60
15 Days
*
Shoot length (cm)
50
30 Days
45 Days
*
*
40
**
*
30
20
10
**
*
*
0
0
1
5
10
25
Cu amendment (mg kg-1) in soil
Figure 4.1.1: Effects of various levels of Cu amendment (mg kg-1) in soil on shoot length of wheat plants
observed at day 15, 30 and 45 of treatments. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant
at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
8
15 Days
*
7
30 Days
45 Days
*
Dry weight plant-1(g)
6
5
4
3
**
*
2
1
**
*
**
*
0
0
1
5
10
-1
Cu amendment (mg kg ) in soil
25
Figure 4.1.2: Effects of various levels of Cu amendment (mg kg-1) in soil on dry weight of wheat plants
observed at day 15, 30 and 45 of treatments. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant
at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
60
15 Days
30 Days
45 Days
**
Shoot length (cm)
50
*
40
**
30
20
10
**
*
0
0
5
15
25
Zn amendment (mg kg-1) in soil
50
Figure 4.1.3: Effects of various levels of Zn amendment (mg kg-1) in soil on shoot length of wheat plant
observed at day 15, 30 and 45 of treatments. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant
at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
10
15 Days
30 Days
45 Days
9
**
Dry weight plant-1(g)
8
*
7
6
5
4
**
3
*
2
1
*
*
**
0
0
5
15
25
Zn amendment (mg kg-1) in soil
50
Figure 4.1.4: Effects of various levels of Zn amendment (mg kg-1) in soil on dry weight of wheat plants
observed at day 15, 30 and 45 of treatments. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant
at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
8
5
100 grain weight (g)
Tillers plant-1
*
*
7
6
*
5
4
3
2
4
3
2
1
1
0
20
**
*
5
15
4
Harvest index
Inflorescence plant-1
0
6
3
2
*
*
10
5
1
0
70
10
**
8
6
4
2
*
60
Grain Inflorescence-1
Inflorescence length (cm)
0
12
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
A
B
C
D
Cu and Zn amendment in soil
E
A
B
C
D
E
Cu and Zn amendment in soil
Figure 4.2.1: Tillers, number and length of inflorescence, grain weight, harvest index, grain inflorsence-1 of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to Cu and Zn amendments in soil (mg kg-1). A-soil without
treatment (control), B- Cu (50) mg kg-1, C- Cu (50) + Zn (25) mg kg-1, D- Cu (50) + Zn (50) mg kg-1, E- Cu
(50) + Zn (100) mg kg-1 soil. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and
**- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
9
6
8
100 grain weight (g)
*
*
Tillers plant-1
7
6
5
4
3
2
0
6
4
3
2
0
18
*
**
16
5
*
14
4
Harvest index
Inflorescence plant-1
*
1
1
3
2
12
10
8
6
4
1
2
0
9
0
60
8
50
*
7
Grain Inflorescence-1
Inflorescence length (cm)
5
6
5
4
3
2
1
*
40
30
20
10
0
0
A
B
C
D
Zn and Cu amendment in soil
E
A
B
C
D
E
Zn and Cu amendment in soil
Figure 4.2.2: Tillers, number and length of inflorescence, grain weight, harvest index, grain inflorsence-1 of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to Zn and Cu amendments (mg kg-1) in soil. A-soil without
treatment (control), B- Zn (100) mg kg-1, C- Zn (100) + Cu (5) mg kg-1, D- Zn (100) + Cu (20) mg kg-1, EZn (100) + Cu (50) mg kg-1 soil. The vertical bars show ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05
and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
1.4
*
1.5
1
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
**
*
Catalase ml H2O2 hydrolysed g-1
FW
Carotenoids mg g-1 FW
*
1
0
250
**
2
200
1.5
150
1
100
0.5
50
0
3.5
0
20
**
Protein content µg g-1 FW
Peroxidase ml H2O2 hydrolysed g-1
FW
*
0.2
0
2.5
3
2.5
*
1.2
2
Chl. b content mg g-1 FW
Chl. a content mg g-1 FW
2.5
*
2
1.5
1
18
*
*
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
0.5
2
0
0
0.00065 0.0065 0.065
0.65
Cu Concentration (ppm)
6.5
0.00065 0.0065 0.065
0.65
6.5
Cu Concentration (ppm)
Figure 4.3.1: Effect of Cu supply in sand on Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and total Chlorophyll,
carotenoids content, catalase and peroxidise activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant. The vertical
bars shows ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
40
Shoot Cu
35
Seed Cu
**
Cu content µg g-1 DW
30
25
20
15
**
10
*
5
0
0.00065
0.0065
0.065
0.65
6.5
Cu Concentration (ppm
Figure 4.3.2A: Accumulation of Cu in shoot and grain of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to
Cu supply (ppm) in sand. The vertical bars shows ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **value significant at P<0.01 levels.
80
Shoot Zn
Zn content µg g-1 DW
Seed Zn
**
70
60
50
40
30
20
*
1**
10
0
0.0065
0.013
0.065
Zn Concentration (ppm)
0.65
6.5
Figure 4.3.2B: Accumulation of Zn in shoot and grain of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to
Zn supply (ppm) in sand. The vertical bars shows ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **value significant at P<0.01 levels.
1.6
2.5
2
*
1.5
1
Chl. b content(mg g-1 FW)
Chl. a content(mg g-1 FW)
3
0.5
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
**
0.4
0.2
0
250
Catalase ml H2O2 hydrolysed
g-1 FW
0
1.2
Carotenoids (mg g-1 FW)
1.4
**
1
200
0.8
150
0.6
*
100
0.4
0.2
0
25
**
20
*
15
10
5
0
Protein content (µg g-1 FW)
0
25
Peroxidase ml H2O2 hydrolysed g-1
FW
50
**
20
*
15
10
5
0
0.0065 0.013
0.065
0.65
Zn Concentration (ppm)
6.5
0.0065 0.013
0.065
0.65
6.5
Zn Concentration (ppm)
Figure 4.3.3: Effect of Zn supply in sand on Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and total Chlorophyll,
carotenoid content, catalase and peroxidise activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant. The vertical bars
shows ±S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
Cu content (µg g-1 DW)
20
Shoot
Seeds
Shoot
Seeds
Shoot
Seeds
15
10
5
Fe content (µg g-1 DW)
0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
40
Zn content (µg g-1 DW)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
L1
L2
L3
Study sites
L4
L5
Figure 4.4.1: Graph showing accumulation of Zn, Cu and Fe in shoot and grain of wheat plant (Triticum
aestivum L.) collecting from different study sites. Where L1- Lucknow, L2- Barabanki, L3- Khalilabad,
L4- Mohanlalgaj and L5- Baksitalaab. The vertical bars shows ± S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at
P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
180
Protein in shoot
Protein in seeds
Protien content (µg g-1 DW)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
L1
L2
L3
Study sites
L4
L5
Figure 4.4.2: Graph showing protein content in shoots and grain of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)
collecting from different study sites. Where L1- Lucknow, L2- Barabanki, L3- Khalilabad, L4Mohanlalgaj and L5- Baksitalaab. The vertical bars shows ± S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at
P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
Zn, Cu and Fe content (mg kg-1)
6
Zn
Cu
Fe
5
4
3
2
1
0
L1
L2
L3
Study sites
L4
L5
Figure 4.4.3: Available Zn, Cu and Fe content in soil collecting from different study sites. Where, L1Lucknow, L2- Barabanki, L3- Khalilabad, L4- Mohanlalgaj and L5- Baksitalaab. The vertical bars shows ±
S.E. value (n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.
10
9
30
Tillers plant-1
Dry weight plant-1 (g)
35
25
20
15
6
5
3
2
5
1
0
12
Inflorecence length (cm)
0
8
7
Inflorecence plant-1
7
4
10
6
5
4
3
2
10
8
6
4
2
1
0
1.2
0
4.5
4
Yeild hectare-1 (ton)
1
Harvest index
8
3.5
0.8
3
2.5
0.6
0.4
2
1.5
1
0.2
0.5
0
0
L1
L2
L3
L4
Experimental sites
L5
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Experimental sites
Figure 4.4.4: Graph showing dry weight, tillers, number and length of inflorescence, yield hectare -1 and
harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop grown in different study sites. Where, L1- Lucknow, L2 Barabanki, L3- Khalilabad, L4- Mohanlalgaj and L5- Baksitalaab. The vertical bars shows ± S.E. value
(n=3); *- value significant at P<0.05 and **- value significant at P<0.01 levels.