3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
Health Risk Assessment of Selected Wild
Valuable Plants Species Grown around
Amaozara and Amaechara Aged Dumpsite Soils
in Amasiri, Afikpo North L.G.A. of Ebonyi
State, Nigeria
Nwogo Ajuka Obasi1, Stella Eberechukwu Obasi 2, Emmanuel Iroha Akubugwo3, Sunday Oge Elom1,4
and Christopher Onyemeziri Alisa5

whose long aged refuse dumpsites vicinities are used as arable
farmlands. This research therefore aims at providing baseline
data that could be used to assess the futuristic health risks
associated with such practice.
Abstract— This study investigated bioavailability, transfer and
accumulation of metals in wild valuable plants around Amaozara
and Amaechara dumpsites in Amasiri, Afikpo North, Ebonyi State,
Nigeria using standard protocols. The samples were obtained from
the dumpsites vicinity and a nearby farm land (control site). Results
showed that mean soil physicochemical parameters and total
extractable metals were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the
dumpsites compared to control site and in all the sites, the metals
showed more than 65% non-residual fractions except Cu with more
than 52% residual fraction. The mobility and bioavailability of the
metals were: Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > Fe > Cr > Ni > Cu in all the
sites and metals in the plants at dumpsites were significantly higher
(P < 0.05) compared to those at control site. The transfer indices of
these plant species varied for all the metals and indicated that they
have varied potentials for phytoextraction and phytostabilization.
These results showed health risks implications of valuable Plants in
dumpsites.
Keywords—Amasiri
,
Bioaccumulation,
Metal,
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Refuse Waste Soil Collection
Refuse waste soils were collected from two dumpsites,
Amaozara and Amaechara and from the control site which is
a farm land situated within the region. Five dominant edible
plant species within each study location: Amaranthus
hybridus,
Solanum
nigrum,
Talinum
triangulare,
Amaranthus cruentus and Ipomea batatas were obtained and
used for the study.
Samples were processed analyzed using standard protocols
[7]-[8]. The experimental results were expressed as mean ±
standard deviation (SD) of triplicate determinations. Analysis
of variance for all the measured variables was performed by
SPSS version 9.2 (Inc., Chicago, USA) software and
significant differences were shown at P < 0.05 [9].
Risk
Assessment.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE non-biodegradablilty of environmental metals makes
them toxic to flora and fauna in the ecosystem when they
exceed their threshold limit [1]-[4]. Increased
commercial and industrial activities are associated with high
refuse disposal rate which contribute to pollution with
environmental metals if not properly disposed [5]-[6].
Amaozara and Amaechara are suburbs in Amasiri Urban
T
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are shown in Tables I, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb and
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. Results obtained showed that mean pH,
electrical conductivity, moisture, cation exchange capacity,
total organic carbon, total organic matter, total nitrogen,
phosphate, and sulphate, were significantly higher (P < 0.05).
Total extractable metals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher
in all the dumpsites compared to the control site. Higher
percentages (%) of the non-residual fraction were observed
for all the metals studied except Cu. The mean percentage
order of mobility and bioavailability of these metals (Tables
IIa and IIb) were: Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > Fe > Cr > Ni > Cu in
all the sites. Total mean concentration of metals in roots and
shoots of Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum, Talinum
triangulare, Amaranthus cruentus and Ipomea batatas were
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dumpsites compared to
control site. The translocation factor, biological concentration
Nwogo Ajuka Obasi1 is with Environmental Biochemistry, Health and
Toxicology Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University
Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo-Nigeria
Stella Eberechukwu Obasi2 is with Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology
Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal
Polytechnic Unwana-Nigeria
Emmanuel Iroha Akubugwo3 is with Department of Biochemistry, Abia State
University Uturu-Nigeria
Sunday Oge Elom1,4 is with Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ebonyi
State University and a visiting Professor, Medical Biochemistry, Federal
University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo-Nigeria
Christopher Onyemeziri Alisa5 is with the Department of Chemistry, Federal
University of Technology Owerri-Nigeria.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1215029
22
3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
[4]
factor and biological accumulation coefficient values of the
plant species varied for all the metals and as such indicated
that the plants have varied potentials for phytoextraction and
phytostabilization of the metals. The dumpsites were
implicated to fertile with higher percentage of non-residual
fraction for all the metals studied except for Cu and that the
mean total extractable metals in the dumpsites relative to that
in the control site showed pollution from anthropogenic
sources. Similar findings have been reported for polluted soils
[10]-[11]. The edible plants dominant in the area exhibited
potentials which are indicators of health risks along food
chain and food web [12]-[14]. This implies that cultivation of
plants-based foodstuffs and edible vegetables in dumpsite
soils should be discouraged to avoid the multiple effects of
heavy metal toxicities.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
IV. CONCLUSION
[11]
The metal pollution index and health risks associated with
Amaozara and Amaechara dumpsites in Amasiri, Ebonyi
State, South-East, Nigeria have been highlighted. The
dumpsites were observed to fertile with higher percentage of
non-residual fraction for all the metals studied except for Cu.
Generally, the order of mobility and bioavailability of the
metals were: Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > Fe > Cr > Ni > Cu. Mean
total extractable metals in the dumpsites relative to that in the
control site showed pollution from anthropogenic sources.
The edible plants dominant in the area (Amaranthus
hybridus,
Solanum
nigrum,
Talinum
triangulare,
Amaranthus cruentus and Ipomea batatas) accumulated
metals in varying degrees in their various parts and exhibited
phyto-extraction, phyto-stabilization and phyto-accumulation
potentials which are indicators of health risks along food
chain and food web. The nutritional quality and long term
effects of dependence on edible dumpsite plants as sources of
vegetables need further investigation.
[12]
[13]
[14]
TABLE I
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WASTE SOILS IN STUDIED
DUMPSITES
SITES/
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
PARAMETER
6.91±0.07a
7.16±0.03b
7.30±0.01bc
pH(H2O)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Electrical
Conductivity
(mScm-1)
Moisture (%)
The authors are grateful to Distinguished Professor
Oyewusi
Ibidapo-Obe,
(Professor
of
Systems
Engineering/Vice Chancellor, Federal University NdufuAlike, Ikwo Nigeria) for his encouragement and Nigerian
Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) for financial
assistance and in the successful execution and completion of
this research.
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T.C. Ogwueleka, ‘Municipal solid waste characteristics and management
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S. Abul, ‘Environmental and health impact of solid waste disposal at
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A. Tessier, ‘Campbell PGC, Bissom M. Sequential extraction procedure
for the speciation of particulate trace metals’. Analytical Chemistry vol. 51
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N.A. Obasi, ‘Biochemical Studies on Soil and Air Quality Assessment of
Dumpsites on the Enugu-PortHarcourt Expressway, South-East, Nigeria
(Ph.D Thesis). Nigeria: Abia State University Uturu (ABSU), June, 2012.
A.W. Kerr, H.K. Hall, and S.A. Kozub, ‘Doing Statistics with SPSS,
London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012.
E.I. Akubugwo, A. Obasi, G.C. Chinyere, E. Eze, O. Nwokeoji and E.A.
Ugbogu, ‘Phytoaccumulation effects of Amaranthus hybridus L. grown on
Buwaya refuse dumpsite in Chikun, Nigeria on heavy metals’. Journal of
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accumulation by Talinum triangulare grown on waste dumpsites in Uyo
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1404-1409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.1404.1409
S. Cui, Q. Zhou and L. Chao, ‘Potential hyper-accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu
and Cd in endurant plants distributed in an old semetery, northeast, China’.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0373-3
V. Chunilall, A. Kindness and S.B. Johnalagada, ‘Heavy metal uptake by
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http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/0301_001018
2.60±0.03c
2.04±0.01b
1.12±0.02a
80.65±0.05c
79.10±0.11bc
74.15±0.7a
14.75±0.09c
13.50±0.07b
10.17±0.13a
2.28±0.02c
2.16±0.05bc
1.45±0.01a
3.93±0.11c
3.72±0.05b
2.50±0.02a
Cation Exchange
Capacity
(Cmol/kg)
Total Organic
Carbon (%)
Total Organic
Matter (%)
Total Nitrogen
(%)
PO43-(%)
0.22±0.01c
0.19±0.03bc
0.14±0.02a
174.45±0.06c
169.15±0.12b
163.82±0.05a
SO42-(%)
12.16±0.03c
11.87±0.08b
9.95±0.07a
10.36 a
11.37 b
10.35a
C:N RATIO
 Values are mean of three (n=3) replicates ± standard deviation
 AMAO= Amaozara dumpsite Amasiri, AMAE = Amaechara dumpsite
Amasiri, CFA = Control Farmland Amasiri
 Figures followed by the same alphabets along the row are not significantly
different at P < 0.05 using Ducan Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
23
3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
SITES/FRACTIONS
EXCHANGEABLE
ACID SOLUBLE
REDUCIBLE
OXIDIZABLE
RESIDUAL
TABLE IIA
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN EACH FRACTION OF WASTE SOILS IN STUDIED DUMPSITES
Cd
Cu
Mn
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
6.11
4.08
0.47
0.36
0.22
0.03
13.43
11.69
0.38
±0.03
±0.13
±0.03
±0.01
±0.05
±0.02
±0.02
±0.03
±0.01
4.48
2.69
0.28
0.48
0.29
0.07
3.57
3.11
0.19
±0.05
±0.02
±0.03
±0.02
±0.05
±0.01
±0.03
±0.07
±0.03
1.16
1.05
0.25
3.66
2.96
0.25
3.48
2.77
0.08
±0.01
±0.02
±0.02
±0.02
±0.02
±0.03
±0.02
±0.03
±0.05
1.83
0.93
0.18
1.85
1.25
0.39
4.50
2.91
0.17
±0.02
±0.00
±0.03
±0.02
±0.05
±0.01
±0.03
±0.08
±0.03
4.68
3.70
0.34
7.11
6.65
0.95
7.22
6.64
0.23
±0.11
±0.06
±0.02
±0.08
±0.12
±0.05
±0.04
±0.02
±0.02
c
b
a
c
b
a
b
c
18.26
12.45
1.27
13.46
11.37
1.69
32.20
27.12
1.05 a
±0.04
±0.05
±0.07
±0.03
±0.03
±0.06
±0.05
±0.4
±0.13
AMAO
6.79
±0.08
3.01
±0.02
2.75
±0.02
1.10
±0.03
6.13
±0.02
19.78c
±0.07
Pb
AMAE
7.86
±0.02
2.72
±0.00
3.15
±0.03
1.04
±0.02
6.47
±0.02
21.24b
±0.02
TOTAL
EXTRACTABLE
METALS

Values are mean of three (n=3) replicates ± standard deviation
 AMAO= Amaozara dumpsite Amasiri, AMAE = Amaechara dumpsite Amasiri, CFA = Control Farmland Amasiri
 Figures followed by the same alphabets along the row are not significantly different at P < 0.05 using Ducan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for each metal
TABLE IIB
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN EACH FRACTION OF WASTE SOILS IN STUDIED DUMPSITES
SITES/FRACTIONS
Zn
Fe
Ni
Cr
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
45.63
39.85
3.95
44.27
33.85
11.45
1.56
1.97
0.42
2.88
3.84
EXCHANGEABLE
±0.02
±0.05
±0.03
±0.02
±0.06
±0.02
±0.01
±0.02
±0.05
±0.02
±0.02
39.02
26.48
2.52
37.12
19.18
5.85
0.87
1.32
0.25
2.21
3.44
ACID SOLUBLE
±0.02
±0.00
±0.05
±0.02
±0.02
±0.02
±0.04
±0.07
±0.01
±0.03
±0.03
7.60
8.07
0.71
19.54
14.23
5.63
1.25
1.93
0.48
1.91
2.95
REDUCIBLE
±0.02
±0.02
±0.01
±0.03
±0.05
±0.06
±0.03
±0.05
±0.03
±0.04
11.92
13.68
0.96
15.17
8.17
3.58
0.80
0.95
0.21
4.23
4.76
OXIDIZABLE
±0.02
±0.04
±0.02
±0.07
±0.00
±0.05
±0.02
±0.04
±0.01
±0.05
±0.03
54.13
44.57
4.38
47.31
34.43
11.09
1.17
2.02
0.38
4.90
7.41
RESIDUAL
±0.02
±0.05
±0.02
±0.13
±0.05
±0.11
±0.03
±0.07
±0.01
±0.03
±0.07
158.30c
132.65b
12.52 a
163.41c
109.86a
37.60b
5.65b
8.19b
1.74a
16.13b
22.40c
TOTAL
±0.07
±0.05
±0.11
±0.03
±0.06
±0.05
±0.04
±0.03
±0.02
±0.11
±0.02
EXTRACTABLE
METALS
 Values are mean of three (n=3) replicates ± standard deviation
 AMAO= Amaozara dumpsite Amasiri, AMAE = Amaechara dumpsite Amasiri, CFA = Control Farmland Amasiri
 Figures followed by the same alphabets along the row are not significantly different at P < 0.05 using Ducan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for each metal
TABLE IIIA
TOTAL HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION (MG/KG) IN ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF PLANT SPECIES IN THE STUDIED SITES.
Amarathus
Solanum
Talinum
Amaranthus
hybridus
nigrum
triangulare
cruentus
Plant
Species
CFA
0.34
±0.02
0.18
±0.02
0.15
±0.03
0.09
±0.02
0.32
±0.03
1.08a
±0.05
CFA
0.18
±0.01
0.13
±0.02
0.17
±0.03
0.24
±0.01
0.33
±0.03
1.05 a
±0.03
Ipomea
batatas
Sites
Cd
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
Cu AMAE
CFA
Mn
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
Pb AMAE
CFA


ROOTS
23.54±0.11
SHOOTS
39.68±0.03
ROOTS
41.24±0.07
SHOOTS
67.38±0.05
ROOTS
33.17±0.05
17.44±0.06
35.21±0.02
35.46±0.05
57.88±0.11
28.72±0.03
2.11±0.01
14.19±0.13
5.35±0.04
11.05±0.02
1.48±0.03
10.04±0.02
3.55±0.03
8.11±0.06
3.59±0.03
26.72±0.10
12.94±0.05
3.86±0.03
3.11±0.11
3.03±0.07
9.67±0.01
2.43±0.04
7.32±0.09
6.82±0.03
11.38±0.06
3.94±0.02
5.42±0.05
4.37±0.03
8.53±0.05
2.33±0.02
7.39±0.03
6.95±0.05
25.66±0.04
4.73±0.03
3.42±0.02
4.75±0.05
0.73±0.01
11.54±0.09
1.55±0.01
7.36±0.03
1.03±0.02
8.84±0.10
1.68±0.05
5.21±0.06
0.86±0.03
19.54±0.03
13.05±0.02
8.48±0.05
6.41±0.03
3.32±0.05
11.73±0.02
0.57±0.01
0.43±0.06
0.80±0.02
0.51±0.03
1.05±0.05
SHOOTS
71.54±0.0
9
45.05±0.0
7
4.22±0.11
11.44±0.0
6
9.20±0.07
1.95±0.01
9.02±0.13
10.12±0.0
6
1.58±0.05
26.48±0.0
7
24.94±0.0
5
1.58±0.06
ROOTS
25.87±0.1
3
21.04±0.0
8
2.57±0.05
10.70±0.0
5
8.53±0.11
3.94±0.03
3.54±0.05
3.01±0.03
SHOOTS
44.31±0.11
ROOTS
3.97±0.05
SHOOTS
13.72±0.04
32.71±0.09
4.33±0.02
15.21±0.13
4.89±0.05
7.92±0.02
0.44±0.07
3.78±0.04
1.56±0.03
7.45±0.13
5.28±0.05
2.05±0.03
8.22±0.12
7.44±0.08
4.68±0.05
1.92±0.03
3.67±0.03
4.02±0.05
9.06±0.08
2.32±0.11
11.84±0.05
15.52±0.11
1.13±0.07
9.86±0.04
2.58±0.05
5.77±0.03
0.87±0.06
4.35±0.05
2.75±0.03
9.11±0.09
15.55±0.1
3
1.28±0.02
8.17±0.11
4.61±0.03
8.76±0.11
0.79±0.06
0.97±0.06
2.40±0.05
Values are mean of three (n=3) replicates ± standard deviation
AMAO= Amaozara dumpsite Amasiri, AMAE = Amaechara dumpsite Amasiri, CFA = Control Farmland Amasiri
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1215029
24
3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
TABLE IIIB
TOTAL HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION (MG/KG) IN ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF PLANT SPECIES IN THE STUDIED SITES CONTNUED.
Amarathus
Solanum
Talinum
Amaranthus
Ipomea
Plant
hybridus
nigrum
triangulare
cruentus
batatas
Species
Sites
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
Fe AMAE
CFA
Zn
AMAO
Ni AMAE
CFA
AMAO
Cr AMAE
CFA
SHOOTS
38.22±0.07
27.50±0.04
2.32±0.01
ROOTS
22.14±0.07
13.09±0.05
1.01±0.04
SHOOTS
37.45±0.05
21.97±0.11
2.33±0.05
ROOTS
25.41±0.12
11.95±0.05
1.04±0.01
SHOOTS
41.32±0.11
26.92±0.04
3.81±0.05
ROOTS
13.28±0.13
10.51±0.06
1.03±0.04
SHOOTS
41.22±0.05
32.33±0.11
3.15±0.05
ROOTS
19.25±0.05
13.14±0.11
0.95±0.03
SHOOTS
39.06±0.03
28.40±0.05
2.35±0.11
86.49±0.06
135.26±0.06
64.27±0.08
94.13±0.17
84.43±0.17
142.55±0.08
91.43±0.05
128.54±0.08
96.32±0.05
91.33±0.03
127.14±0.12
72.45±0.05
102.52±0.05
93.19±0.06
139.32±0.10
97.85±0.07
135.41±0.23
103.76±0.11
46.14±0.02
2.94±0.03
2.31±0.02
0.96±0.05
7.48±0.06
82.95±0.05
3.84±0.11
3.37±0.04
1.32±0.03
13.72±0.15
43.11±0.09
2.65±0.05
2.57±0.02
1.15±0.03
9.93±0.04
68.41±0.03
3.77±0.04
3.92±0.02
2.22±0.07
14.58±0.06
77.12±0.05
3.43±0.05
3.00±0.10
1.46±0.03
8.70±0.06
103.55±0.11
5.11±0.03
5.48±0.07
2.34±0.02
19.25±0.06
51.73±0.015
2.33±0.05
2.55±0.04
1.20±0.05
9.15±0.03
93.21±0.04
3.78±0.11
4.01±0.07
2.42±0.06
21.34±0.13
58.30±0.07
2.17±0.05
1.78±0.03
0.85±0.04
8.12±0.05
6.45±0.10
12.11±0.03
7.23±0.07
11.56±0.05
10.33±0.05
21.06±0.11
13.17±0.05
27.93±0.04
5.85±0.02
0.83±0.02
1.61±0.05
0.85±0.04
1.86±0.07
0.84±0.04
1.94±0.08
1.07±0.13
2.33±0.06
0.92±0.05
123.07±0.1
3
141.58±0.0
7
94.76±0.05
5.09±0.11
4.15±0.04
2.54±0.06
16.46±0.0
6
12.55±0.1
1
1.97±0.05
Values are mean of three (n=3) replicates ± standard deviation
AMAO= Amaozara dumpsite Amasiri, AMAE = Amaechara dumpsite Amasiri, CFA = Control Farmland Amasiri
90
80
70
PERCENTAGE (%)
60
50
NON-RESIDUAL (%)
40
RESIDUAL (%)
30
MOBILE PHASE (%)
20
10
Cd
Cu
Mn
Pb
Zn
Fe
Ni
CFA
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
AMAO
CFA
AMAE
AMAO
CFA
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
AMAO
CFA
AMAE
0
AMAO


ROOTS
11.35±0.05
9.26±0.04
0.65±0.03
Cr
SITES/METALS
FIGURE 1: PERCENTAGE (%) NON-RESIDUAL, RESIDUAL AND MOBILITY (BIOAVAILABLE) METALS
OF WASTE SOILS IN STUDIED DUMPSITES
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1215029
25
3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
4.5
4
TRANSLOCATION FACTOR (TF)
3.5
Cd
3
Cu
Mn
2.5
Pb
2
Zn
Fe
1.5
Ni
1
Cr
0.5
0
AMAO AMAE
CFA
AMAO AMAE
A. hybridus
CFA
S. nigrum
AMAO AMAE
CFA
T. triangulare
AMAO AMAE
CFA
A. cruentus
AMAO AMAE
CFA
I. batatas
SITES/PLANTS
FIGURE 2: TRANSLOCATION FACTOR (TF) OF PLANTS FOR ALL THE METALS IN THE STUDIED
SITES
4
BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF)
3.5
3
Cd
2.5
Cu
Mn
2
Pb
Zn
1.5
Fe
Ni
1
Cr
0.5
0
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
A. hybridus
AMAE
S. nigrum
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
T. triangulare
AMAO
AMAE
A. cruentus
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
I. batatas
SITES/PLANTS
FIGURE 3: BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF) OF PLANTS FOR ALL THE METALS IN
THE STUDIED SITES
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1215029
26
3rd International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural and Medical Sciences (CAMS-2015) Dec. 10-11, 2015 Singapore
5
BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENT (BAC)
4.5
4
3.5
Cd
3
Cu
Mn
2.5
Pb
2
Zn
Fe
1.5
Ni
1
Cr
0.5
0
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
AMAO
A. hybridus
AMAE
S. nigrum
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
T. triangulare
AMAO
AMAE
A. cruentus
CFA
AMAO
AMAE
CFA
I. batatas
SITES/PLANTS
FIGURE 4: BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENT (BAC) OF PLANTS FOR ALL THE METALS
IN THE STUDIED SITES
http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C1215029
27