Supplementary Material
A comprehensive survey of pelagic megafauna in the tropical Southwest Indian
Ocean
Sophie Laran*, Matthieu Authier Olivier Van Canneyt, Ghislain Dorémus, Pierre Watremez and
Vincent Ridoux
* Correspondence: Corresponding Author: [email protected]
1
Supplementary Figures and Tables
1.1
Supplementary Tables
Supplementary Table 1A. Proportions of time spend at surface for species collected in the literature for marine
mammals. 1B for sea turtles and Elasmobranchs.
Group
Species
Region
Sperm whale
World
Sri Lanka,
Galapagos
Kaikoura
Azores
Kogiid whales
General
Cuvier’s beaked whale
General
Mesoplodon spp.
General
Globicephala spp.
General
Physeteroidae
Beaked whale
Large
Globicephalinae
Short-finned pilot whale
False killer whale
Killer whale
Small
Globicephalinae
Larges Delphininae
Small Delphininae
Gulf of California
WN Pacific
General
Pygmy killer whale, melon-headed whale,
Risso’s dolphin,
Florida
Bottlenose dolphin
Medit. Sea
Tursiops spp.
E. Australia
Striped dolphin
Pantropical spotted d.
% of time at
surface
21%
21.1%
20%
16.3-18.0%
16.6%
Reference
(Hooker et al., 2011)
(Gordon, 1987)
(Papastravou et al.,
(Jaquet1989)
et al., 1999)
(Gordon and
Steiner,
et al.,
1992)
(Barlow1992)
et al., 1997;
10.1%
Barlow, 1999)
6.5% -7% (0(Barlow et al., 1997;
10m)
Hooker et al., 2011)
11% (0-10m) (Hooker et al., 2011)
10.9%
(Barlow et al., 1997)
67% (0-10m) (Hooker et al., 2011)
67%
70.4%
78% (0-10m)
(Barlow et al., 1997)
(Minamikawa et al.,
2013)
(Hooker et al., 2011)
no data available
89.7%
77%
64.2%
Medit. Sea
65.0%
Hawaï
88.5%
(Mate et al., 1995)
(Forcada et al., 2004)
(Corkeron and Martin,
(Gomez2004)
de Segura et
al., 2006)
(Baird et al., 2001)
Supplementary Material
Group
Species
Cheloniidae
Green turtle
Mid Atlantic
Mayotte
Olive ridley
Hawaï
Loggerhead turtle
Dermochelys
Region
Leatherback turtle
Whale shark
Blue Shark /Prionace glauca
bigeye thresher /Alopias superciliosus
Shortfin mako / Isurus oxyrinchus
Silky shark /Carcharhinus falciformis
Oceanic whitetip shark / Carcharhinus
longimanus
scalloped hammerhead shark/ Sphyrna lewini
Tiger shark / Galeocerdo cuvier
White shark /Carcharodon carcharias
Medit. Sea
South Africa
SW Pacific
Eastern Pacific
South Pacific (post
Seychelles
nesting)
Pacific Ocean
NW Atlantic
Central Pacific
Gulf of Mexico
Central Pacific
NW Atlantic
Tropical Eastern
Pacific
Atlantic/
Pacific
Hawaï
W Pacific
% of time at
surface
50.4% (0-2m)
12%
20.0%
40.0%
35.1% (CV:0.56)
25%
18%
32-43%
31.40%
60% (0-10m)
80% (0-10m)
≈7 % (0-10m)
0% (0-20m)
0% (0-5m)
10-20% (0-20m)
15% (0-20m)
3-6% (0-20m)
15-22% (0-20m)
(Hays et al., 2001)
(Ballorain et al., 2013)
(Polovina et al., 2002)
(Cardona et al., 2005)
(Sale et al., 2006)
(Okuyama et al., 2016)
(Southwood et al., 1999)
(Shillinger et al., 2011)
(Rowat et al., 2009)
(Eckert and Stewart, 2001)
(Carey and Scharold, 1990)
(Musyl et al., 2011)
(Weng and Block, 2004)
(Musyl et al., 2011)
“
32.5% (0-20m)
(Howey-Jordan et al., 2013)
26% (0-10m)
(Bessudo et al., 2011)
3-13% (0-5m)
(Brunnschweiler et al., 2010)
5.7% (0-10m)
(Nakamura et al., 2011)
28% (0-5m)
(Boustany et al., 2002)
Manta rays spp.
Giant devil ray /Mobula mobular
Reference
no data available
Mediterranean
49% (0-10m)
(Canese et al., 2011)
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Conservation, New Zealand.).
Gordon, J.C., and Steiner, L. (1992). Ventilation and dive patterns in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, in the Azores. Report International Whaling Commission 42, 561–565.
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Physiological and behavioural management ofdecompression stress in diving mammals. Proceeding of the Royal Society B
279, 1041-1050.
Howey-Jordan, L.A., Brooks, E.J., Abercrombie, D.L., Jordan, L.K.B., Brooks, A., Williams, S., et al. (2013). Complex Movements,
Philopatry and Expanded Depth Range of a Severely Threatened Pelagic Shark, the Oceanic Whitetip (<italic>Carcharhinus
longimanus</italic>) in the Western North Atlantic. PLoS One 8(2), e56588.
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foraging implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 404-419.
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dive behavior of a Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Tampa Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 11(4), 452-463.
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Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region and the Kuroshio front region of the western North Pacific. Marine Mammal Science
29(1), 177-185.
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166). doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00166.
3
Supplementary Material
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Galapagos Islands. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 839-846.
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ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific: Might deep longline sets catch fewer turtles? Fishery
Bulletin 101(1), 189-193.
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abundance trends. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368(1), 1-8.
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diving behaviour during oceanic movements. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 328, 197-210.
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orbital retia mirabilia. Fishery Bulletin 102, 221–229.
4
Supplementary Table 2. In-effort sightings of marine mammals collected during the survey (n), and estimated
individual number. Shaded cells represent new description of the species for the area.
Marine mammals species
Physeteroidae
Sperm whale (VU)
Pygmy or dwarf sperm whale (DD)
Beaked whale
Blainville’s beaked whale (DD)
Longman’s beaked whale (DD)
Cuvier’s beaked whale (LC)
Mesoplodon spp.
Unidentified Ziphiidae
Large globicephalinae
False killer whale (DD)
Short finned pilot whale (DD)
4
4
CMO SMO
1
2
4
2
TM
RM
SE
Sum of
n
6
1
7
5
9
14
31
28
3
4
1
2
1
3
3
8
3
9
10
6
3
5
4
3
2
6
4
7
2
7
3
3
29
35
24
6
8
16
7
1
13
51
1
6
2
1
5
10
25
5
1
2
5
2
4
19
13
29
2
1
8
15
19
2
4
17
2
13
2
3
3
5
16
1
27
69
57
Indo Pacific humpback dolphin (NT)
3
1
5
Common bottlenose dolphin (LC)
29
57
15
10
1
6
Globicephala / Pseudorca
Small globicephalinae
Pygmy killer whale (DD)
Peponocephala / Feresa
Melon-headed whale (LC)
Risso’s dolphin (LC)
Larges delphininae
Fraser’s dolphin (LC)
Large delphininae unidentified§
Small delphininae
Spinner dolphin (DD)
Pantropical spotted dolphin (LC)
Sten. spp./ Delphinus spp.
Balaenopteridae
Bryde's whale (DD)
B. acustorostrata (LC) / B.
bonaerensis
Blue whale (EN)
Balaenoptera spp.
Siréniens Dugong (VU)
Unidentified Delphinidae
Unidentified small cetacean
Unidentified medium cetacean
Unidentified large cetacean
Total
§
NMO
11
69
60
3
2
1
40
28
44
1
2
32
86
229
23
33
1
202
17
10
1
59
16
2
190
1
1
2
4
1
10
1
3
12
198
261
1
2
202
5
%
1
2
2
71
4
1
2
1
124
4
1
1
6
2
5
292
1
9
8
47
8
15
3
1 148
57
35
6
8
%
4
67
48
82
495
8
%
300
85
13
%
9
2
2
8
13
2
4
Sum of
%
individual
n
s
150
283
5 738
842
30
38
%
2 306
18
%
1 260
160
4 455
200
1 606
1
1
%
5
1
%
6
%
1
10
9
689
12
27
3
18 966
Tursiops truncatus, Sousa chinensis, Lagenodelphis hosei and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus
5
Supplementary Material
NMC
CMC
SMC
TM
MAS
SE
Overall %
Seabirds species
Sum of
sightings
Nb of sightings per survey block
Sum of
individuals
Supplementary Table 3. In-effort sightings of seabirds collected during the survey within the strip (0-200m),
and estimated individual number.
747
3,115
813
146
1,045
452
6,318
38%
32,670
1,116
624
641
510
359
1,910
5,160
31%
21,067
155
44
16
21
492
956
1,684
10%
3,184
9
7
4
6
1,460
223
1,709
10%
9,352
151
3
130
16
461
370
1,131
7%
1,274
19
100
102
25
34
23
303
2%
538
34
4
57
2
7
60
164
1%
521
1
3
12
1
17
0%
41
5
2
1
21
0%
70
Brown terns (LC)
Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus; Bridled
tern, O. Anaethetus
Grey terns (LC)
White tern, Gygis alba; Lesser crested tern,
Sterna bengalensis; Roseate tern, S.
dougallii ; Caspian tern, S. caspia ; Blacknapped tern, S. sumatrana ; Crested tern,
Thalasseus bergii
Noddies (LC)
Brown noddy Anous stolidus , Lesser noddy,
A. tenuirostris
Procellariids (petrels and shearwaters)
Wedge tailed shearwater, Puffinus pacificus
(LC); Barau's petrel, Pterodroma baraui
(EN); Audubon shearwater, Puf. Lherminieri
(LC); Mascarene petrel, Pseudobulweria
aterrima (CR); Herald petrel, Pterod.
Arminjoniana (VU); Flesh-footed shearwater
Puf. Carneipes (LC)
Tropicbirds (LC)
White tailed tropicbird, Phaeton lepturus;
Red tailed tropicbird, Phaeton rubricauda
Boobies (LC)
Red footed, booby Sula sula; Masked booby,
S. dactylatra; Brown booby, S. leucogaster
Frigatebird (LC)
Great frigatebird, Fregata minor; Lesser
frigatebird, F. ariel
Hydrobatidae
Unidentified storm petrel
Other
Total sightings of seabirds
7
1
5
2,238
3,898
1,769
734
3,872
3,996 16,507
68,717
6
Sum of
individuals
NMC
CMC
SMC
TM
MAS
SE
Sum of
sightings
Nb of sightings per survey block
Overall %
Supplementary Table 4. In-effort sightings of sea turtles and elasmobranchs collected during the survey, and
estimated individual number.
364
153
51
50
32
158
808
97%
933
1
20
21
3%
21
Manta ray , Manta spp. (NT)
17
15
5
Unidentified ray
33
23
13
Whale shark, Rhincodon typus (VU)
3
6
Hammer shark, Sphyrna spp. (VU-EN)
8
21
17
13
3
Unidentified shark
22
29
13
13
1
Other megafauna species
Cheloniidae
Green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (EN);
hawksbill sea turtle, Eretmochelys
imbricate (CR); Loggerhead sea turtle,
Caretta caretta (EN); olive Ridley turtle,
Lepidochelys olivacea (VU)
Dermochelyidae
Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys
coriacea (CR)
Elasmobranchs
3
5
21
63
19%
73
14
16
102
30%
131
13
4%
14
7
69
20%
81
13
91
27%
109
4
7
Supplementary Material
1.2
Supplementary Figures
Supplementary Figure 1. Spatial distribution of individuals observed per km of effort pooled on 60x60 km
grid cell, for: small Delphininae, large Delphininae, Globicephalinae and deep divers (Sperm whale, Kogia spp.
and beaked whales).
8
Supplementary Figure 2. Spatial distribution of individuals observed per km of effort pooled on 60x60 km
grid cell, for a: brown terns, grey terns, noddies and procellariids, boobies and tropicbirds.
9
Supplementary Material
10
Supplementary Figure 3. Distribution of sightings at various perpendicular distance from the trackline and
detection probability model for small Delphininae, large Delphininae, beaked whales, Large Globicephalinae,
Risso’s dolphins, small Globicephalinae (without Risso’s dolphin), sperm whales, kogiia spp., shark, manta ray,
unidentified ray, shelled sea-turtle and Leatherback. Number of sightings with truncation (and without), model
fitted were hazard (Hz) or Half normal (Hn), covariates (subjective sighting condition or glare severity) were
mentioned when significant, and effective strip half-width (ESW) with the associated coefficient of variation
(CV).
11