Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
Big Idea 1: Evolution
a.Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of
all domains (homeostatic mechanisms).
Organisms are linked by lines of
descent from common ancestry.
(1.B.1.)
Lecture Presentations for
• Early taxonomists - Two Kingdoms: plant & animal
• Late 1960’s - Five Kingdoms: Monera, Protista,
Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.
• Modern hypothesis -
Eukarya
Bacteria
Biology
Archaea
• The earliest organisms
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Person Benjamin Cummings
College Board, AP Biology Curriculum Framework 2012-2013
form a “ring of life”
through horizontal
gene transfer.
25.1, 25.3
Fig. 26-23
Copyright © Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Bozeman Biology: Homeostatic Evolution (12:00 min.)
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
http://www.bozemanscience.com/021-homeostatic-evolution
Fig. 26-21
Land plants
Green algae
transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms
such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral
infection and perhaps fusion of organisms.
•
3
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Amoebas
Cellular slime molds
• Most recent common
•
Bacteria
2
3
1
Eukarya
Archaea
4
3
2
1
Billions of years ago
0
Archaea
consist of a
diverse group
of prokaryotic
organisms
that inhabit a
wide variety of
environments.
Fungi
Sulfolobus
Nuclear
envelope
Green nonsulfur bacteria
Thermophiles
Halophiles
(Mitochondrion)
Spirochetes
Chlamydia
COMMON
ANCESTOR
OF ALL
LIFE
Methanobacterium
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
Euglena
Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Animals
Fig. 26-22
The role of horizontal gene transfer in the history of life. This tree
show two major episodes of horizontal gene transfer, the dates of which
are uncertain. It is known that many more such events occurred.
1. DNA and RNA are carriers of
genetic information through
transcription, translation and
replication.
Dinoflagellates
Forams
Diatoms
Ciliates
Red algae
1
2
Eukarya consists of all
the organisms that
have cells containing
true nuclei, singlecelled as well as
multicellular plants,
fungi, and animals
EUKARYA
• Horizontal gene transfer - process in which genes are
ancestor of all living
things.
Gene transfer
between
mitochondrial
ancestor and
ancestor of
eukaryotes
Gene transfer
between chloroplast
ancestor and
ancestor of green
plants.
Three Domains:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
ARCHAEA
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Green
sulfur bacteria
Bacteria contains most
of the currently known
prokaryotes, including
the bacteria closely
related to chloroplast
and mitochondria
BACTERIA
Cyanobacteria
(Plastids, including
chloroplasts)
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
2. Major features of the genetic code are shared by all modern living
systems.
Expression of genes
from different
species. Because
diverse forms of life
share a common
genetic code, one
species can be
programmed to
produce proteins
characteristic of a
second species by
introducing DNA from
a second species into
the first.
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING
mRNA
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
TRANSLATION
mRNA
Ribosome
Polypeptide
(a) Bacterial cell. In a bacterial cell, which lacks a
nucleus, mRNA produced by transcription is
immediately translated without additional processing.
TRANSLATION
Ribosome
Polypeptide
(b) Eukaryotic cell. The nucleus provides a separate
compartment for transcription. The original RNA
transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various
ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
(a) Tobacco plant expressing
a firefly gene
Fig. 17-3a-2
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
(b) Pig expressing a
jellyfish gene
Fig. 17-6
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
3. Metabolic pathways are conserved across all currently recognized
domains.
b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes.
Glucose
• Glycolysis is the most
widespread metabolic
pathway among Earth’s
organisms suggests that it
evolved very early in the
history of life.
1. Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell
movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport).
Glycolysis
CYTOSOL
Microtubule
Pyruvate
No O2 present:
Fermentation
Fig. 6-20
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular
respiration
- is common to fermentation
MITOCHONDRION
(anaerobic) and cellular
respiration (aerobic)
Ethanol
or
lactate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
- puruvate represents a fork
in the catabolic pathways
of glucose oxidation
Fig. 9-19
Bozeman Biology: Life Requires Free Energy (13:00 min.)
http://www.bozemanscience.com/012-life-requires-free-energy
0.25 µm
Microfilaments
The cytoskeleton. In this TEM, prepared by a method known as deep-etching, the thicker, hollow microtubules
and thinner, solid microfilaments are visible. A third component of the cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments, is
not evident here.
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
2. Membrane-bound organelles: energy transformation
• chloroplasts: photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical
• mitochondria: cellular respiration, generates ATP by extracting
energy form sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
energy by absorbing light and using it to drive a synthesis of organic
compound such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Free ribosomes
in the mitochondrial
matrix
Granum
Inner
membrane
1 µm
Thylakoid
Fig. 6-18
• Mitochondria and chloroplast are semiautonomous organelles
Cristae
Matrix
Fig. 6-17
0.1 µm
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
that:
- grow and reproduce within the cell, and
- contain a small amount of DNA that programs the synthesis of
proteins made on the organelle’s ribosomes.
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that
evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. (1.B.1)
3. Linear chromosomes:
• contained in the cell
nucleus,
• made up of chromatin,
a complex or protein
and DNA, and
• each eukaryotic
species has a
characteristic number
of chromosomes.
Organisms share many
conserved core processes
and features that evolved
and are widely distributed
among organisms today.
(1.B.1)
4. Endomembrane systems,
including the nuclear
envelope
• synthesis of proteins and
their transport into
membranes and
organelles or out of the
cell,
• metabolism,
• movement of lipids, and
• detoxification of poisons.
Smooth ER
Nuclear
envelope
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
Transitional ER
Ribosomes
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER
Rough ER
200 nm
Bozeman Biology: Essential Characteristics of Life (10:00 min.)
http://www.bozemanscience.com/005-essential-characteristics-of-life
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Fig. 6-12