Benchmark Study Guide
Label each cell:
• Plant cell: HAS A CELL WALL
• Animal cell: HAS A NUCLEUS
(Eukaryotic)
• Bacteria- DOES NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS
(Prokaryotic)
Define Homeostasis:
• Homeostasis-all cells work together to
maintain an internal balance Ex: body temp
stays at 98.6 even when it is cold outside
• When you are sick you want to go HOME and
STAY
Cell Processes
• Diffusion- natural process by which molecules
move from high to low concentration
• Osmosis-the diffusion of water through a cell
membrane
• Active Transport- movement of materials
through a cell membrane USING energy
• Passive Transport- movement of materials
through a cell membrane WITHOUT energy
Cell Processes
• Endocytosis- the process in which a cell
surrounds a particle encloses it in a vesicle to
bring it INTO the cell
• Exocytosis- the process used to remove large
particles from a cell
• Mitosis-the process of cellular division that
results in body cells
What is the difference between an
autotroph and heterotroph?
• Autotroph: produces its own food
• Heterotroph: consumes its food
Autotroph or Heterotroph
• Which one performs cellular respiration?
• Heterotroph
• Which one performs photosynthesis?
• Autotroph
Cell Theory
• Cells are the basic unit of all
living things
• All living things are made of
cells
• All cells come from other
existing cells
What process do plant cells do to
create food from the sunlight
energy?
•PHOTOSYTHESIS
What process uses the plant food,
GLUCOSE, and breaks it apart to
release energy in the form of ATP?
•Cellular Respiration
Match the cell part to the function
• Nucleus: controls all cell activities, DNA found here
• Lysosomes: cleans cell by digesting old parts using
chemicals called enzymes
• Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration, ATP made
here
• Chloroplast: site where photosynthesis, contains
chlorophyll
• Cell Membrane: covering of cells; lets things in and out
• Chlorophyll: captures sunlight
• Cell Wall: found only in plant cells, provides structure
How do we remember the difference
between mitosis and meiosis?
• Mitosis makes my TOES
– Uses asexual reproduction (ONE parent;
INDENTICAL offspring)
– BODY cells (46 chromosomes)
• Meiosis makes ME
– Uses sexual reproduction (TWO parents; similar to
both parents)
– SEX cells (gametes) 23 chromosomes
What is an organism's phenotype?
• The physical appearance of an organism
• Black hair; green eyes; spots
What is an organism’s genotype?
• The genetic make up of the organism’s traits
• AA; Aa; aa
How do you write a homozygous
genotype?
• Two UPPERCASE letters (DOMINANT Traits)
OR
• TWO lowercase LETTERS (Recessive Traits)
• AA; SS; WW; BB; LL
• aa; ss; ww; bb; ll
How do you write a heterozygous
genotype?
• One UPPERCASE and ONE lowercase LETTER
• Aa; Ss; Hh; Rr
What is the difference between
dominant and recessive traits?
• Dominant- the strong trait that masks a
weaker trait
• Written using an UPPERCASE letter (H; D; K)
• Recessive- the weaker trait that is hidden
• Written using a lowercase letter (h; d; k)
What is a Punnett Square uses for?
• To predict possible gene combinations
Complete a Punnett Sqaure
Dd x Dd