RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1.
Name of the Candidates
And Address
(in block letters)
DR IMAD MOHAMMED
POST GRADUATE STUDENT,
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS,
NAVODAYA DENTAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL,
POB NO-26, NAVODAYA NAGAR,
MANTRALAYAM ROAD,
RAICHUR- 584103, KARNATAKA.
2.
Name of the institution
NAVODAYA DENTAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, RAICHUR, KARNATAKA.
3.
Course of study and subject
MASTERS IN DENTAL SURGERY
ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL
ORTHOPEDICS.
4.
Date of admission to course
26th June 2013
5.
Title of the topic:
“EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF COLOUR STABILITY AND
FLUORSCENCE OF RECENT HIGH AESTHETIC ARCH WIRES -AN IN
VITRO STUDY UNDER SPECTROPHOTOMETER AND FLUROSCENCE
LAMP”.
6.
Brief resume of the intended work:
6.1 Need for the study:
Growing demand for aesthetic appliances has been partially
solved by the introduction of aesthetic brackets made of ceramic or composite1.
However, most archwires are still made of metal. A number of alternatives have
been explored to create an aesthetic archwire that would allow efficient
orthodontic treatment.
Metallic archwires coated with tooth-coloured material is the
existing solutions for aesthetic appearance. Materials used in archwire coatings
are plastic resin materials to simulate tooth colour2. The colour of coated
archwires tends to change over time, the coating splits by exposing the
underlying metal3, 4. Type of coating material and its surface roughness play
decisive roles in the extent of the discoloration3.The amount of colour change
can be influenced by a number of factors, there are internal and external causes
for the discoloration of aesthetic archwires5. Coffee was the most chromogenic
agent in comparison with other staining substances, such as tea and cola drinks8.
An ideal aesthetic archwire should present fluorescence similar to that of
human teeth9.
Hence this study is done to evaluate & compare the colour
stability & fluorescence of recent Coated Niti wires by using coffee under
spectrophotometer and fluorescence lamp.
6.2 Review of literature:
Firas Elayyan, Nick Silikas and David Bearn in 2008, compared the
mechanical and physical properties of retrieved coated nickel titanium (NiTi)
archwires with unused samples. Surface roughness of the coating was measured
with a contact stylus profilometer. Optical and scanning electron microscopes
were used to assess the surface topography. They observed that retrieved coated
archwires showed discolouration, ditching, and delamination and only 75% of
the coating was present and 25% of the coating was lost within 33 days in vivo.
Surface roughness of coated archwires was also increased after their use.
Andreas Faltermeier et al in 2008, investigated the colour stability of
adhesives during ultraviolet irradiation and exposure to food colourants. Four
different adhesives were exposed in a Suntest CPS+ ageing device to a xenon
lamp to simulate natural daylight. Tomato ketchup, Coca Cola©, and tea were
chosen as the food colourants. They observed unsatisfactory colour stability
after in vitro exposure to food colourants and ultraviolet light. They suggested
that the investigated adhesives seem to be susceptible to both internal and
external discolouration and should be improved to avoid enamel discolouration.
Masahiro Iijima, et al in 2012, determined the effect of coating on the
properties of two newer aesthetic orthodontic nickel titanium wires i.e. Woowa
(polymer coating; Dany Harvest) and BioForce high aesthetic archwire (metal
coating; DENTSPLY GAC). The coating compositions were determined by xray fluorescence. Cross-sectioned external surfaces were observed with a
scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. They concluded
that the coating processes for Woowa high aesthetic archwire influence bending
behaviour and surface morphology. BioForce high aesthetic archwire might
influence three-point bending behaviour. The surface of the coated Woowa had
rougher morphology and much lower hardness than uncoated arch wires,
whereas the BioForce high aesthetic coated archwire showed rougher
morphology but similar hardness compared to uncoated.
Dayanne Lopes da Silva et al in 2013, evaluated the coating thickness, surface
characteristics and coating stability of four brands as-received aesthetic coated
rectangular archwires after 21 days of oral exposure and compared to those of
conventional stainless steel (SS) and nickel titanium (Niti) ones. Labial surface
of the selected archwires was observed with a stereoscope and scanning electron
microscope, and surface roughness was assessed with an atomic force
microscope. He concluded that coated archwires had a low aesthetic value as
they presented a nondurable coating. The remaining coating showed a severe
deterioration and a greater surface roughness than conventional stainless steel
(SS) and nickel titanium (Niti).
Dayanne Lopes da Silva et al in 2013 evaluated the colour stability of six
aesthetic archwires at different time periods by using coffee solution as staining
agent and their fluorescence. Colour measurements were performed by means of
a spectrophotometer according to the Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage
L*a*b* system, and colour changes (∆E*) and National Bureau of Standards
units were computed. The results suggested that all aesthetic archwires assessed
showed clinically noticeable colour change after 21 days in staining solution.
Objectives of the study
To evaluate and compare the colour stability of four aesthetic archwires at
different time periods (7th, 14th, & 21st day) by spectrophotometer and their
fluorescence.
7.
Materials and method:
7.1 Source of data:
A new aesthetic archwire from four different companies.




1. Optis, (TP Orthodontics, La Porte, Ind)
2. Coated wire Niti, (Trianeiro, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil)
3. Woowa (Dany Harvest, Seoul, South Korea)
4. BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire (Dentsply GAC, Islandia, NY)
Coffee solution
Spectrophotometer
Fluorescent black lamp (G-Light, 40 W, 127 V, 60 Hz)
A Maxillary central incisor (one in number)
Inclusion Criteria1. Maxillary central incisor that are freshly extracted.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Teeth with caries, fracture and crazing.
2. Include hypoplastic teeth, malformed teeth and fluorosed teeth.
3. Teeth with external or internal staining’s
7.2 Methods of collection of data(including sampling procedure,
if any)
Total of 48 new aesthetic archwire from four different companies and 12
from each company is collected
Sample Size /Aesthetic archwires:





Four groups are made each group comprising of each brand and to each
group 12arch wires of their respective company are allotted.
24 samples from 12 arch wires of each group/brand are made.
Each sample consist of specimen10mm long arch wire segment and each
sample has two ends, one manufacture end and the other manually cut
end with cutter.
Each group/brand is divided into three subgroups 7th day (T1), 14th day
(T2) and 21st day (T3) and eight samples per subgroup are distributed.
Eight 10mm long wire segments are placed together and united by their
juxtaposed ends in each subgroup.
Staining Solution Preparation:

A staining coffee solution will be prepared by pouring 500 ml of boiled
distilled water over 15 g of coffee powder.

Coffee solution will be kept in a pot and will be kept in an incubator
during the entire experiment.

The coffee solution will be changed every 7th day.
Colour measurement:
Each specimen after 24hrs of immersion in distilled water is taken out and the
colour of each sample will be measured (T0) using the spectrophotometer. After
the first measurement (T0), the samples will be placed in a container with the
prepared staining coffee solution. Colour measurements will be recorded again
on the 7th day (T1), 14th day (T2), and 21st (T3) of immersion in the solution. The
solution will be freshened once every 7th day before each measurement, samples
will be removed from the solution and rinsed with distilled water in an
ultrasonic cleaning bath for 5 minutes. Excess water on the surfaces will be
removed with tissue papers, and the samples will be allowed to dry. Five
measurements of each of the eight samples of each brand will be made and the
average value of these five readings of each sample will be recorded by single
examiner. Colour changes (ΔE*) will be characterized using the Commission
Internationale de I’Eclairage L*a*b* colour space system, (CIE L*a*b*).
Because visual colour assessment is subjective, the colour systems are
quantitative systems with rectangular co-ordinates that allow an objective colour
measurement. These systems represent adequately the visual perception of
colour differences. To relate the amount of colour change (ΔE*) to a clinical
environment, the data will be converted to National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
units i.e. (NBS units =ΔE* X 0.92.)
Fluorescence Assessment:
The samples will be arranged in a dark atmosphere devoid of natural light. One
fluorescent black lamp (G-Light, 40 W, 127 V, 60 Hz) will be positioned 30 cm
above the samples. To observe the fluorescence, each specimen will be placed
on the labial surface of a natural incisor and surrounded by enamel for better
visualization. Two observers independently will classify the samples according
to fluorescence levels (high, medium, and low).
Statistical analysis
Values from the spectrophotometer will be recorded and mean value of the
readings will be collected and the data will be subjected to statistical analysis of
variance ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to
be conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so,
please describe briefly.
- Not Applicable -
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in
case of 7.3?
- Not Applicable -
8
List of references:
1. Russell JS. Aesthetic orthodontic brackets. J Orthod. 2005; 32:146–163.
2. Neal D. Kravitz, DMD, MS. Aesthetic archwires, the evolution of
aesthetic archwires to meet patient demands for invisible labial
treatment. Orthodontic Products; June 2013.
3. Firas Elayyan, Nick Silikas and David Bearn. Ex vivo surface and
mechanical properties of coated orthodontic archwires. European
Journal of Orthodontics 2008 ;( 30) 661–667.
4. Charles J. Burstone, Stephenie A. H. Liebler and A. Jon Goldberg.
Polyphenylene polymers as aesthetic orthodontic archwires. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:e391-e398.
5. Andreas Faltermeier, Martin Rosentritt, Claudia Reicheneder and
Michael Behr. Discolouration of orthodontic adhesives caused by food
dyes and ultraviolet light. European Journal of Orthodontics 2008; (30)
89–93.
6. Masahiro Iijima, Takeshi Muguruma, William A. Brantley, Han-Cheol
Choe, Susumu Nakagaki, Satish B. Alapati, Itaru Mizoguchi. Effect of
coating on properties of aesthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires.
Angle Orthod. 2012; 82:319–325.
7. Dayanne Lopes da Silva, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Renata Autoun
Simao, Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas. Coating stability and surface
characteristics of aesthetic orthodontic coated archwires. Published
Online: May 8, 2013 Angle Orthod DOI: 10.2319/111112-866.1.
8. Koksal T, Dikbas I. Colour stability of different denture teeth materials
against various staining agents. Dent Mater J.2008; 27:139–144.
9. Dayanne Lopes da Silva, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Marcus Vinicius
Almeida de Arau jo, Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas. Colour stability
and fluorescence of different orthodontic aesthetic archwires. Angle
Orthod. 2013; 83:127–132.
9.
Signature of candidate:
10.
Remarks of the guide:
11.
Name & Designation of
(in block letters):
11.1 Guide:
DR. SRINIVAS REDDY K
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
11.2 Signature:
11.3 Co-Guide (if any)
DR RAKESH KUMAR
READER
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
11.4 Signature:
DR SUGAREDDY
11.5 Head of Department
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS,
NAVODAYA DENTAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, RAICHUR
11.6 Signature:
12.
12.1 Remarks of the Chairman &
Principal:
12.2 Signature :