Crusades
(p. 264-268)
I. Causes
A. 1000’s group of Turkish monks
capture Jerusalem; Christian pilgrims
attacked
B. Turks raid Byzantine Empire – emperor
asks Pope Urban II for help
C. Pope calls for Christians to retake holy
land
D. sewed crosses on clothes so therefore
called crusaders “marked with a cross”;
rallying cry was “God wills it!”
II. Crusades
A. 1096
1. 5000 poorly equipped peasants attack Jews in
Germany
2. Once in Jerusalem, Turks kill most
B. 1099
1. Nobles & knights took Jerusalem
2. Set up 4 kingdoms in Holy Land
C. Within 50 years, Muslims regain most control
D. 1147 –
1. 2nd French & German kings;
2. failure: poor planning & heavy losses
III. Muslims Retake Jerusalem
A. 1189 3rd Crusade: England, France & Holy Roman
Empire
1. German king dies
2. French leave
3. English king Richard I fights against Muslim
leader Saladin
a. mutual respect
b. Richard wins protection for Christian
pilgrims
c. However, leaves with Jerusalem still
owned by Muslims
B.
1201 4th Crusade: French knights gather in Venice,
1. but no $.
2. Venice promises money if knights will conquer rival city.
They do.
3. They also attack Constantinople
C. 1291 Muslims control all of Holy Land
IV. Why did Crusades fail?
A. long distance
B. not prepared for desert climate
C. outnumbered
D. fought amongst selves
E. planned poorly
V. Changed Europe
A. increased trade
B. learned about products (ie. Apricots, rice,
cotton)
C. king’s power increases (many nobles died)
D. Jews distrust Christians
E. Increase tension between Byzantine’s & W. Christians
F. Perspectives on each other change.
1. Muslims view Christians as vicious invaders
2. Christians view Muslims as unbelievers
who threaten Christians