢£z Xi¢t¤£¬^¨=z¢£¡r°U¬Ú¤t¨=È¢tz§ º»¤t§
iª=¤n¡«»°=¬ÎªA©K.8¢ µ ¡ µ ¡°U¬8Ú¨=«»¤tº»z©ï10}ñA«¾§M¤tÜ¡r¤R¤£¨=µ Å¡º±¬A¥2«»°=«±¡°Î§t¡r¢w£¨§£¤t¢n¡¤t}®i©¬A«±¬Îµ °=T¤
=¢t¹T.¤£ªX¡r§2B 6$n«»z°A¤¡§2¤£¨=¶R¡¡¢nt·A«±¡°§£¡¢n£¨1§t¤£¢w¡¤£z®i©i°1¡º»ºKr¦¤t¨½¦ µ °Un¤£«¾T°
i =¤£«¾«»Ì¡¤£«¾T° =¢£iª=º»z§K§t¤ µ ¬A«»¬«»°¤t¨½«¾§M U¡ Xz¢>²F³2Ü¡¤M$¡>©ªX2¬ µ «¾° U¡r¢t¤R¤£8¤t¨=P¦a¡i9¤
¤tÜ¡r¤¤£¨=z§t8¤£z§t¤2 =¢£iª=º»z§¡¢£8¤tA>¡§t©A² I=T¢¤£¨=r Î¡§t¤£¢t«»®i«»°W¡r°U¬ =£Ä¥n¦HzºX¦ µ °Un¤t«»T°=§¼
¤t¨=8z¹i¡rº µ ¡¤t«»T°§ µ ªA¦ µ °Xn¤t«»i°¡§£§t=n«±¡¤£¬¥2«¾¤£¨W¡T£¨W U¡r¢w¡z¤t}¢«»§°=i°=º»«»°=¡r¢¼Tª µ ¤¤t¨=
§ µ ªA¦ µ °Un¤£«¾T°=§¡ = ½º¾«»¬¯¤t>¡i£¨ X¡¢w¡rWz¤£z¢¡r¢t§t«»W ½º¾©2§ µ W¬Î¤tT®iz¤£¨=z¢²F³2¨ µ §F¤£¨=z¢t
¡¢t°=2°=T°AÂlº¾«»°=>¡¢R«»°A¤t}¢w¡i9¤t«»i°=§MªU}¤l¥z}°¤t¨=«»°U¬A«»¹A«¬ µ ¡º U¡r¢w¡rWz¤£z¢t§>²RFÜ¡>¹TF¦H µ °U¬
¤tÜ¡r¤p¡rº¾ºX¤t¨½¢tz8¦F¤t¨=}§t8 =¢tTª=º»zW§¡¢t8¢£zº±¡¤t«»¹Tzº»©¡r§t©¤t§tiº»¹T µ §£«¾°½®§t¤£Á£Ü¡r§t¤£«Î¨=«»º»ºÜÂ
nº»«¾ª½«¾°½®$z¤t¨½Á¬Á§W¡°U¬ú¤t¨ §«»¤«¾§°½i¤§ ¢t =¢£«¾§£«»°=®¤tÜ¡r¤W¶R¡r$¡¢n£·¸«±¡r°§t¡r¢w£¨×«»§§£
nÆ>n¤t«»¹i i°Í¤t¨=}§t1 =¢£iª=º»zµ §²úßt¬A¡rº¾º»©A¼F¤t¨=µ nÆKn¤£«»¹iz°=}§t§1r¦¯¡ÈÅ¡rº¬Á¥2«¾°½«¡r°-§£¡¢nt¨
§t¤t¢n¡¤£z®i©§t¨= µ º±¬ªX.}¹i¡º µ ¡¤£¬«»°Wi¢£ni =º»nÄW¬Ai¡«»°=§²Ûßl¤2§t¨= µ º±¬W¡º»§£ªU8°=T¤t¬
¤tÜ¡rr¤ .8¢ µ ¡ µ ¡°U¬Ç¨=«»¤tº»z© µ §£¬Ã¡¤l©A U¦®Tz°=z¤£«±¡rº¾®Ti¢£«¾¤£¨="ªU¡§£¬1T°1¤t¨½§£¤t¡T¬A©
§t¤w¡r¤t®iz°½z¤t«±¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=Ê=¬AzºR¢n¡¤£¨=z¢8¤tÜ¡r°¡§t«»W ½º¾8®Tz°=z¤£«¡º»®Ti¢t«»¤£¨=ÃöA¤£¨=«»§.¤£A
n µ º±¬«»W U¡Tn¤¤£¨=z«»¢2¢tz§ µ º»¤t§>²
Ç$Î)*#.(#¿ #
kMdmBs}suv¸y9|Asu~ikzy±d>m=hiBsuv
|udqzyn|ilkzy}mlq jldPq y}v>kRj k¸jlviknl½|¾yzvT~ilqzy}g¸k y}Xqwd>f8fhTvsuqzyzjlk
jld.Th MsMk£|uk su d>m yzFlhTgigAdmljlkn~suvg¸y}mljoi>mtyzvj9!#"Zr
#%$T#.P##
& ('¯x/ )/*q(>|ukny}vi~+-,Ásujljlfyzv½{/.0!102%Bvjlkwmty}qnjBsudvT3Aknj knknv¿|uk9y}mlvsuv
y}vi~kn>dz|uhTjBsudv½
Bv={54687#90:7;=<?>A@CBDAEGFH71DI;J:71DKL6M<ON P90NRQ!SUTHN ;J@n{Uc VÎU,Xyzv
jld>v={Kkn~=Ü{/*~i~suld>v1XWWknB|ukn{
0Y
& Z'[ +\Fyn|u~ suv={.9!Y]!2^*Ívik Hyzqnjld>msuvkn>dz|uhTjBsudv½=KL_C@#6MNR9MQ1D^`LQ1<a6XQ!SN?bI<»{c "!"
M8"{
zY!]
& Z'd\eÎMk£|uk {U.0!!2W kwvÂdj suvi~su>su~AhAyn|»py}vi~gAd>gihr|¾yzjBsud>vAlkzy}mlq c*~T~suv8Bsuf8g|uk
|ukzyzmlvrsuvjldÎj kLVknviknjBsuqL*|>d>mBsuj f5Bvf<>CgJDA<@#6MDA:HFH71DJ;I:h71DGi@0DA@0<NR95KS j1716(NR<>A_Lb£{Zx/
oq yZk=kwmn{=kn~½u{U+dmyzvle2y}h1±fy}viv=
& "#'¯x/mVd}|u~AknmT{L.Z>Y!2%VknviknjBsuqy9|>dmBsuj f.y}vi~ y9|u ±hiviqnjBsud>viJcnKyzmljot{K~iknqnkngijBsud>v
y}vi~sujly}v¸y9|uBsunLFp71_rqUS@MsotUu0bJ<@0_vbf1czZM01>
& Z'¯M3Vmlh¸y}hÙy}vi~Íx2W sujB|ukn>{w.0Y>!2^*~T~suv |ukzyzmlvrsuvújld1j kqwk£||uhr|¾yzm~ikn>k£|udgTf.knvj
d#viknhimty9|viknj d>mJc8kw>d}|uhijBsud>vy}vi~1j kFyn|u~ suv1k(k=knqwjnxy07!Sa<NR71DAQ16Mu^FH71_q/a
<Q1<NR71D
!.HY2(c1zJl>
& ]Z'=£)y}ml>kw>{L.0Y>!2w kgThzJz£|ukd02j kgAknmlBsuljlknvj{hiknljBsudvfy}mJc$yqzyzlkljlhT~iÈd0
>kwvTknjBsuq.~TmBs\±jnHv|1<>^gJD}<O@06MDA:Fp71DJ;J:H71D~i@#D}@#<NR9KS j1716MNR<>A_vbt{ioA=Tdmlmlknljn{=kn~=Ü{-+d>myzv
e2y}h1±fyzvTv=
& Z'dVÎ ep)esuvjldv1y}vi~1oA?[/d}|¾y}v={.0!!2)Pd |ukzyzmlvrsuvqzyzvGhrsu~ikkw>d}|uhijBsud>v=FH71_qUS@Ms
tUu0bJ<@0_vbt{AYc ">Zr>r
& Z'd+URd>lkyzvT~VÎ/,Ásukngsuvin{.Z!102LnKhTviqnjlh¸y}jlkn~kI{hrs|simBs¾ysuvl>knviknjBsuqlkzy}mlq FH71_qUS@Ms
tUu0bJ<@0_vbÛc (8"Y"T
& Z'¯x/pW sujB|ukn>{L.0YZ2ÎThivi~Ayzf8knvjty9|pgTmBsuviq£sug|uknd0~TknqwkngTjBsudv½U71aDAE1Q1<NR71D
b7;i@#D}@#<NR9
KS j1716(NR<>A_LbJ:VÎ}y |suvin{Ukn~½-+d>mZy}vle2y}h1±fyzvTv=
& zJ'x2hW sujB|ukw>{5Uxyzn{KcUcFmty#½{H.Z!!2Kmty}qM>suvgTmBsufyzml gAknmlg|¾y}vikqndf8gAknjBsujldml
~ihTmBsuv^knvTkwjBsuqÎlkzyzmlq UKLDAQ!S\b37;Q1<?>A@0_CQ1<NR9JbQ1D}ELKL6(<N P90NRQ!SgJDA<@ZSSN\j1@#D9M@Z]c !]YZa>r

Download Report

Lamarckian Evolution) The Baldwin Effect and Function Optimization

Paperzz.com

Your Paperzz