Cohesion and Norm Enforcement
Cohesion = Norm Enforcement
EG
Social Capital
EG
Collective Efficacy
Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement
Empirical Findings
Theory
Cohesion = Norm Enforcement
OR
Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement
How is cohesion related to social norms?
????
Cohesion
Social Norms
Theory
• Benefits of Norms
– Direct
• Valued in and of themselves
– Indirect
• Enhance ability to exchange
• Cohesion
• Enhance interest in exchange
Indirect
Benefits
x
Cohesion
Norms
Metanorms
Hypotheses
H1: Indirect benefits x Cohesion  Norms
H2: Indirect benefits x Cohesion  Metanorms
H3: Metanorms
 Norms
Experiment
Design
Indirect
Benefit
Cohesion
No
Cohesion
No Indirect
Benefit
Procedures
Overview
- Receive Income
Receive Income
_______________________________________________
Your personal income is 30.
30
Personal
Income
0
Total
Savings
_______________________________________________
Overview
- Receive Income
- Deviance
Deviance
________________________________________________________
V has stolen 10 points from W.
30
Personal
Income
0
Total
Savings
________________________________________________________
_
Overview
- Receive Income
- Deviance
- Sanctioning decision
Sanctioning Decision
________________________________________________________
Please wait for W to decide what to do.
30
Personal
Income
0
Total
Savings
________________________________________________________
Sanctioning Decision
_______________________________________________________
W decided to punish V.
As a result of W’s choice,
3 points are given to you, W,
Y, and Z.
33
Personal
Income
0
Total
Savings
________________________________________________________
Overview
-
Receive Income
Deviance
Sanctioning decision
Rewarding decision
Rewarding Decisions
________________________________________________________
1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver
33
You may decide what to do with
Personal
your income points.
Income
Keep __ points in your personal income
0
Give __ points to W.
Total
Give __ points to Y.
Savings
Giver __ points to Z.
_______________________________________________________
Rewarding Decisions
______________________________________________________
1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver
??
You kept __ points.
Personal
Income
You gave:
You received:
__ to W
__ from W
0
__ to Y
__ from Y
Total
__ to Z
__ from Z
Savings
______________________________________________________
Overview
-
Receive Income
Deviance
Sanctioning decision
Reward decisions
End of trial
End of Trial and Beginning of New Trial
_______________________________________________
Points from your personal income
have been moved into your
savings.
Your new personal income is 30 points.
30
Personal
Income
??
Total
Savings
_______________________________________________
Independent Variables
Benefits of Sanctioning
Indirect Benefit
Benefits of sanctioning placed in Personal Income and
can be used in exchange.
No Indirect Benefit
Benefits of sanctioning placed in Total Savings and
cannot be used in exchange.
Sanctioning Decision
______________________________________________
W decided to punish V.
As a result of W’s choice,
3 points are given to you, W,
Y, and Z.
__
Personal
Income
__
Total
Savings
______________________________________________
Cohesion
Cohesion
Points received from others worth 3 times one’s
own points. (1:3)
No Cohesion
Points received from others worth the same as
one’s own points. (1:1)
Rewarding Decisions
________________________________________________________
1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver
1 point from giver = 1 point for receiver
33
You may decide what to do with
Personal
your income points.
Income
Keep __ points in your personal income
0
Give __ points to W.
Total
Give __ points to Y.
Savings
Giver __ points to Z.
_______________________________________________________
Dependent Variables
Norms
Punishment rate for the group.
Metanorms
Difference between rewards given to victims
who punished and to victims who did not punish.
Results
Table 1. Mean Norms and Metanorms
Indirect
Benefit
No Indirect
Benefit
Cohesion
Norms
.898 (.136) .597 (.293)
Metanorms 5.47* (1.96) 2.58* (2.81)
No
Cohesion
Norms
.690 (.182) .745 (.149)
Metanorms 2.82 (1.43) 3.19 (1.58)
N=14 except for starred items where N=13.
Table 2. Regression Results
Model 1a
Norms
Model 2b
Metanorms
Model 3b
Norms
Intercept
.745**** (.0535)
3.19**** (.535)
.631**** (.0640)
Cohesion
-.148+ (.0756)
-.609 (.771)
-.157* (.0709)
Indirect Benefit
-.0543 (.0756)
-.370 (.756)
-.0412 (.0693)
Cohesion *
Indirect Benefit
.356*** (.107)
3.27*** (1.09)
.263* (.108)
Metanorms
-----
-----
.0356** (.0129)
R-square
.24
.26
.37
a
N=56; b N=54
**** p<.0001; *** p<.005; ** p<.01; * p<.05; + p<.1
Indirect
Benefits
x
Cohesion
Norms
Metanorms
Relative size and direction of direct and
indirect benefits
EG
American South
Norm content and indirect benefits?
EG
Reciprocity
Social institutions and indirect benefits?
EG
Formal Rules
If we can identify
direct and indirect benefits, and
the structure of social relations
Then we can more accurately predict norms.