HONORS BIOLOGY
Chapter 3 Test Review
ORGANIC MOLECULES
Name ____________
These are topics and vocabulary terms covered in this chapter which may appear on the chapter
test. Also see pp. 48-49 in text for more review.
Organic – inorganic
The carbon atom and polymerization





Valence electrons, # covalent bonds
Carbon chains, varied shapes
Monomers  polymers
Dehydration synthesis (condensation)
o Joins molecules together, removes water
Hydrolysis – breaks molecules apart, adds water
Functional groups
 -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 PO4 recognize in molecules
Carbohydrates – functions – mostly energy, 4 cal/gram
 Elements CHO, ratio of H to O 2:1
 Monosaccharides – simple sugar
o Glucose,fructose, galactose – isomers, all have 6 carbon atoms

Disaccharides – which monomers, where found
o Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides
o Energy storage – starch in plants, glycogen in
animals
o Structure – cellulose (fiber) and chitin (insect shell)
Lipids – elements CHO – no ratio, functions: concentrated energy
9 cal/gram
Also: insulate, carry fat-solubles, some hormones
 Monomers: glycerol and fatty acid, recognize
structure of each






Triglyceride – which monomers, how many of each
Saturated and unsaturated – how different
o examples
Hydrogenated and trans fats – what are they?
Heart and blood vessel health
o Atherosclerosis, angioplasty
steroids – cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisone
phospholipids – what are they, where found
o
Proteins – elements C H O N
 functions: structure, transport, defense, movement, messengers, catalysts
 monomer – amino acid: carbon, amino, carboxyl, H, and variable (R group)
 R group – 20; importance – cross links hold 3-D shape of protein





Peptide bond- covalent, between amino acids
Dipeptide, polypeptide – how is a protein different? (3-D shape)
Levels of structure
o Primary structure – sequence of amino acids
o Secondary – coiling and pleating, hydrogen bonds
between H and O or N
o Tertiary – folding into 3-D shape, one chain; bonding between R groups
o Quaternary – two or more polypeptides together
Denature – protein unfolds, 3-D bonds break, loses function
o Caused by? – temperature, pH, electrolytes (ions) – break bonds
Sickle cell disease – wrong shape in hemoglobin, causes “sickling” of red blood cells
Nucleic Acids – elements – C H O N P
 function DNA – store genetic information, function RNA – use DNA
code to make protein
 Gene = section on one strand of DNA, has instructions for one trait
 monomer = nucleotide: 3 parts- sugar, phosphate gr., nitrogen base
 DNA stores genetic info; RNA copies gene to make a protein
o DNA double helix; RNA single strand;
o DNA deoxyribose sugar; RNA ribose sugar
o DNA thymine base, and adenine, cytosine, guanine;
o RNA – uracil base, and ACG
 ATP – energy molecule, nucleotide with three phosphate group