SOME ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE
AND EXPLORE GENETIC DROUGHT
RESISTANCE
Abel Muñoz-Orozco
Genetica IREGEP, Colegio de Postgraduados, México
Francisco Muñoz-Arriola
and
D. P. Lettenmaier
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, USA
5-9 of October
2008 Join Annual Meeting ASA-CSSA-SSSA
Houston, TX. USA
Outline
•
•
•
•
Motivation and General Concepts
Examples of Drought Resistance
Drought Resistance Models
Modeling Agricultural Drought
– VIC
• Further work
Motivation
•In micro regions (ecological niches) most of the patterns of crop’s genetic
resistance to drought and other adverse factors are unknown
•These patterns are important to study crop’s genetic resistance in the context
of climate change
SOME ABIOTIC ADVERSE FACTORS
CONFRONTED IN MEXICO
• Serdán, Puebla example: Great Drought of Winter, Intra Summer
drought, and frost conditions; with or without residual humidity.
• Huetamo, Michoacán example: low rainfall and high temperatures,
with out residual humedity
• In the numerous micro regions there are a wide diversity of
combinations of abiotic adverse factors and patterns of genetic
resistance
Intra-Summer Drought
160
140
120
100
80
Great Winter Drought
60
Great Winter Drought
Planting
40
20
Residual soil humidity
0
J
-20
F
M
A
M
Frost period
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Frost period
Months
Frost Period
Frost Period
Monthly
maximum
temperatures
and
Rainfall
Minimum temperaturesrainfall at
Huetamo, Michoacan, Mexico (300 m above sea
level, annual rainfall 834 mm)
60
250
High temperatures
50
200
40
150
30
100
20
Great Winter Drought
Great Winter Drought
Planting
10
50
0
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
Months
Maximum temperatures
Rainfall (mm)
Maximum temperatures (C)
Minimum temperatures (C); Rainfall (mm)
Monthly minimum temperatures and rainfall at Serdan, Puebla,
Mexico (2676 m above sea level, annual rainfall 813 mm)
Rainfall
O
N
D
GENERAL CONCEPTS
•
•
•
Drought is a period with low rainfall
Drought Resistance, is the energy accumulated by a variety against drought
Effects of drought are modified (not the drought) mainly by elements as t, T,
S, ψa, Ll, D, O, Sp, A + I
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
t, duration of drought
T, temperature
S, different elements of the soil
Ψa, water potential of the air
Ll, amount of rainfall
D, its distribution
O, ontogenetic stage of the plant
Sp, species
A, pre-conditioning
I, an interactión of the genetic elements with environmental elements
Muñoz Orozco, A. (2004). Conceptos fundamentales para evaluar la resistencia a sequia. XI International
Conference on Rainwater Catchment System (Colegio de Posgraduados), pag. 518-522
EXAMPLES OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE CARACTERISTICS
DETECTED
• In peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.):
flowering plasticity; when there is
Drought, flowering reduces and
renews when raifall resumes
• In sorgo (Sorhum vulgare Pers.):
heat tolerance; the panicle
produces grain and the leaves do
not dry during high temperatures
• In maize (Zea mays L.):
tolerance; when there is drought,
growing is reduced and renewed
when rainfall reasumes. It is
asociated to stomatal
hipersensitivity, stomatal closure
at higher leaf-water potentials.
• The evaluation of drought
resistance is based in the model
one
Muñoz Orozco et al., (1983). Transpiracion, fotosintesis, eficiencia en uso de agua y potencial hídrico en maices
resistentes a sequia y heladas. Agrociencia. 51, pag. 115-153
MODEL ONE TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE
Y=G+D+G*D
Y, total variation
G, variation of genotypes (estimates of genetic generic effects such as those
expressed under drought or wet conditions)
D, variation of drought levels (or through locations)
G*D interaction of G by D (estimates the specific effects to drought, which
are expressed only under drought conditions)
Muñoz Orozco, A. (1990). Modelo matématico para evaluar la resistencia a sequia: casos uno a
seis. Evolucion Biológica (ASIBE), pag. 93-106.
ONTOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE AND
PHYLOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE
R
Y1 Early
R
S G
Fl
Early
S
O
Ontogenetic
drought
resistance
RF
Y2
Intermediarte
R
S G
Fl
Intermediate
S
O
Ontogenetic
drought
resistance
Y3
S
G
Fl
Late
S
Phylogenetic drought resistance
• Ontogenetic drought
resistance (DO) or resistance
through ontogenetic stages
of a variety, such as early,
intermediate or late varieties
• Phylogenetic drought
resistance (RP) or resistance
among averages of varieties
of different precocity
Drought resistance (Energy accumulated against drought conditions)
O
Ontogenetic
drought
resistance
Late
G=GERMINATION
F=FLOWERING
S=SEED
FORMATION
MODEL TWO TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE
• Y=RO+RP+RO*RP
Where
Y, total variation
RO, ontegenetic drought resistance or resistance through the ontogenetic
stages
RP, phylogenetic drought resistance or resistance among averages of
varieties
RO*RP, interactión of RO by RP
• These concepts contribute to better understand the drought
resistance of the maize varietal patterns in the mexican micro
regions.
• These varietal patterns are clusters of early, inermediate, and late
varieties adapted to different environmental conditions of the micro
regions
Muñoz Orozco, A. (1997). Model 2 to select for drought tolerance. Developing drought and low Ntolerant maize. (CIMMYT), pag 541-543
Maize varietal pattern from mexican central high valleys,
the white and cream color grain variety is late, the yellow
one intermediate and the blue one early
VIC Model
• Available Indices
– Palmer Drought Index
– Standardized
Precipitation Index
– Surface Water Supply
Index
• Proposed Method
– Use of Hydrological
Models to create
continuous
spatiotemporal patterns of
drought-linked variables
– SM and RO Percentiles
relative to the
climatology (1960-1999)
– Allow monitoring and
forecast
Short- and Long-term Drought predictions
Predicted Soil Moisture Percentile using the UW
Seasonal Hydrological Forecast System
Long-term hydrological assessments based temperature increments
Huetamo
Serdan
Short-term hydrological predictions based on ensemble techniques
Assemble to rain fall and temperatures conditions of the maize varietal pattern from Mexican central high valleys
Monthly minimum temperatures and rainfall at Serdan, Puebla,
Mexico (2676 m above sea level, annual rainfall 813 mm)
Minimum temperatures (C); Rainfal
(mm)
160
Intra-Summer Drought
140
120
100
Early variety
80
Intermediate variety
60
Late variety
Planting
40
Great Winter Drought
20
Residual soil humedity
Great Winter
Drought
0
J
-20
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
Frost period
S
O
N
D
Frost period
Months
Rainfall
Minimum temperatures
Use of hydrological modeling to predict short- and long-term
agricultural drought integrated into the Genetic Drought
Resistance Modeling Framework
Acknowledgments
• Shraddhanand Shukla, UW
• Alan Hamlet, UW
Yield or Accumulated Energy
D0
G1
0
+d
+g
-g
G2
-d
+g*d
-g*d
D1
0
D0
D1
Drought Level
Yield or Accumulated Energy
D1
D0
D0
D1
D0
D1
6 cases (P=Yield)
D0
1)
PG1=PG2 ( in D0); PG1>PG2 (D1)
2)
PG1>PG2 ( in D0); PG1=PG2 (D1)
3)
PG1>PG2 ( in D0) = PG1>PG2 (D1)
D4)
1
PG1=PG2 ( in D0) D
> PG1=PG2 (D1)
5)
PG1=PG2 ( in D0) < PG1=PG2 (D1)
6)
PG1>PG2 ( in D0) ; PG1<PG2 (D1)
0
Plus n intermediate cases
D1
D0
D1