Final Exam Sample Questions
1. Label the diagram below:
2. Select ONE of the following functions of the skin and explain how it is able to fulfill the function:
anatomical barrier against infection, temperature regulation, sensation, insulation
3. What substance is your hair and nails primarily composed of?
4. What do sebaceous glands do?
a. Excrete water, sodium chloride and electrolytes
b. Excrete sebum onto hairs and skin
c. Excrete hormones used to moderate body temperature
d. Excrete odor-causing bacteria onto the surface of the skin
5. What is ringworm? Is it caused by a worm? Describe the symptoms and cause of this common
disorder.
6. What type of organism causes warts?
7. What are the risks of leaving a wound untreated? List at least 3.
8. Describe the 3 classifications for burns to the skin:
1st Degree –
2nd Degree –
3rd Degree –
9. What is the significance of the Rule of Nines? How is it used in the assessment and treatment of
burn victims.
10. What is the most significant danger resulting from a serious burn?
11. What is skin cancer?
12. What is the primary cause of most skin cancers? Explain how this affects cell growth.
13. What is the significance of SPF? How is this helpful in the prevention of skin cancers?
14. What is the single most significant factor in being able to successfully identify and treat skin
cancer?
15. Label the bones of the skull:
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
16. Label the skeleton diagram on the attached page….
17. Where would you find the Atlas and Axis?
18. Where would you find the sacrum and coccyx?
19. Match the bones with the common names listed:
a. backbone
____ fibula
b. kneecap
____ vertebrae
c. collarbone
____ sternum
d. shinbone
____ phalanges
e. fingers
____ patella
f. breastbone
____ clavicle
20. Give the correct term for each of the following definitions:
a. inflammation of the joint
______________________
b. place where 2 bones meet
______________________
c. inflammation of a tendon
______________________
d. act of straightening or opening of the joint ______________________
e. act of bending or closing of the joint
______________________
f.
______________________
tissue connecting muscle to bone
21. There are 3 types of muscle in the human body. Name the 3 types and give one example for
each of where it can be found.
i.
ii.
iii.
22. Label the following muscles on the diagram below:
Deltoid
Triceps
Biceps Brachii
Wrist Extensor (Extensor Carpii Ulnaris)
Wrist Flexor (Flexor Carpii Radialis & Carpalis)
23. The basic unit of function of skeletal muscle is the
__________________________ .
It is composed of 2 proteins:
__________________________ and
__________________________.
Neatly sketch it here:
24. Give the term referred to by each of the following:
a. Often occurring after a period of prolonged bedrest, this condition results in a loss of
mass and strength of the muscles.
b. The continuous partial contraction of skeletal muscle that helps to maintain posture.
c. The body tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bone.
d. The fibrous body tissue that connects bones to other bones, often at synovial joints.
e. One of several muscles that causes specific movements (eg. push-ups) to occur through
the process of its own contraction.
25. Identify the antagonist to each of the following muscles (antagonistic pairs are located on
opposite sides of a bone):
i. triceps
____________________
ii. quadriceps
____________________
iii. latissimus dorsi
____________________
iv. gastrocnemius
____________________
v. serratus anterior
____________________
26. Strength training and good nutrition will often result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. What
does this mean?
27. What is an NSAID?
28. Name the movement described by the following:
i. bending your arm at the elbow to make your bicep pop up (‘making a muscle’).
ii. raising your leg to touch your knee to your chest
iii. turning your hand over, from palm-down to palm-up
iv. lowering your arm, from pointing straight out from your shoulder to hanging at your
side.
v. raising your leg sideways
29. Identify the disease/disorder:
a. a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries damaged by trauma, allowing blood to
seep into surrounding tissues
b. a disorder characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle
proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue
30. Label the following muscles on the diagram at right:
sternocleidomastoid
masseter
frontalis
trapezius
orbicularis oculi
31. The suffix ‘-itis’ is appended to many anatomical terms to describe a particular condition. (eg.
tendonitis, encephalitis, tonsillitis, etc.) What is it?
32. What is the largest muscle in the human body?
33. Label the following muscles on the diagram at right:
pectoralis major
serratus anterior
rectus abdominus
latissimus dorsi
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
34. Can muscles “push”? Explain.
35. What organs make up your respiratory system?
36. Two sets of muscles are required for breathing. What are they? Where are they?
37. What happens in the alveoli?
38. Which arteries supply blood to the lungs? Which veins take blood away from the lungs?
39. What part of your brain is responsible for controlling your respiration?
40. Respiration rate depends on the concentration of oxygen in your blood. True or false.
41. What physiological process requires oxygen?
42. Why is the lymphatic system called a secondary circulatory system?
43. Why do you think your body has more red blood cells (erythrocytes) than white blood cells
(leukocytes)?
44. If a blood test showed a higher than normal number of white blood cells in your blood, what
might this indicate? WHY?
45. What is ‘hematopoiesis’? Where does it take place?
46. What is the term for the liquid part of your blood?
47. What is hemoglobin? What does it do?
48. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of the following types of cells:
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes
B Cells
Helper T- Cells
Killer T-Cells
49. Label the diagram at right:
50. Referring to the diagram above, explain how each of the following contributes to the function of
your immune system:
Adenoids & Tonsils
Spleen
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic Vessels
51. Explain WHY you think lymph nodes are located in the regions of the body where they are
found.
52. Where on your body do you have mucous membranes most susceptible to pathogenic
infection?
53. What is HIV/AIDS?
54. What is a pathogen?
55. Several terms are used to describe the roles played by various organisms involved in the
transmission of disease. Explain the meaning and importance of each:
Vector
Host
Virus
Bacterium
Parasite
56. Define the term “medicine”
57. How are medicines classified?
58. Define the term Vaccine.
59. Define the term Antitoxin.
60. Explain the differences in how vaccines and antitoxins prevent illness/disease.
61. What term is generally used to refer to the 2 sides of the brain?
62. Label the diagram at right:
a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________
A
B
C
c. _____________________________
d. _____________________________
e. _____________________________
f.
D
E
F
_____________________________
g. _____________________________
G
63. For each of the functions listed, give the region of the brain responsible for controlling or
regulating the function:
a. heartbeat
b. vision
c. memory, hearing and emotion
d. language/speech
e. receives and processes sensory information from the body
f.
reasoning, conscious thought
g. coordinated movement
h. monitors bodily functions such as blood pressure and body temperature
i.
sorts, processes and directs signals coming from the extremities through the spinal cord
64. Label the diagram below:
65. What is this a diagram of?
66. Match up the Nerve Receptor type with the correct function:
____ Merkel’s Receptor
a. pain and temperature
____ Ruffini Corpuscle
b. light touch
____ Free Nerve Ending
c. deep pressure
____ Meissner Corpuscle
d. stretching/heavy pressure
____ Pacinian Corpuscle
e. vibration
67. Is pain a good thing? Explain.
68. List 3 ways that you could experience loss of function in your nervous system.
69. What is the precise physiological difference between a reflex and a reaction?
70. The brain is closely connected to the endocrine system in the body. In the space below, explain
how signals are transmitted between the two systems, the structures or tissues are involved in
this connection and where they are located.
71. What are the 2 hormones most closely associated with the stress response in humans?
72. What gland is responsible for producing them?
73. What systems are shut down when your body is under stress? Why?
74. Does stress make you stupid? Explain.
75. Label the diagram at right:
a. ____________________________
A
B
b. ____________________________
C
c. ____________________________
D
d. ____________________________
E
e. ____________________________
F
f.
G
____________________________
g. ____________________________
H
h. ____________________________
76. For each of the hormones listed, give the gland responsible for its production and the gland,
organ or system that it acts on.
a. prolactin
b. insulin
c. adrenaline
d. testosterone or progesterone
77. Give the full name for each of the following:
a. TSH
b. LH
c. FSH
d. ADH
e. ACTH
f.
GH
g. MSH
h. PRL
i.
OXT
j.
VP
78. Which gland is called the “master gland”. Why?
79. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
80. What system is responsible for transporting hormones throughout the body?
81. List 5 physiological changes associated with the “fight or flight” response?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
82. What gland is responsible for producing the hormones that initiate the “fight or flight”
response?
83. What hormones are responsible for initiating the “fight or flight” response?
84. Compare the action of insulin and glucagon.
85. What is the primary difference that distinguishes an embryo from a fetus? At what stage does
this generally occur in humans?
86. For 4 of the following, give the function it performs within the cell:
Nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cell membrane, chromosome
87. What is a neurotransmitter? Where is it found?
88. What is the function of the umbilical cord?
89. What are the three stages of birth? What happens in each stage?
90. How does the male determine the gender of the baby?
91. Name two tests that can be used to determine the health of a developing fetus. Describe each
test.
92. What is a blastocyst?
93. What is the placenta?
94. What does the acronym DNA refer to?