MAIN EXAM
KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI
Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda
INSTITUTE EXAMINATIONS-SEM: II
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
YEAR 4: SEMESTER:
II
MODULE: Introduction
DATE: 22/04/2013
Program: CE, WEE, MATERIAL SCIENCE, RE, ARCHITECTURE
to GIS & RS [CEE 3423]
TIME:
2hours
MAXIMUM MARKS =
60
INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper contains FOUR (4) questions.
2. Answer THREE (3) Questions:
Question ONE (1) from Section “A” is Compulsory and Answer any TWO (2) from
Section “B”
3. All questions carry equal marks.
4. No written materials allowed.
5. Do not forget to write your Registration Number.
6. Write all your answers in the booklet provided
7. Do not write any answers on this questions paper.
8. Start the questions in NEW pages
SECTION A: The question in section A is compulsory
QUESTION 1:
i)
ii)
(10X 2 Marks each)
Differentiate raster data types from vector data types with sketches.
Give a brief example to illustrate the need for GIS in engineering
iii) List three advantages of remote sensing data in engineering.
iv) Briefly describe the process used in remote sensing.
v) What do you understand by the spectral signature curve?
vi) Give and describe at least two types of electromagnetic spectrum.
vii) List down at least four components of GIS
viii) One of GIS operation is data analysis. Briefly discuss about it
ix) What do you understand by attributes in GIS?
x)
Differentiate between Data and Information in remote sensing context.
SECTION B: Answer any two questions from Section B
QUESTION 2:
a) List and describe four characteristics of image data
( 8 Marks)
b) Give and explain methods of image classification and their benefits
(6 Marks)
c) What do you understand by image enhancement?
(6Marks)
QUESTION 3:
a) Define: platform, sensor, target, and satellite.
(4 Marks)
b) GIS model & modeling is used to represent some phenomenon to understand their
behavior. Give one clear example to illustrate that statement.
c) Explain six tools of Map manipulation in GIS for vector Data types
(10 Marks)
(6 Marks)
QUESTION 4:
Discuss about any GIS project of your choice and clearly details all items for its
operational procedures.
(20 Marks)
MARKING SCHEME / Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems
(MAIN EXAM)
SECTION A: The question in section A is compulsory
QUESTION 1:
i)
(10X 2 Marks each)
A raster representation makes use of pixels defined by rows and columns to represent features
whereas the vector uses points and line to represent spatial features and are both data
structure in GIS.
ii) The example will define data types required, their analysis and the proposed output.
iii) The advantage of remote sensing:
-Gather the spatial data at minimum cost.
-Time of acquisition is low for the project.
-Acquire spatial data bird’s view.
iv) The process used in remote sensing.
v) The spectral reflectance curve is a curve that shows the fraction of the incident radiation that is
reflected as a function of wave length and from it you can get the degree of reflection for
each wavelength on a particular surface object.
vi) The visible wavelengths cover a range from approximately 0.4 to 0.7 µm. The longest visible
wavelength is red and the shortest is violet.
Infrared Radiation in the reflected IR region is used for remote sensing purposes in ways very
similar to radiation in the visible portion. The reflected IR covers wavelengths from approximately 0.7
µm to 3.0 µm.
vii) The following are four components of GIS:
Computer system
GIS software
Brainwave
Infrastructure
viii) Data analysis is conducted depending on the data types under the project and we can have for
example:
Raster data analysis (local, zonal, global neighborhood), vector data analysis (buffering, overlay,
distance measurement, map manipulation), terrain mapping and analysis, spatial interpolation.
ix) These are information about spatial features and describe them. For example for a road ,
Its length, construction materials are classified as attributes.
x)
Data we mean representations that can be manipulated using computer, by Information we
mean data that have been interpreted by human beings.
SECTION B: Answer any two questions from Section B
QUESTION 2:
a) Four characteristics of image data are :
-Spatial characteristics which refers to the area measured
-Spectral characteristics referring to the spectral wavelengths that the sensor is sensitive to
-Radiometric resolution characteristics referring to the energy levels that are measured by the
sensor
-Temporal resolution characteristics refers to the time of the acquisition of the image
(4x2 Marks)
b) Supervised classification requires the analyst to select training areas where he/she knows what is
on the ground and then digitize a polygon within that area.
The analyst requests the computer to examine the image and extract a number of spectrally
distinct clusters.
(6 Marks)
c) It is a process conducted that an image result is more suitable than the original image for a
specific application Visual interpretation Problem oriented.
It leads to:

Brightness control

Contrast enhancement

Noise reduction

Edge enhancement
(6 Marks)
QUESTION 3:
a) Define: platform, sensor, target, satellite.
(4 Marks)
A platform is a vehicle on which sensors are mounted.
A sensor is a device that records the electromagnetic energy reflected from spatial features in
remote sensing system.
Target: it is any spatial feature that is under investigation in remote sensing system, for example
the road, forest etc.
Satellite; It is a kind of a platform that is intended to carry some sensors at higher altitude
specifically known as space borne.
b) GIS model & modeling is used to represent some phenomenon to understand their behavior.
Give one clear example to illustrate that statement.
The student may give an example of soil erosion modeling, flood modeling etc
(10 Marks)
c) Explain six tools of Map manipulation in GIS for vector Data types
(6 Marks)
Clipping, dissolving, selecting, eliminating, updating, erasing, and splitting. With sketches
QUESTION 4:
Discuss about any GIS project of your choice and clearly details all items for its operational
procedures.
(20 Marks)
It will depend on the student choice’s example where he will show data input, attribute data
management, data display, data exploration, data analysis.