‫اإلدارة المتكاملة للصحة النباتية‬
‫في البيوت المحمية‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد الرحمن بن سعد الداود‬
‫قسم وقاية النبات ‪ -‬كلية الزراعة‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫اإلنسان‪ ،‬ذلك‬
‫المدير‬
‫الكبير‪ ،‬أين‬
‫موقعه في‬
‫التعداد؟‬
IPM Definitions 1990-1998
1. "Integrated pest management, or IPM is a systematic approach to crop protection that uses increased information and improved decision-making paradigms to reduce
purchased inputs and improve economic, social, and environmental conditions on the farm and in society. Moreover, the concept emphasizes the integration of pest suppression
technologies that include biological, chemical, legal, and cultural controls". (Allen, W. A. and E. G. Rajotte. 1990. Annu. Rev. Entomology. 35: 379-97.)
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2. "Integrated pest management, or IPM is an approach to pest control that utilizes regular monitoring to determine if and when treatments are needed and employs physical,
mechanical, cultural, biological and educational tactics to keep pest number low enough to prevent intolerable damage or annoyance. Least-toxic chemical controls are used as a
last resort". (Olkowski, W. and S. Daar. 1991. Common sense pest control. Taunton Press. 715 pp.)
•
3. "Integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest management strategy that focuses on long-term prevention or suppression of pest problems with minimum impact on human
health, the environment, and non-target organisms". "Preferred pest management techniques include encouraging naturally occurring biological control, using alternate plant
species or varieties that resist pests, selecting pesticides with lower toxicity to humans or nontarget organisms; adoption of cultivating pruning, fertilizing, or irrigation practices
that reduce pest problems; or changing the habitat to make it incompatible with pest development. Broad spectrum pesticides are used as a last resort when careful monitoring
indicates they are needed according to pre-established guidelines." (Flint, M. L., S. Daar and R. Molinar. 1991. Establishing integrated pest management polices and programs: a
guide for public agencies. Univ. Calif. IPM Publication 12. 9 pp.)
•
4. "IPM is a system approach based on science and proven crop production and resource conservation practices. It uses all suitable techniques, such as natural enemies, pest
resistant plants, cultural management, and pesticides in a total crop production system to anticipate and prevent pests from reaching damaging level." (Consumer response to
information on integrated pest management. 1992. J. Food Safety, 12: 315-326.)
•
5. "Integrated Pest Management is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information along with available pest control methods, including cultural, biological, genetic and
chemical methods, to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment".
(Proceedings of the National Integrated Pest Management Forum. 1992. American Farmland Trust, 86 pp.)
•
Cited by:
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•
Sorensen, A. A. 1993. Integrated pest management: future farming tasks lessons from the past. Food Insight, May/June 1993.
6. "IPM is an ecologically-based pest control strategy which is part of the overall crop production system. 'Integrated' because all appropriate methods from multiple scientific
disciplines are combined into a systematic approach for optimizing pest control. 'Management' implies acceptance of pests as inevitable components, at some population level of
agricultural system". [Zalom, F. G., R. E. Ford, R. E. Frisbie, C. R. Edwards and J. P. Telle. 1992. Integrated pest management: addressing the economic and environmental issues
of contemporary agriculture. In Food, crop pests, and the environment: the need and potential for biologically intensive integrated pest management, F. G. Zalom and W. E. Fry
(eds.), APS Press, St. Paul, MN.]
Cited by:
Gianessi, L. 1993. The Quixotic Quest for Chemical-free Farming. Issues in Science and Technology: 10: 29-36.
Saarenmma, H. 1992. Integrated pest management in forests and information technology. J. Appl. Entomol. 114: 321-332.
Sorensen, A. A. 1993. Integrated pest management- finding a new direction. Cereal Food World. 38: 187-196.
Vandeman, A., J. Fernandez-Cornejo, S. Jans and B. Lin. 1994. Adoption of integrated pest management in U. S. Agriculture. Agri. Information Bull. 707. USDA. 28 pp.
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7. "Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, involves the carefully managed use of an array of pest control tactics - including biological, cultural, and chemical methods - to achieve
the best results with the least disruption of the environment."[Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. EPA for Your Information. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(H7506C). 2 pp.]
•
Cited by:
•
•
American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs. 1993. Diet and cancer: where do matters stand? Archives of Internal Medicine, 153: 50-56.
•
•
•
•
•
IPM Definitions
"IPM is a decision support system for the selection and use of pest control
tactics, singly or harmoniously coordinated into a management strategy, based
on cost/benefit analyses that take into account the interests of and impacts on
producers, society, and the environment." [Marcos Kogan. 1998. Integrated
Pest Management: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments.
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 243 - 270]
•
)‫• نظام مساند للقرار في اختيار واستخدام طرق (تكتيك‬
‫ فرديا أو كمجموعة منظمة في خطة ادارية‬،‫االدارة‬
‫الربح والذي يأخذ‬/‫ تعتمد على تحليل التكلفة‬،)‫(استراتيجية‬
.‫ والبيئة‬،‫ والمجتمع‬،‫المنتج‬
‫على‬
‫التأثير‬
‫و‬
‫فائدة‬
‫الحسبان‬
‫في‬
ُ
‫الخيارات‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫اإلدارة اإلحيائية (الحيوية)‬
‫اإلدارة الزراعية‬
‫اإلدارة الميكانيكية‬
‫اإلدارة الفيزيائية‬
‫اإلدارة الكيميائية‬
‫إدارة اآلفات المتكاملة تجمع بين هذه الطرق في نظام يقلل من المخاطر‬
‫االقتصادية والصحية والبيئية وذلك بالمحافظة على أعداد اآلفة تحت‬
‫الحد االقتصادي‪.‬‬
‫تعريفات‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫اآلفة‬
‫الضرر االقتصادي‬
‫الحد الحرج لإلصابة‬
‫اآلفة‪ :‬أي كائن حي يسبب ضررا ً اقتصاديا ً ‪.‬‬
‫الضرر االقتصادي‪ :‬مقدار اإلصابة التي تحدثها اآلفة والذي‬
‫يبرر تكاليف إدارة اآلفة ‪.‬‬
‫الحد الحرج لإلصابة‪ :‬هو العدد من األفة الذي يحدث عنده‬
‫الضرر االقتصادي‪.‬‬
IPM is composed of the following steps:
1- identifying the pest and its life history,
2- establishing economic injury thresholds ,
3- monitoring, scouting and modeling populations,
4- applying control tactics, and
5- assessing the success of the program.
Steps in IPM
• Prevention: Use practices that contribute to crop protection for the long
term.
• Monitor the Crop; "Scouting": Collect valuable information in time to
use it in making good decisions.
• Analysis: Now you must decide whether these pests should be controlled.
• The economic threshold is the pest count at which the benefit of taking
action is greater than the cost of taken action.
• Management options:
• 1- Cultural: e.g. Crop rotation to avoid corn root worm damage
• 2- Mechanical e.g. Cultivation of corn weeds
• 3- Biological e.g. Release of parasitic wasps for fly control
• 4- Genetic e.g. Plant disease-resistant alfalfa varieties
• 5- Chemical e.g. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides
• Economic thresholds are developed from research that takes three main
factors into account: the physical damage caused by the presence of the
pest at a known level of infestation, the revenue losses resulting from that
damage, and the costs of treatment.
‫المكافحة التطبيقية‬
‫•‬
‫ مكافحة حيوية (تشجيع األعداء الطبيعية الموجودة في الطبيعة أو استيراد‬‫األعداء الطبيعية من مواطن اآلفات األصلية (الحشرات الدخيلة))‬
‫•‬
‫ مكافحة ميكانيكية ‪ :‬جمع لطع البيض في القطن – الحواجز السلكية لمنع‬‫البعوض من دخول البيوت – تكييس الثمار (التمر والعنب)‬
‫•‬
‫ مكافحة الزراعية ‪ :‬الدورة الزراعية–المحاصيل المبكرة أو المتأخرة اإلنتاج–‬‫وقت الزراعة–الحرث العميق–التقليم– التحكم في التسميد والري‪-‬انتخاب‬
‫األصناف المقاومة أو إدخال األثر السام للميكروبات في المحاصيل بغرض‬
‫وقايتها من اآلفات (الهندسة الزراعية)‬
‫•‬
‫ مكافحة الفيزيائية‪ :‬استعمال الح اررة في قتل حشرات الحبوب المخزونة أو‬‫التبريد أو اإلشعاع (هناك بحث جاري عن اإلشعاع)‬
‫•‬
‫ المكافحة المتكاملة‪ :‬المحافظة على أعداد اآلفة دون الحد االقتصادي‬‫لإلصابة وتقوم على استغالل العالقة الوثيقة بين اآلفة ومحيطها الحيوي‬
‫والطبيعي‬
Integrated pest management uses
•
•
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Cultural methods, resistant plants varieties
Insect diseases, predators and parasitoids
Pheromones
Release of sterile males
Types of Natural Enemies
– Pathogens: viruses, bacteria (and their toxins),
protozoa
– fungi, nematodes
– Parasitoids and Predators:
• Insects and Mites (major groups worked with )
• Other: snails, vertebrates
Use of pheromones in IPM
Monitoring of insect pests
Control of pest by mass trapping
or male annihilation technique
Control of pest by mating disruption
Control by “Lure and Kill” method
•
•
•
•
Types of pheromones
insect produce
• Sex Pheromone: brings together opposite sexes
for mating.
• Aggregation pheromone: attracts both sexes generally
for feeding on food source or for mating.
• Alarm Pheromone: alerts other individuals to some source of
danger.
• Trail pheromone: marks a trail laid by pioneering individuals
towards a source of food or refuge. Other individuals follow it to
reach the source.
• Social pheromone: governs interaction among organized societies.
‫البحث عن الغذاء وشريك الحياة‬
Agricultural Applications
Development of insect pest control by plant volatiles:
*mass trapping
*mating disruption
Codling moth Cydia polmonella
Two Spotted Spider Mite
Crop: Beans, melons, tomatoes, sweet peas, •
eggplant, flowers
Scientific name: Tetranychus urticae •
Order: Acari •
Family: Tetranychidae •
Range: Throughout the US •
Mouthparts: piercing sucking •
Distinguishing Characters: Adult is 0.4 mm in •
length, pale yellow to greenish brown with two spots
on body, 8 legs. 1st instar with six legs, protonymph
and deutonymph with 8 legs
nymphs
Two spotted spider mite eggs
Alternate Hosts: numerous weeds, tree fruit, nuts, •
grapes etc
Oviposition Site: underside of leaves along mid- •
rib
Number of generations/year: 7-8 •
Overwintering Stage: adults under litter •
Damaging stages: nymphs and adults •
Typical damage: suck chlorophyll from leaves, •
causing stippling and reducing photosynthesis. Spin
webbing on leaves - they do well in dry hot
conditions
Yellow stippling on bean leaf
Two spotted spider mite colony with webbing
Non Chemical control measures:
Biological control– Predatory mites (Phytoseiulus •
persimilis)
Cultural control – avoid stress, give adequate water, •
avoid dust, overhead irrigation
Phytoseiulus persimilis feeding on mite egg
Chemical Control Measures:
Difocol (Kelthane), Propargite (Comite), Sulfur •
dust, Aldicarb (Temik)
Current Pest Status: always a possible problem if
conditions are there
Green Peach Aphid
• Crop: Carrot, spinach, peppers, sugarbeets, celery,
tomato, lettuce, deciduous fruit trees, tobacco
• Scientific name: Myzus persicae
•
•
•
•
•
Order: Homoptera
Family: Aphidae
Range: Europe and throughout US
Mouthparts: piercing sucking
Distinguishing Characters: Adults dark green to
yellow and have no waxy covering. Winged form
have a distinct dark patch near the tip of the
abdomen The tubercles at the base of the antennae
grow toward each other.
Green peach aphid colony
• Alternate Hosts: ornamentals shrubs, many
flowering plants
•
•
•
•
•
Oviposition Site: viviparous
Number of generations/year: many
Overwintering Stage: in cold areas – egg stage
Damaging stages: nymphs and adults
Typical damage: Extensive feeding causes plants
to turn yellow and the leaves to curl downward and
inward from the edges. Honeydew produced by the
aphids can be a problem. Vectors more than 100
viruses (more than any other aphid)
Green peach aphids on foliage of a young sugarbeet plant
Foliage symptoms of beet mosaic virus
Non Chemical control measures:
• Biological control – a number of parasitoids and
a fungus feed on the aphid
• Cultural control – restrict planting dates, and
maintaining host free periods to stop bridge
between virus infected material and aphids
– Strict adherence to sanitation practices
Non Chemical control measures
(Aphid):
• Biological control – generalist predators like ladybird
beetle and lacewings as well as several parasitoids play
an important role early in the season – does not affect
disease transmission
• Cultural control – plant early in season to avoid late
season build up
– Disc under damaged crop
Green peach aphid killed by a fungus
Chemical Control Measures:
• Imidacloprid (gaucho), Phorate (thimet) – does little to
prevent transmission of virus
Current Pest Status: still a problem