APPRAISAL OF WATER QUALITY STATUS WITHIN ILESHA ENVIRONS, SOUTH –
WESTERN NIGERIA.
BY
AYOADE PETER ADEBAYO, E-MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]
AND
IBITOYE TAIWO ABEL, E-MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: IBITOYE TAIWO ABEL,
PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE, PETROLEUN ENGINEERING AND
GEOSCIENCES DEPARTMENT, EFFURUN-WARRI, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA.
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APPRAISAL OF WATER QUALITY STATUS WITHIN ILESHA ENVIRONS, SOUTH –
WESTERN NIGERIA.
Ayoade, P.A. and Ibitoye, T.A.
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,
Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Warri, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author: Ibitoye, T.A.
Abstract
The study entails the determination of the water quality level in relation to influential and
contributing factors of human activities in selected area of the Basement complex (Ilesha) in
South-western- Nigeria. Analysis of samples collected (Rain, surface and ground water) were
conducted at the studied area, to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological
characteristics with a view to know the status of contamination and suitability for human
consumption. Results of the surface and ground water sample analysis (BOD. COD, Turbidity,
Conductivity, Alkalinity, and the Dissolved ions) showed that there are increased values (relative
to control) mostly in the highly populated area within the environment, and also evident as
compared with the established regulatory criteria (WHO and FMEnv).The coliform count for the
bacteriological analysis indicates strongly that some of the boreholes, wells and river samples
were contaminated by faecal bacterial that were of human and animal origin. The hydrogeochemical contour maps drawn for the variables in the area show that the hydro-geochemistry
of the water samples is highly influenced by the position of the sampled points with respect to
population distribution which overwhelmed the influence of ambient geology. Therefore, it is
glaring that human activities and population distribution are the influencing factors of the hydrogeochemistry which rendered some of the water quality samples below consumption standard.
Keywords: Basement complex, Physico-chemical characteristics, Hydro-geochemistry, Relative
to control and Bacteriological content, Federal ministry of environment (FMEnv).
INTRODUCTION
Water is an inevitable substance which can not be left out in the daily needs or activities of
human, plants and animals. Water availability is a lesser tasking issue to the quality of water in
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the community. The Earth has a total water of about 1.5 x 1018 metric tons. The water quantity
on Earth is about 300 times larger than the mass of the entire atmosphere (Ademoroti, 1996).
Therefore, if the water on the Earth can possibly be distributed, among all the 5.5 billion human
beings alive today, each person would posses as much as 280 million metric tons of water. He
could use as much as 11,000 metric tons each day of his life effectively and not run short of
water.
Meanwhile, Most of the water is not accessible – it is in Oceans, ice caps, in underground
aquifers, (groundwater – bearing beds), and some are even in the air as moisture. Only a small
fraction is on the Earth surface and directly accessible to man as rivers, streams and springs.
This is more evident in Nigerian cities where Ilesha is a typical example of this development in
the South- western part of the country.
The various components of the natural environment (e.g soil, water and air) are often adversely
affected by animal and human factors.
There is increasing concern that the environment in which we live today – the air we breath, the
water we drink and the food we eat, even the sound that assail us has the potential to endanger
human health and general well being. The environment is left devastated and human health is
grossly endangered in areas where the components – air, water and land are grossly impaired.
This impairment is referred to as environmental pollution or degradation, which implies a
reduction in the quality of the components of the environment as a result of the introduction of
impurities or contaminants.
Groundwater quality degradation in a high proportion is due to anthropogenic influences such as
domestic and municipal waste, hazardous waste, sewage treatment plants, incinerators, refuse
dumps, latrines, industrial and agricultural wastes etc.
The quality of water as observed by Todd (1980) is as vital as its quantity.
The quality of given water is continuously changing as a result of the reaction of water with
contact media and human activities. The water quality refers to its physical, chemical and
biological characteristics, which can be determined by comparing results of test and
characteristics of the water with acceptable standard for drinking water. It is obvious that there is
no master plan or good policy formulation to look into water supply sources in Ilesha area. Also,
there is no set standard to check the level of dissolved minerals and micro-organism content of
the water from the boreholes, wells, and rivers before consumption. It is therefore an interesting
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area to carry out environmental studies in terms not only of its contaminants status but also its
vulnerability of the groundwater quality to contamination in relation to human activity.
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA.
The Ilesha area lies within the schist belts mainly occur within the Western half of the country,
trending N-S direction, which are of low-medium grade meta-sediments. The Ilesha schist belt
lies within the basement complex of South Western Nigeria. The Precambrian rocks of the
region may be separated into three major tectono-stratigraphic divisions: the reactivated ancient
basement complex of gneisses and migmatites; the schist belts, which predominantly comprises
of supercrustal rocks occurring within Northerly trending troughs in the basement complex; and
the Pan African (600 Ma) older Granite series, a suite of granites and related rocks which intrude
the above successions. Contacts between the gneiss-migmatite complex and the schist belts are
generally marked by major structural discordance. On the basis of field occurrence, petrology
and geochemistry, the rocks of Ilesha schist belt are grouped into three major units: the Ilesha
amphibolites complex, the Ilesha metaclastics, and the Effon quartzitic sequence (Effon
Psamite). The Ilesha amphibolites complex comprises mainly metabasalts and meta-ultramafites
exposed as lenticular and ovoid bodies within the metaclastics. Petrochemical data show that
they are of subcrustal origin and are largely tholeitic and peridotitic in nature. The metasedimentary complex (the metaclastics and the Effon rocks) consists of sequences of
supracrustals that have generally undergone low-medium grade metamorphism. The metaclastics
includes a variety of micaceous schists that that are essentially of pelite to greywacke affinity
and attained relatively low degree of chemical maturity. On the other hand, the projenitor to
Effon sequence overlying the metaclastics, were principally sandstones that are locally arkosic.
Field relationships, petrological and petrochemical data suggest that the Ilesha schist belt
represent a Proterozoic succession developed within an ensialic mobile belt. It is considered that
the amphibolites complex represents the early ultramafic-mafic volcano-plutonic assemblage, the
metaclastics denote the syntectonic sedimentary sequence, whereas the Effon unit is the
equivalent of the post-orogenic facies which may correlate with the meta-conglomerate and
psamites of the Anka schist belt (NW Nigeria). For several decades, the Ilesha area had been
known for gold production. Apart from the Iperindo auriferous quartz veins within granite
gneiss, alluvial deposits have been worked from the meta-sediments/ amphibolites in the area.
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Sulfide and oxide ore minerals are likewise disseminated in these rocks, which possibly
constitute the ultimate source of the alluvial deposits (Elueze,1982).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: After reconnaissance survey, Five (5) water samples from boreholes, four (4) from open wells
and two (2) from rivers were collected each from the study area.
One (1) rainwater sample was also collected in the area.
The wells were specially monitored to know the demand on them, general conditions, nearness to
dumpsites, closeness to latrines, nature and style of water yield.
The study also adopted; pre-sampling, sampling, field (insitu) test and laboratory test techniques.
Field Test and Sample Preservation
The observation involved measurement of some of the physical parameters of the water which
include the well diameters, depth, depth to water surface, distance of each well to dumpsite (if
any) and latrines.
All water samples were properly handled and fixed in-situ, depending on the type of analysis to
be carried out on them. Since some determinations were likely to be affected by storage before
analysis; parameters such as temperature, PH, and electrical conductivity were determined in-situ
because of their great possibility of changing on storage.
Samples for heavy metals analysis were fixed separately; employing PH adjustment using
concentrated H2S04.
Other sets of samples for bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis were left unfixed but
kept in ice-cooled containers after collection into coolers and latter transferred to the laboratory
for analysis.
Hydrogen ion Concentration (PH)
The PH of each water sample was determined in-situ after collection.
Pye model 291meter (UNICAM) was used. In the laboratory, they were further confirmed using
a Phillips PH meter. (Model PW 19418).
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Suspended solid content was measured by filtering 500ml of water samples through a preweighed filtered paper which was subsequently dried in an oven at 150 0C for 15 minutes and re-
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weighed. The weighed differential was taken as the suspended solid content while the filtrate
from this process was kept for the determination of dissolved solid content.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Gravimetric method (APHA, 1989) : - The filtrate from TSS above was evaporated in a predried and weighed porcelain dish in an oven at 180OC until a constant weight was observed.
A is the weight of dried residue plus dish, and B is the weight of dish alone.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Modified Winkler’s method (APHA, 1989). This method relies upon bacteria using oxygen
dissolved in the water to oxidize the organic matter in a given sample. The amount of oxygen
consumed during a fixed time period is related to the amount of organic sample.
Two sets of sterile bottles were filled each with water sample.
One of these was analyzed immediately for its oxygen content using the Winkler’s method and
the result designated DO0. The other bottle was wrapped with aluminum foil and incubated at
20OC for five days. Wrapping was necessary to prevent light penetration to avoid photosynthetic
activities of phytoplankton, which may be present in the water sample. On the fifth day, the
oxygen content of the second sets of the bottle was analyzed and results designated DO5. The
BOD was then calculated as the difference between DOO and DO5
Determination of anaions
PO4, NO3, SO42- and Cl- were determined calorimetrically using the Milton Roy spectronic 21D
spectrophotometer. The concentrations of the Unknown samples (in mg/l) were extrapolated
from their various standard curves.
Determination of cations
Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) values were determined using conning flame photometer (iv);
Lithium being the reference filter. (Thermosteel Analytical Laboratory), Calcium (Ca) and
Magnesium (Mg) were determined titrimetrically using 0.1M solution of disodium salt of
Ethylenediamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) Using Eriochrome Black T and Calcon as
indicators.
Determination of heavy metals.
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The water samples were first digested with concentrated HN03 and heavy metals after
appropriate treatment were determined using a Perkin Elmer (2330) Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (AAS).
Microbial analysis
Total viable counts of bacteria: A serial dilution of 10-1 to 10-4 of the water samples were made
by dilution of 1ml portions to 9ml of sterile distilled water which was also indicated as diluents.
The total bacteria load of each location was duplicated and determined by spreading 0.1ml of the
dilutions on the surface of nutrient agar medium and spread with flame -sterilized glass rod. The
dilutions of each water samples were inoculated as follows: 5 test tubes containing double
strength Macconkey broth was inoculated with 10ml of water samples while 2 sets of 5 test tubes
containing a single strength Macconkey broth were inoculated with 1ml and 0.1ml of water
sample respectively. A control in which water sample was not inoculated was also set up. All
tubes were incubated at 370C for 48 hours. Test tubes that show positive for acid and gas
production at the end of incubation period were recorded, and the most probable number of
coliforms was determined per 100ml of water sample with reference to Macradys probability
table.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water samples from the study (Ilesha)
area were determined and the results obtained are hereby discussed.
The water samples from the study area were slightly acidic in nature, suggesting that the activity
of the hydrogen ions in water samples of the area were more than that of the hydroxyl ions. This
may be due to the release of chemical gasses, e.g. Sulphur-dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide from bush burning, combustion (organic and inorganic), vehicular
emission and industrial wastes that generates acidic rains and water, which infiltrate into the
ground and lowers the PH of the water. Decaying vegetation also produces some amount of
tannic (weak) acids. Acidic condition as in study area is known to favour concentration of
metals. When pH values less than 6.5, causes corrosion and the subsequent release of metals
such as Lead, Zinc, and Copper from pipes and plumbing fixtures into water, these substances
can be toxic to humans (Lehr et al, 1980).
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Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed
rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. Turbidity values in water samples
were generally low with no definite trend, especially in borehole and well samples.
River water values however, give an average increase, with LSOW1 having the highest value of
1.43 NTU. This is still within the WHO permissible limit in all the locations sampled.
The Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand were consistently low
(Table.1.0) in all the samples from the area, not exceeding 6mg/l. Although, the Chemical
Oxygen Demand values were generally higher in all the samples than Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, due to the presence of organic compounds and certain inorganic ions such as Fe2+
which are not biochemically oxidizable.
The results obtained from the borehole samples, wells, rivers and the rainwater (Appendix1)
show that the well samples values were higher when compared with borehole, river and rain
samples. All the values of TDS recorded were below WHO (1996) and FEPA (1991) limit of
1000mg/l
As turbidity is a function of total suspended solids, the well samples also recorded highest
values of turbidity, essentially due to high level of suspended solid such as clay and other fine
particles in the water samples. It has equally been proposed that soft waters with hardness less
than 100mg/l are more corrosive for water pipes because of their low buffer capacity. This is also
true for low pH values (Atuma, and Ogbede, 1984). So also, according to Crawford, Gardner,
and Moris, 1969 and 1971, water softer than 30 –50mg/l tend to be corrosive and should be
examined for plumb- solvency.
There was also a correspondence decrease in the value(s) of alkalinity recorded from boreholes
to rivers, wells and rain samples. Total alkalinity is due to carbonates and hydroxides of
Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium. The samples show as increase in trend from
borehole to river, well and rainwater.
The electrical conductivity of the water samples in the area was widely varied. It is a direct
reflection of the salinity, which is also a function of the salt content of the samples. The electrical
conductivity in Ilesha water samples was low. It therefore follows that the soluble salt content of
water bodies in the area is low. The range shows a correspondence decrease in well samples to
borehole, rivers and rainwater.
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Potassium and sodium concentrations shown an increase in values recorded in the area. Higher
values were observed in wells. The borehole and rivers samples show an average trend and the
least was rainwater sample which may be due to Sodium in rocks, solubility and
mobility(Balas,1965)
Generally, borehole samples had the highest Magnesium content, followed by
Wells, rivers and the least was rainwater. The value of Magnesium obtained in
the samples may be directly related to the lithology of the study area. All the recorded
Concentrations fall below the WHO (1996) limit of 50 to 150mg/l.
The high amount of Calcium in boreholes and wells in the area may be due to a
Localized infiltration of calcium salts from surface run-off. This could be attributed to the
solubility, mobility, and the relative abundance of Calcium in the Earth (Sands) and
consequently groundwater. All the samples from all the locations had concentrations below the
WHO (1996) limit of 200mg/l. Low concentration in rivers may be due to abstraction of Calcium
salt by certain organisms in the aquatic environment.
`The anions commonly found in soluble salts are Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate,
Carbonate and Bicarbonate.
The Chloride content of the samples shows higher concentrations in value recorded.
This may be due to high salinity in groundwater content of the area. Increased
Chloride concentration may also be due to human impact on groundwater. High Chloride
concentrations were observed in wells with a general decline to boreholes and river samples.
The least value was found in rainwater. The presence could be attributed to salt particulates
that was air borne in the atmosphere.
Sulphate values show a general decline and fluctuations from boreholes through wells, rivers rain
samples. This average decline was as a result of usage of Sulphate by anaerobic bacteria during
metabolism (Mathess, 1982), action of obligates microbes on Sulphate. The presence may be due
to careless use of fertilizers through surface run-off, Sulphur containing compounds such as
detergents and other household cleansing agents.
The rainwater had the least value and the presence may be due to evaporating oceans and seas
sprays that leave tiny particles of Sulphate salts such as Sodium Sulphate in the air.
Phosphate content, which gives an indication of the proportion of available phosphorous, plays a
vital role in metabolism. The Phosphate concentrations in the area were fairly low.
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Concentrations in water samples in the area were below 0.01 mg/l.
The values of nitrate as recorded fluctuated with no definite trend in the samples. Nitrate
concentrations in the samples in all the locations fall below WHO (1996) limit of 40mg/l. It
presence may be as a result of ingress of contaminants from cesspits, latrines, leachate from
dumpsites and surface-run off.
Carbonate values shows a low concentration in boreholes samples in Ilesha area, while higher
values were observed in well samples. The river water shows an average value (0.04 - 0.08mg/l).
Rain sample had value less than 0.01mg/l. Bicarbonate concentrations were slightly high in the
samples, with a decrease in Bicarbonate content from boreholes, river water, wells and rain
samples. Therefore, Carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations in the area were below the WHO
(1996) limit of 500mg/l.
Heavy metal concentrations (Table2.0and4.0) in the water samples signify some degree of
contamination in the area under investigation. Water samples in the area were equally
enriched in some heavy metals, though some were extremely low.
Iron (Fe) was relatively higher in concentration than all other metals. Higher
Concentrations were detected in borehole samples particularly in the LSBH2 (0.42mg/l) that
exceeded WHO (1996) limit of 0.3mg/l and FEPA (1991). Iron values in wells and rain water
samples in the area were equally low.
Higher concentrations that exceeded WHO (1996) limit of 0.3mg/l and FEPA (1991) were
detected in river water samples from the area. This sharp increase in values may be due to a
localized effects of iron, mineralogical characteristics of the lithology and industrial effluent
discharge within the environment.
Manganese values in all the samples were relatively low, the values were below WHO ((1996)
limit of 0.1mg/l.
Cadmium, Lead and Chromium were very low in most of the samples, having values below
0.01mg/l.
Copper concentrations in the area were moderately high. Higher values were recorded in LSBH1
and LSBH4 in the area that exceeded WHO (1996) limit of 1.0mg/l. Well sample values were
moderately low. Higher values were recorded in LSOW2, LSOW3, LSOW4 that exceeded WHO
(1996) limit. Low Copper concentrations were detected in the rain samples in the area.
Zinc concentrations in all the samples in the area were generally low. The values
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in all the water samples fall below WHO (1996) limit of 5.0mg/l.
Bacteriological Content.
According to Twort et al, (1985), total coliform count indicates the likelihood of sewage
pollution, and the faecal coliform count confirms the pollution as being that of human or animal
origin. Also, the number of such bacteria per unit volume indicates the degree of contamination
or pollution.
However, WHO standard were usually determined by coliform count. WHO (1996) standard
requires, there should be no coliform at all (coliform free). Some of the boreholes were generally
shallow, close to toilet/ refuse dumps. From a close observation, the town was generally littered
with animal and human faeces, decaying plants and animal remains, refuse dumps that are host
to coliform bacteria. Coliform counts were detected in some borehole samples especially, LSBH1
(Table3.0).
Coliform bacteria occur in high numbers in well samples in the area, probably through
surface run-off, shallow depth of wells, infiltration from septic tanks, toilets, leachates through
porous formations and unhygienic nature of human influences.
River water samples in the area were contaminated. High coliform count may be due to
direct disposal of waste or surface run-off, while the rainwater sample in the area was coliform
free i.e. not detected.
Hydro-geochemical Contour Map.
As shown by hydro-geochemical contour map (Appendix 3), this involves the determination of
the categories of contaminants and the dispersion patterns to which the water quality and the
environment may be exposed, both surface and subsurface. Hydro-geochemical map drew for the
measured variables show fairly similar patterns. The outskirts parts of Ilesha have low values and
the contour here is widely spaced. The central business districts of the town characterized by
very high density of buildings have high values as shown by a close spaced contour interval.
However, the contours spacing irregularly decreases towards the centre in a more or less
concentric form. These generally concentric patterns more or less indicate that the aquifer is
connected. The irregular spacing indicates uneven distribution of ions. This may be as a result of
uneven rate of water movement within the aquifer, which is a consequence of differential soil
permeability from one point to another. The contours cut across geological boundaries indicating
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the reduced influence of geology in determining the water chemistry. The contours seem to
follow the demography of the area.
The area that was associated with high nitrate concentrations and fairly high chloride values
corresponds to areas of relatively very high population density with numerous cesspools and
domestic drains. The areas of high nitrate and chloride concentrations are possible areas of faecal
contamination.
It would appear that the hydro-geochemistry of the area was highly influenced by the position of
the sampled locations with respect to the population distribution.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
CONCLUSION
The concentration and eventual distribution of contaminants in surface and groundwater systems
in an area depend on several factors that are peculiar to each situation of contamination.
Whether the presence of these contaminants in water constitutes an environmental or health
hazard depends on the concentration level of the contaminants present, the ambient geology of
the area and the groundwater use or human imprint on the hydro-geochemistry.
The micronutrients and most of the non-essential trace elements are known to have undesirable
effects on human and animal health, if present in excess concentration in the water system.
The presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water indicates that the water is contaminated and
may constitute serious health hazard.
The chemical parameters of the water samples that include the test for Potassium (K), Sodium
(Na), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) shows that these minerals are mostly from dissolved
elements from the bedrock. When analyzed, the result showed that these minerals are within
acceptable limit for water quality standard.
High nitrate and fairly high chloride levels in some wells and boreholes are related to human
activity especially, the highly populated areas.
The results of the heavy metal analysis of the groundwater samples, indicates iron (Fe), Lead
(Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Manganese (Mn) to be the main contaminants. Physico-chemical
parameters showed high level of hydrogen ion concentration making the water samples acidic in
nature (Table1.0).
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The high values of iron may therefore be due to complexing of iron with some organic matter on
the solubility of ferrous ion at low PH in reducing environments. The case of Lead can be
attributed to the plumbo-solvent action of the acidic water, poorly cased boreholes, leaching
from waste in the battery chargers and mechanic workshops as well as vehicular emissions from
the exhaust pipes. When the values obtained from the area were compared with WHO (1996) and
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










RECOMMENDATION.

Location, design and construction of wells and boreholes should not be determined by
hydro-geological situations alone but also a set standard on how and where to site a
well or borehole should be made available, considering the distance from dumpsite,
latrines and also the general gradient of the area.
13

Efforts should be made by state and local authorities to provide public latrines and
household waste dumpsites, taking into consideration the hydro-geologic situation in
the area to prevent underground infiltrations from leached substances.

Government should provide more boreholes in the areas to supply more hygienic
water to the people.

Health authority should carry out routine chemical, physico-chemical and microbial
analysis which shows changes / deteriorating water quality..

Government and private organizations should implement appropriate remedial and
rehabilitation programme to safeguard health and the environment, to comply with
legal and statutory body requirements including effective planning and hydraulic
engineering designs in waste disposal and management.
REFERENCES
Ademoroti, C.M.A. (1987): “Contamination of Shallow Wells in Nigeria
from Surface Contaminant Migration”; Environmental International, U.S.A,13.
491-495.
Ademoroti,
C.M.A (1996). Environmental chemistry and toxicology. Folutex press limited.
Ibadan.First Edition, P. 171-182.
Anorld Percy and Andrian Cullis,(1986) Rain water harvesting; collection
of rainfall and run-off in rural area published by London intermediate technology
company.
Bockh,A. (1973), Consequences of uncontrolled human activities in the
Valencia lake Basin published by tom Stancey company London.
Bowen, H.J.M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the Elements.
Academic Press London In: S P D C (1996), Details
study by Atlantic Waste Management, Lagos. (P.79).
14
potentially polluted area
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR,!991) Environmental guidelines
and standard for the petroleum industry in Nigeria, Lagos.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (F E P A 1991), Guideline and
Standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria, Lagos.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency F E P A (1992). Waste
Disposal in Nigeria. Vol.2.No. 10. F E P A. Lagos, Nigeria.
Gadd, G.M. and Griffiths, A.J.(1987). Micro-organisms and heavy metal
toxicity. Microb. Ecol., 4 :303.
Todd (1980): Grand Water Quality and Contamination 2nd Edition
Twort, A . C. et al (1985) “Standard method for Examination of water and Waste Water.
America Public Health Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Water
supply 3rd Edition .
World Health Organization (WHO, 1994). Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality. Vol. 1 recommendation WHO Geneva.
15
APENDIX 1
TABLE 1.0: WATER SAMPLES PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER RESULTS (BOREHOLES AND WELLS)
PARAMETERS
PH
Temperature,
Turbidity,NTU
Dissolved
Oxygen,(mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
TDS(mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TSS(mg/l)
Total Hardness,(mg
eq.CaCO3/l)
Conductivity(US/cm)
Total Alkalinity
Salinity(Chloride),mg/l
Bicarbonate, mg/l
Sulphate, mg/l
Phosphate, mg/l
Nitrate,mg/l
Carbonate,mg/l
Potassium,mg/l
Calcium, mg/l
Sodium,mg/l
Magnesium,mg/l
LSBH1
6.37
27.09
0.58
5.62
LSBH2
6.92
27.20
0.96
6.00
LSBH3
6.43
27.16
0.68
5.78
LSBH4
6.62
27.12
1.12
5.69
LSBH5
6.58
27.18
0.78
5.94
LSOW1
6.35
26.92
1.43
6.20
LSOW2
6.78
26.90
0.98
6.18
LSOW3
5.92
27.02
0.62
5.92
LSOW4
6.78
27.05
0.48
6.16
0.40
26.58
2.40
2.08
10.00
0.38
26.72
2.12
1.86
9.98
0.32
23.52
1.98
2.02
12.38
0.42
21.70
2.20
1.78
10.35
0.44
25.01
3.42
1.65
10.26
0.99
40.00
3.58
8.00
11.00
0.94
38.00
2.86
6.60
8.18
0.92
55.00
2.16
6.28
9.60
0.80
62.00
1.90
7.80
11.35
24.00
14.06
6.36
6.86
4.72
0.04
1.02
0.01
0.03
1.60
0.12
3.28
28.00
12.96
8.02
6.51
5.28
0.06
20.60
0.18
0.01
2.31
0.16
4.60
22.00
15.02
6.98
6.35
6.02
0.08
12.01
0.02
0.03
1.62
0.11
3.65
20.00
14.01
6.12
5.92
4.94
0.04
8.30
0.16
0.02
1.68
0.14
4.02
24.00
13.92
6.58
5.83
5.35
0.04
1.10
0.06
0.05
3.67
0.10
4.62
82.00
4.80
16.29
2.80
1.16
0.08
0.92
7.62
0.07
4.05
0.24
1.85
78.00
3.20
21.22
3.14
0.85
0.12
2.36
5.96
0.12
5.22
0.18
1.82
88.00
3.35
18.90
3.17
0.92
0.06
0.62
7.32
0.03
6.21
0.11
2.21
92.00
5.12
20.86
2.96
1.24
0.10
0.85
7.65
0.03
4.38
0.10
1.98
TABLE 2.0:HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS FOR WATER SAMPLES ( BOREHOLES AND WELLS)
HEAVY
METALS
Fe,mg/l
Mn,mg/l
Cd,mg/l
Pb,mg/l
Cr,mg/l
Cu,mg/l
Zn,mg/l
LSBH1
LSBH2
LSBH3
LSBH4
LSBH5
LSOW1
LSOW2
LSOW3
LSOW4
0.18
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.42
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.01
0.26
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.02
0.21
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
1.02
0.29
0.06
>0.01
0.04
<0.01
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.018
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.06
0.12
0.06
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
0.07
0.11
0.24
0.03
0.019
0.05
0.01
0.09
0.83
0.06
0.06
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
0.6
0.09
TABLE 3.0:BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES(Cfu/100ml).
WHO’S(1996)accept.limit LSBH1
Nil
NIL
LSBH2
2
LSBH3
NIL
16
LSBH4
1
LSBH5
NIL
LSOW1
NIL
LSOW2
8
LSOW3
10
LSOW4
2
APENDIX 2
TABLE 4.0: HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS OF RAIN AND RIVER WATER SAMPLES.
HEAVY METALS
Fe,mg/l
Mn,mg/l
Cd,mg/l
Pb,mg/l
Cr,mg/l
Cu,mg/l
Zn,mg/l
LSRV1 (RIVER)
0.68
0.04
0.01
0.03
<0.01
0.079
0.02
LSRW (RAIN)
0.02
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
17
Cfu/100ml
LSRV1- 4
LSRW -NIL
APPENDIX 3.
7.20
RS-1
160.00
26.72
BH-2
Quartz Schist
140.00
62.00
Amphibolite Complex
WW-4
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
21.70
BH-4
Amphibolite Complex
WW-1
25.05
26.58
BH-1
40.00
BH-5
Gneiss Biotite Schist
Road
14.00
23.52
38.00
WW-2
RS-2
40.00 BH-3
20.00
LEGEND
Geological boundary
BH= Borehole sample locations
WW= Well sample locations.
Quartz Schist
55.00 WW-3
20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
Fig. 1: Hydrogeochemical contour map of chloride (mg/l)
Fig. n :Total dissolved solids contour map during wet season in Ilesha.
18
RS= River sample locations.