Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works
Theses
Thesis/Dissertation Collections
11-1-1981
Investigation into the mechanism of development
to increase exposure latitude without loss of
threshold speed
Susan A. Egnoto
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses
Recommended Citation
Egnoto, Susan A., "Investigation into the mechanism of development to increase exposure latitude without loss of threshold speed"
(1981). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
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INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF DEVELOPMENT
WITHOUT LOSS OF THRESHOLD SPEED TO
INCREASED EXPOSURE LATITUDE
by
Susan Egnoto
Submitted to the Photographic Science and
Instrumentation Division in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Master of Science
degree at the Rochester Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT
A
ing
the
by
mechanism
developed to
undertaken
was
study
loss
altered
through variations
quinone
toe
of
agent
high
contrast
Developer
speed.
the
and
concern
emulsion
is
latitude,
exposure
properties
bromide
in pH,
concentration,
information
were
ion concentration,
Phenidone
*/hydro-
ratio.
The
tration
gain
significantly increased
a
without
developing
a
which
to
is the
latitude
and
suggests
that
throughout
indicate that
results
the
toe
The
speed.
experimental
the bromide reduces
exposure
produced
primarily
*Ilford
trademark.
range.
changes
bromide ion
concen
factor reducing both the
predominant
the
the
the
The
rate
other
in development
11
of
exposure
evidence
development
facts investigated
rate
without
latitude
affecting the
and
exposure
silver
are
at
a
sufficient
given
that
so
the
until
contrast,
exhaustion
of
rate
available
occurs.
The ability to
without
loss
relatively
exposure
of
toe
constant
range,
and
increase
depends
speed
rate
the
of
having
useful
upon
maintaining
development
no
111
soluble
scale
exposure
over
bromide
the
a
desired
present.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
AUTHOR'S CLARIFICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
AND
SYMBOLS USED
IN THIS MANUAL
v
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS
vii
I.
INTRODUCTION
1
II.
THEORY
5
5
8
10
11
The Characteristic Curve
Development
Rate of Development
Exposure
Diffusion
Developing Agent Concentration
Bromide Ion Concentration
12
12
13
13
14
15
pH
Covering Power
Developer Formulations
III.
17
EXPERIMENTAL
17
19
Experiments
Extended Experimentation
Preliminary
IV.
Effect
Effect
Effect
Effect
of
pH
of
Developing Agent Concentration
of
Hydroquinone
of
Bromide Ion
Research
Additional
V.
29
DISCUSSION
Concentration
.
....
32
38
41
47
54
59
CONCLUSIONS
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
iv
AUTHOR'S CLARIFICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
AND SYMBOLS USED IN THIS MANUAL
Several
research
have,
shortened
is
of
chemical
for simplicity,
form throughout this
listed below
manual
the
with
the
compounds
been
used
referred
The
text.
corresponding
in this
in
to
full
version
a
correct
used
form
in this
.
Formula
Chemical Name
Form Used in Manual
Sodium sulfite
(desicated)
Na2S03
Sodium borate
Na2B40?
Sulfite
10
(H20)
Borax
Sodium carbonate
Monohydrate
Kodalk*
Na2C03
H20
Carbonate
balanced
alkali
NaB02
Potasium bromide
KBr
Kodak Micro-File
Recordak Film Type
^Registered
4
(H20)
5454
Trademark
of
Kodalk
Bromide
Microfile
Eastman Kodak Co.
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
from the Literature
I.
Developer Formulations
II.
Preliminary
III.
Experimental Design
21
IV.
Exposure Data
22
V.
Exposure Latitude, Speed, and Gamma Listed
as a Function of Development Time for the
Various Developer Formulations
30
VI.
Covering
Experimental
Design
...
16
18
57
Power
vi
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE
1.
Microfile developed in D-19 for 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes.
Numbers on the curves indicate development time in
minutes
2.
.
Microfile developed in POTA for 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11
minutes.
Numbers on the curves indicate development
in minutes
time
.
3.
4.
Microfile developed in POTA + Kbdalk for 2, 3.
minutes using 4x5 inch trays.
Numbers on the
indicate development time in minutes.
Microfile developed in POTA for 2 and 3 minutes, using
8x10 inch trays.
Numbers indicate development time in
minutes
5.
4
and
curves
.
Microfile developed in POTA for 5, 7, and 9 minutes
Numbers indicate development
using four 35mm tanks.
in minutes
time
.
6.
Development
POTA
7.
Change
of
rate
().
Numbers
Microfile processed in D-19 ()
indicate various exposure levels.
in development rate with
Numbers indicate
8.
opment
O
for 4
.
Change
tion
of
9.7);
10.
=
for 3
minutes
Change
tration
at
4
and
A
g/1.
POTA +
?=
=
2.0
A=
minutes;
+ carbonate
A
POTA
=
POTA +
carbonate
Phenidone
concentra
?
and
,
devel
11
and
4 minutes;
and
=
g/1.
with
for
pH
with
Solid
for 3
pH
.4
minutes.
VII
=
3
minutes
minutes
with
curve
POTA + Kodalk for
for
a
POTA + Kodalk for
carbonate
in development
=
minutes
various
7, 9,
.
in development
2.5
for 3
levels.
exposure
for
pH's
POTA for
=
developer
several
various
different
Solid line
POTA + borax
times.
minutes;
+ Kodalk
9
developed
Microfile
for
pH
formulations.
and
the
(pH
bromide
=
(pH
10.6).
=
concen
POTA + borax for
5 minutes;
and
8
D=
POTA
11.
Change in development with pH with the Hydroquinone
concentration
1.0 g/1. Solid curve
POTA + borax
for 3 and 4 minutes; A
POTA + Kodalk for 2 and 3
?
POTA + carbonate for 1% and 2 minutes.
minutes;
=
=
=
=
12.
Increased developer exhaustion with pH when the
Phenidone concentration =0.5 g/1. O
POTA + borax for
A
5 minutes;
POTA + Kodalk for 5 minutes; and
?
POTA + carbonate for 4 minutes
=
=
=
.
13.
Change
in development in Phenidone concentration at two
No symbol
=1.5 g/1 Phenidone + Kodalk for
a
4 minutes;
2.5 g/1 Phenidone + Kodalk for 3 minutes;
2.5 g/1 Phenidone + carbonate for 2 minutes;
?
1.5. g/1 Phenidone + carbonate for 3 minutes.
pH
levels.
=
=
=
14.
Change
in development rate as
for 4 pH levels.
a
levels
15.
in development
a
rate
[Phenidone] /[Hydroquinone]
A
of Phenidone
indicate exposure
.
Change
1.0
function
Numbers
concentration
as
function
ratios
of
of
0=
for
pH
1:3
and
1:1.
=
Both have a Hydroquinone concentration
Numbers indicate exposure levels.
g/1.
=
16.
Change in density and maximum slope as a function of
development time for processing in POTA + Kodalk +
Numbers indicate exposure values.
Hydroquinone (1:1).
17.
in development with various ratios of Phenidone
POTA for 7 and 9
Solid curve
=
a
and
for
4
5 minutes;
[1.5]
[1.0]
minutes;
Change
to hydroquinone.
=
=
[0.5]/I1.0]
18.
for 3
and
4
minutes.
in development with bromide ion concentration
POTA for 7 minutes;
Solid curve
pH.
A
POTA +
POTA + 1 g/1 bromide for 10 minutes;
a
POTA + Kodalk + 1 g/1 bromide
Kodalk for 4 minutes;
T
POTA + Kodalk + 2 g/lbromide for
for 4 minutes;
Change
at
=
constant
=
=
=
=
5
19.
minutes.
development time for development with and
A=
A
POTA + Kodalk;
POTA + Kodalk
bromide.
Numbers indicate exposure levels.
+ lg/1 bromide.
Density
vs.
=
without
20.
Development
levels
21.
Slope
of
vs.
rate
pH.
log
vs.
concentration
Numbers
exposure
indicate
of
bromide at three
levels.
exposure
for 7-minute development in POTA.
Vlll
22.
Slope
23.
Change
vs.
in
addition
A
24. Mg
=
log
slope
of
as
A=
POTA + Kodalk + 1
ment
silver/ft
(O)
D-19
as
and
6-minute development in D-19
function
a
bromide.
2
of
for
exposure
a
g/1
log
exposure
bromide for 4
function
()
of
with
the
POTA + Kodalk for 4 minutes;
POTA.
IX
of
minutes.
density
for
develop
I.
Several
in
the
which
INTRODUCTION
latitude
exposure
increased considerably
1-3
The
conditions.
in
which
5454
toe
the
to
compared
2.
and
a
high
to
is
the
narrow
grain
The
contribute
to
effect.
could
be
exposed
It
related
grain
1
over
two,
development
fine grain,
(Table 1)
useful
exposure
conditions
scale.
of
scale
of
characteristics
as
monodisperse
relatively
exposure
of
1
Figures
in D-19,
processing
loss
without
in POTA developer
this
of
propose
was
to
from
research
in developer
ability to
the
the
by Levy
of
a
changes
ultimately to
work
will
The
yield
ability
this
emulsions
emulsion
with
distributions.
size
and
the
factor
a
general
purpose
specific
what
development
specific
was
was
Kodak Microfile Film Type
considerably increase the
contradicts
emulsions
past
of
narrow
and
gamma
certain
the
latitude
recommended
under
of
of
in
undertaken
interesting
conventional
Microfile
film that
by
use
processed
when
speed,
by
most
exposure
increased
was
have been
studies
a
was
composition
increase
reasonable
exposure
postulated
the
in the
one
developer
1
to
hinder,
that
to
this
developability
another
,
or
latitude,
mechanism
originally
change
investigate
to
explain
effect
of
developer
an
exhaustion
and
effects
that
in covering
changes
lation.
Each factor
relation
to,
or
can
occur
power
effect
the
upon,
through
introduced
into
variations
in the development
careful
D-Log
E
investigation has
development
curves,
levels,
exposure
forum
varying developer
interpretation
Therefore,
the
with
for
chosen
high
at
of
a
known
process.
the
changes
information concerning
process
can
be deduced.
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II.
THEORY
The Characteristic Curve
In the
image"
describes
upon
occurring
grain
is,
the
branches
concerned
the
The
theory
first
The
with
amount
more
the
of
the
the
density
is
curve
in
which
result
an
increase
may be
and
area,
in covering
can
the
be
to
the
in the
of
image
be
can
the
latent
The
grains.
proposed
in
the
5
of
as
density
number
under
which
logarithm
some
in the fraction
power
in
considered
increase
although
variations
halide
curve,"
the
against
histogram
unit
image formation
which
that
distinct
Two
grain.
research,
branch has been conventionally
"characteristic
per
render
latent
a
by
grain
density
received.
exposure
the
of
will
relationship between developed
through
The
of
"latent
halide
which
mechanism
pertinent
second
exposure.
the
of
term
silver
criterion
silver
The
plotted
in the
latent
of
the
sense
radiation
sole
is
within
is
which
second,
to
developability
formed
is
change
exposure
in the
separated.
and
that
developable.
then,
image
fundamental
most
of
silver.
of
a
developed
incident
frequency
is usually the
developed
grains
circumstances
each
studied
grain
there
developed,
is
6
For
the
of
the
photographic
development
let
present,
are
(Q)
a
grain
is
,
which
will
in terms
which
means
of
the
that
render
by
Q
a
single
same
value
number
spread
sensitivity
Q,
of
the
simplified
variations
of
composition
but
will
view
the
of
Q
of
absorbed,
log
It has been
a
of
spread
in
results
for
units
of
be described
cannot
values
sensitivity
grains
in fact have
2.0
to
quanta
halide
silver
and
1.0
the
developable.
grain
distribution
This
values.
size
of
a
describing
of
determined experimentally that
nominally the
consider
omitted.
The conventional
of
in
process
process
us
a
a
size
o
class
of
fluctuations
in
quanta
attributed
mostly
the
This
grains.
grain
latent
received
the
will
The term
of
Q,
where
developable
Such
11
values
quantum
'
1 9
per
random
be formed.
by
a
(on
plotting
is the
unit
measurements
for
of
individual
that
with
distribution"
Q
vs
a
of
of
area,
processes
values.
.
proportion
absorbtion
due to the
part
but
random
can
be
occur
within
a
stable
which
g
"sensitivity
describe this distribution
statistically
in
determine the efficiency
that
image
to
is
spread
Q
the
size
sensitivity distribution
Q for
of
This
all
grains
quanta)
is
and
is
1.
=
of
values
become
which
Ea
to
shown
observed
distribution
classes
used
Q
indicate that the
is relatively independent
of
grain
the
the
until
size,
of
efficiency
silver
sites
traps
competing for the
Too many traps
latent
image
generated
during
in the
formation
of
none
sites,
initiating development.
probability
of
quanta,
and
will,
tion
to
the
image, they
more
sensitive
Farnell
a
in
where
a
spread
note
is the
of
that
a
as
tribution,
grain
the
,
size
the
the
a
of
contribu
in
general
is
given
be
and
n
is
From this
larger,
i.e.,
spread
of
a
the
G.
g
2
2
=
a
C.
of
+
2
n
sensitivity
relationship
wider
the
by
spread
sensitivity
relationship:
spread
class.
sensitivity
number
larger
a
concept
same
by
size
make
of
grains.
the
g
becomes
a
specific
small
have
grains
of
exposure.
many
capable
therefore,
will,
of
layer,
single
a
he defines
which
grain
single
larger
development,
smaller
Another view
is
which
absorbing
upon
than
of
Because
greater
number
electrons
result
will
that
so
developable latent
to
aggregation
enough*
is decreased due to the increased
image
sub-
become large
grains
dis
grain
layer
we
increases
accordingly.
If
we
distribution
corresponding
now
of
consider
grain
^Approximately
than
1.0 p
2
sizes,
of
ranges
a
an
emulsion
it
will
contain
sensitivities.
mean
grain
has
that
An
projection
a
wide
grains
emulsion
area
with
of
this
greater
type
will
than
an
u
*-
but ion.
have
a
emulsion
greater
range
a
containing
light
of
narrower
(latitude)
response
grain
distri-
size
14
Development
discussion
The preceding
tion
that
quanta
once
per
a
unit
grain
has
become developable.
would
scope
and
must
be
now
a
latent
stable
This
assump
of
it
image,
limited
has
assumption
include the development
to
modified
the
upon
the minimum number
absorbed
form
to
area
based
was
process.
From
is
solution
If
a
a
silver
a
a
reducing
halide
solution, the
reduction
long
of
barrier,
to
be
that
thermodynamic
period
be completely
time,
of
silver
must
exchanged.
decreases
It
this
be
is
silver
is
barrier
in
rate.16
reaction
Thus
discriminate between
upon
the
difference
the
ability
unexposed
in the
rate
and
of
a
order
of
and
of
such
favor the
for
left
halide
silver
by
halide.
with
If
electrons
presence
height
will
metal.
retarded
overcome
the
of
silver
contact
the
all
Transfer
ions
in
put
developer
a
view,
unexposed
equilibrium
halide to
reduced.
which
is
of
point
for
agent
emulsion
silver
enough
developer to
electrochemical
an
would
from the
potential
for
energy
electrons
latent image
the
increases the
development to
exposed
areas
reduction
of
depends
the
two
17
areas.
is
It
now
formation is the
sites
the
on
reduction
act
Hamilton
and
F.
indicate
to
a
some
The
Urbach
The
are
which
at
general
(
the
of
the
and
of
set
from the
therefore necessary
specific
able.
speck
In fact
probability
of
speck
The
processing
it
is
between
develop
the
the
of
to
a
may vary
the
one
develop
of
specific
render
and
will
19
thought
grain
a
is
It
that
a
develop
development
over
a
considerable
20
.
sizes.
variation
conditions
exposure
latitude
increase
is
in
zero
sites
height
altered.
that
shown
by
original
to
required
has been
varies
.
r
range
size
the
to modify
and
are
conditions
better.
or
principle
development conditions,
considerably if those
%
site.
ability indicate that the latent image is
given
for the
developable may
not
developmental
results
specific
define the term
determined
is
at
developable
all
not
development times,
barrier
18
probability
developability
potential,
potential
sites
metal
catalysts
developer.
and
develop.
as
the
definition implies that
develop,
silver
of
reaction
"developable"
ment
of
which
crystal,
J.F.
This
production
latent image
that
accepted
generally
in the
developability
is
factor
one
obtained
part
the
by Levy
result
of
in the
and
of
grains
with
increased
others.
preferential
1-3
This
differences
10
in the
rate
different
Rate
latent
image
The
overall
metallic
rate
Because the
area
is
not
as
rate
of
development
change
exposure.
readily
development is
of
is
silver
time.
produced
mass
of
silver
measured
as
A
density
with
An
example
of
optical
density
arises
such
with
unit
per
silver
produced
rate
of
silver
formation may be
of
thorough discussion
following
overall
considerable
exposure
and
tion
grains,
covering
rate
number
received,
2)
species
into
other
of
or
shown
plotting
given
in Figure
increase
6
and
in the
decrease in
21
A
silver.
is
a
in D-19
the
by
masked
the
rapidly than the
the
area,
unit
however, because
more
power
at
given
more
in the
section.
The
a
of
by
processed
developed
the
is
this method,
may increase less
power
density,
optical
curve
a
of
covering
per
development time for
mass
the
rate
produced
is commonly illustrated
in
problem
the
increasing develop
with
for Kodak Microfile Film Type 7460
POTA.
containing
sizes.
ment
the
grains
Development
of
which
development between
of
the
4)
developing
the
of
development
of
factors;
diffusion
the
the
gelatin
agent
reduction
22
of
and
1)
of
influenced
level
the
the
ions
the
species
to
by
of
developing
layer, 3)
other
silver
is
agent
adsorp
AgX
to metallic
silver,
11
5)
influence
the
diffusion
and/or
diffusion
of
factors
these
a)
halide
layer.
account
the
of
It
hydration
and
7)
and
emulsion,
is necessary to take
comparing development
when
the
all
rates.
Exposure
As
of
development
the
reaction
high
because the
unit
grains
increased,
the
therefore,
more
agent
consumed
final
result
development
contributing
teristic
as
the
as
a
number
and
time
in
factor
exposure
the
Ives
in
decrease
of
factor
increases,
development
with
to
fewer
rate
exposure
shoulder
be
formed.
in this
is
rate
of
are
with
the
is
one
charac
that
left unexposed;
region
less,
The
is
This
considered
grains
is
developing
more
exposure.
occurring
increases,
in development
the
This
exposure
also
products
high
forming
Another
differentiation
grains
of
developing
of
of
amount
oxidation
areas
reaction
number
23
regions
exhaustion.
is reduced,
halide
more
a
the
exposed
of
silver
may be
curve.
result
As
volume.
unit
the
upon
in the
composition
grains.
chemical
of
amount
is dependent
time
per
developing
the
due to local developer
exposure
results
per
of
developer
the
formation
the
continues,
development may be limited in
that
out
pointed
process
alters
products
immediate vicinity
the
out
developer through
of
6)
reaction,
ions
gelatin
into
form
oxidized
chemical
the
the
of
swelling
the
of
again
is high but
resulting
12
in the formation
of
the
of
development depends
shoulder.
b) Diffusion
The
tration
opment
are
rate
the various
of
consumed
and
the
proceeds,
in
grain
and
a
chemical
products
site
within
products
emulsion,
When the
out.
considerably higher than that
tion
the
of
the
rate
state
,
layer
c)
reactants
not
generally
of
be the
chemical
concentration
same
products
in
as
reaction
may be
and
reactants
of
within
at
occurs
diffuse
must
the
the
concentra
emulsion
within
low,
will
".
However,
sufficiently
established
are
development is
solution.
is
development
products
reaction
diffusion,
of
as
a
.
.if
steady
the
..25
agent
In general,
increasing
has been
shown
should
to
plotted
vs.
agents.
be
the
concentration
the
of
rate
development
development
agent
If this
obtained
when
logarithm
of
relationship
the
increase
will
Equation
concentration.
describe the relationship
9 fi
developing
line
and
rate
reactants
which
...
Developing
with
reactants
of
Because this
the
in
reaction
concen
The devel
solution.
formed, therefore,
concentration
changing.
continuously
the
is
process
in
components
the
upon
logarithm
developer
for
several
holds,
of
1
the
a
straight
rate
concentration.
is
13
R
Cs
=
a
=
concentratin
fraction
a
d) Bromide
or
development.
the
lower
regions.
exposure
27
induction
agent
one
in
will
more
than
will
the rate
also
through
a
greater
image
effect
increase
of
rate
in
effect
in the higher
has the
an
latent
of
decrease in the
a
have
than
regions
Bromide
period
it
decrease the
general
When bromide causes
density formation,
of
(1)
ion concentration
fog formation
of
AC^
developing
of
Soluble bromides
rate
=
exposure
increasing
in the
the
barrier
charge
effect.
e)
pH
Activity
no
change
in
will
increase
ionization,
paraphenylenediamine:
contain
the
as
when
there
with
developers
such
as
However,
for
ionizable hydroxyl groups,
active
species
increases,
the
will
concentration
The
the
ionization
curved
arrows
of
of
the
the
ionization
Phenidone
indicate
pH
developing
be dependent
increase according to the
where
even
with
agents
concentration
upon
active
As
pH.
species
the
is
that
of
pH
will
constant.
is
shown
movement
of
in Equation
electron
2,
pairs
14
ionization
The
for Phenidone is defined
constant
Equation
by
3.
0=C
fS=C
CH92
I
|
H-N
<
CH92
CH02
"*|
-H+
>
\N/
CH02
\
C6'H5
K
=
"II
|
<:N:
CH02
:6-C
4
.N
/
>
|
U)
CH02
v
\ /
N
N
C6*5
C6H5
[P"][H+1
(3)
[P]
Covering
Power
The
produced
varies
predominantly
the
silver
under
will
the
a
of
development
with
solution-physical
formed
be
will
be filamentary.
density they
optical
of
method
density
produced
defined
as
optical
density
from
the ratio
and
development conditions,
a
given
D/M,
in
silver
differ
The covering
change
in the
image
29
measured
silver
produced
solution-physical
low activity developers
is
It
the
of
in
is
power
is
of
greater
of
D
where
amount
may be
formed
silver.
mass
ment
silver
of
is the
Since the
the
amount
M
area.
1
types
produce.
In contrast,
particles.
measuring the
of
unit
others,
two
silver
Under
conditions.
compact
These
developed
the
direct development conditions,
convenient
and
form
characteristic
per
develop
used
by Levy
o
than
in the
conventional
processes,
it
will
15
be necessary to take this
factor into
account.
Developer Formulations
Developer
increase
exposure
trends may be
one
developing
ing
two
note
that
than
those
which
latitude
listed in Table 1.
observed
investigation.
also
formulations
First,
of
ratios
of
Metol
primary
the
31
the
It
was
concentration
developing
range
only 1
of
agent.
8 to
of
9.
Metol
Metol
factors
the
It
is
formulations.
developing
therefore
contain
30
considered
are
and
remain
hydro
respect
to
the
The developers
also
operate
at
a
contain
no
soluble
bromide
and
-
to vary
meaningful
with
and
to
ratios
hydroquinone
of
only
Phenidone
not
for
higher
These
mixtures,
agents
the
interesting
hydroquinone
to
General
chosen
Phenidone;
or
to
used
developers
the
superadditive
or
primary
pH
at
most
g/1.
From the review
the
three
conventional
in the
quinone.
suggest
hydroquinone.
indicate that
are
which
either
agent,
contain
the
are
have been
preceding
studied:
the
of
discussions,
concentration
these
four
of
developer
factors
Phenidone
Phenidone to hydroquinone ratio,
and
the
formulations
were
and
pH.
chosen
of
to
bromide,
and
be
the
16
TABLE
from the Literature
Developer Formulations
POTA
D/23
1.5
Phenidone
30.0,
Sulfite
I
g/1
Metol
g/1
Sulfite
D/25
7.5
100.0
g/1
Metol
R/l
Sulfite
NaHSOo
TEA-
14
Phenidone A
Hydroquinone
Sulfite
KBr
Polyethylene Glycol
Triethanol Amine
^Sulfite
=
sodium
sulfite
T/0
1.1
g/1
.5
g/1
4.0
1.0
2.0
20.
g/1
g/1
g/1
ml
(desiccated)
7
g/1
100
R/l
5
0
15 0
g/1
XDR-4
g/1
Sulfite
1.0
1.0
25.0
KHCOo
10.0
g/1
Metol
Hydroquinone
g/1
g/1
III.
EXPERIMENTAL
Preliminary Experiments
Preliminary
determine to
in
change
what
3
Table
Unfortunately,
the
emulsion
chosen
exposure
The
pH.
9.68.
and
pH
of
varied
strip
20C
was
with
were
were
Kodalk
at
10
at
50
g/1
made
seconds
standard
tray
was
g/1, 30 g/1, 90
give
attenuator
17
by
indicated
agitation.
a
g/1
using three
at
used
no
rock
in
below:
given
g/1 produced
to
and
g/1
the EG&G
developed for the time
show
g/1
with
with
not
g/1
obtained
Borax
systems.
10~3
at
pH
did
outlined
formulation is
Buffer
carbonate
sodium
is
experiment
1
5
1
10
in
and
monodisperse
concentration
sulfite
Metol
Hydroquinone
KBr
Sulfite
8.03.
Exposures
#99603,
of
complete
variations
different buffering
a
levels
sulfite
Kodak High Resolution
was
The base developer
The
produce
3
at
a
to
attempt
developer formulation
the
as
scale
The film tested
S0343,
II.
of
of
of
values
concentration
an
latitude
altered.
Film Type
in
run
the
would
any increase in
was
the
extent
were
affect
pH
emulsion.
experiments
pH
10
a
g/1
pH
of
of
10.55.
sensitometer
in
place.
in Table
to
R.I.T
Each
II,
at
18
TABLE
Preliminary
II
Experimental Design
pH
BORAX
(low)
KODALK
(med)
CARBONATE
(high)
10g/l
SULFITE
CONC
30g/l
.
90g/l
8
4
any
combination
This
could
showed
results
of
be the
and
sulfite
of
result
act
as
to hydroquinone
the
secondary
was
pH,
in
factors,
In
chosen.
sufficient
developing
it
while
hydroquinone
possibility may be
exhibiting
this
that
effect.
is
this
Metol
agent;
This
implies
of
which
ratio
is
will
The
exhausted.
emulsion
the
speed.
of
for hydroquinone to
31
erated
in
one
at
scale
exposure
shifts
only
several
is the developer formulation
Metol
-n.)
increase
no
4
2
1
(ma
TI>IE
The
8
4
2
16
be
other
incapable
that
regen-
factors
of
such
as
19
grain
composition,
mide,
and
specifically chlorobromide
variations
tributing factors
in composition
with
in the ability to
size
obtain
iodobro-
vs.
may be
con
increase in
an
scale.
To
could
insure that
be obtained,
a
results
similar
Microfile Film Type 7460
sensitometer
in
place.
at
23 C
R.I.T.
The
strips
similar
to
reduced
without
those
5,
of
with
and
a
toe
Figures
1
and
2
Levy1
those
was
of
Kodak
run.
Kodak Model
a
neutral
101
filter
density
developed in POTA developer
7
The
minutes.
speed,
actually increased the toe speed)
of
to
using
2.1
by Levy,
obtained
loss
exposed
then
were
for 3,
D-19
and
experiment
was
#02570,
similar
the
contrast
(in this
as
results
shown
were
being
POTA
experiment
by
the
comparison
.
Extended Experimentation
The
matrices
experimental
which
vestigated
were
centration,
Hydroquinone
the
are
the
concentration
ratio
could
the
be
to
obtained.
base formula in
variation
in
of
Phenidone
concentration
combinations
pH
was
consisted
in Table
outlined
A development
36
design
time
insure
and
the
series
that
of
III.
of
The
factors in
Phenidone, bromide
concentration
all
obtained
con
to
pH.
was
run
comparisons
for
at
each
changes
were
made,
using the buffers
the
of
contrast
equal
The POTA developer formulation
which
3x4
three,
was
and
the
outlined
in
20
the
preliminary
error
determined from
was
in
explained
replication
of
experimental
the
of
preparation
base developer formulation.
the
of
processing
A measure
experiments.
detail
more
in the processing
This
and
is
section.
Exposure
All
exposures
R.I.T.
sensitometer,
7460,
a
with
combination
strips
2
in
g/1
were
values
for the
except
which
The
a
neutral
.3
step densities
and
listed in Table 4.
are
processed
101
Kodak Microfile Film Type
onto
substituted.
exposure
corresponding
exposed
was
at
Kodak Model
the
with
density filter,
bromide
with
made
#02570,
neutral
.8
filter
density
were
five
within
minutes
The
.after
exposure.
Developer
preparation
One
each
liter
Starting
combination.
distilled
water
developer
of
the
solution
approximately 750
with
chemicals
were
in the
added
sulfite,
Phenidone, hydroquinone, buffer,
allowing
each
the next.
out
the
For
amounts
with
an
to
chemical
Several
chemicals,
accuracy
of
depending
+
gram
.005
and
for
ml of
order:
bromide,
dissolve completely before adding
different balances
less than 1
prepared
was
upon
were
the
amount
the Torbal
grams
was
used
to
being
weight
weighed.
balance, #126240
used.
Amounts
less
21
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22
TABLE
IV
Exposure Data
Illuminance
at
wedge
=
1700
Exposure
time
=
Exposure
at
=
340
=
2.53
Log
.20
wedge
exposure
at
wedges
lux
sees
lux-sees
Log
Step #
1
2
3
4
Density
.06
1.67
.22
1.51
.37
1.36
.52
1.21
5
.68
6
.81
7
exposure
1.05
.92
.78
.95
8
1.10
.63
9
1.23
.50
10
1.36
.37
11
1 48
.25
12
1.62
.11
13
1.76
1.97
14
1.90
1.83
15
2.05
1.68
16
2.20
1.53
17
2.33
1.40
18
2.49
1.24
19
2.66
1.07
20
2.83
2.93
21
3.03
2.70
.
1
23
5
than
grams
#126239,
which
chemicals
#108634,
were
which
The
1
to
off
were
is
weighed
is
liter.
#62629
standardized
out
accurate
The
were
pH
a
to
to +
then
The remaining
grams.
.05
.
1
grams.
cooled
measured
was
pH
+
balance,
using the Dial-O-Gram balance,
25C,
at
at
the Dial-O-Gram
on
accurate
solutions
Meter R.I.T.
and
weighed
after
25C
to
topped
and
using the Beckman
the meter
calibrated
was
10.0.
of
Processing
This
the
true
spirit
Although
those
section
no
encountered
time
the
series
of
remaining
a
was
convenience,
A 4x5
agitation.
four 35
mm
solution
the
data
film
was
were
was
the
was
without
The
were
for
initially
time
and
inch tray
and
which
development
required
repeatable
as
exactly
only 250
However,
tried.
shown
chosen
tray
continuous
could
a
ml of
upon
pro
periodic
first processing method,
with
for
and
develop
a
allow
the
influencing
error.
anticipated,
combination,
would
in
out
delay
Because
each
which
tray development
initially
trial
method,
headaches.
needed
carried
was
greatest
required
strips
not
problems
greatest
strip
strips.
scientific
caused
cessing technique
removal
the
processing
that matter,
ment
of
the research
of
of
for
rock
accommodate
processing
replication,
in Figure
3.
24
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It
of
the
strips
ference
seemed
from the
lie in using
to
1000
Following
ml
of
small
tray
interactions between
caused
effects
solution.
with
believed that the
was
sides
the
of
larger tray
a
line
this
processing
solution
and more
processing
8x10 inch tray
an
tried
Once again,
"bigger
better"
and
solution
2
then
liters
showed
no
increase
method
of
processing
lopment tank
to
a
technique
with
2
liters
and
At
apparatus
this
point,
is very uniform,
required
time
these
and
without
it
a
is
reasons,
this
to
shifted
one
liter
of
The
results
the
tray
rock
of
4x5 inch
the use
still
thirty
every
were
once
again
of
volume
method
to
and
seconds.
unusable.
method
developer
remove
remaining
was
simultan
the nitrogen burst
of
Although this
the
solution
deve^
taped
was
moving the holders up
of
impossible
a
Each strip
immersed into
the use
large
removing
and
solution.
seconds
method
considered.
was
of
consisted
from this
results
tried was
then
down continuously for ten
The
solution.
was
abandoned.
was
next
Agitation
of
method
inch tray,
in repeatability,
4x5 inch holder
eously.
11x14
an
with
and
The
the processing
Figure
next.
4 indicates that the improvement in
repeatability
negligible.
inter
and
The remedy
tray.
was
closeness
strips
thought,
of
and
only
strips
considered
as
of
agitation
is
solution
one
strip
well.
only
as
a
at
For
last
a
26
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27
resort.
In
series,
four 35
Each tank
and
the
was
then
was
onto
consisted
seconds.
using POTA
more
mind
steel
filled
wound
every 30
no
mm
in
the
as
than +.04
and
placed
air
and
dry.
Macbeth TD
a
developer.
given
30-minute wash;
All
density
each
are
The remaining processing
fixer,
a
23C.
to
inverting
for any
for
developing
The results
the
from
strips
tanks
the
were
of
strip
solution.
for
tank
tried.
solution
exposed
into the
The
5
seconds
in Figure 5 for
density
varied
by
exposure.
included
strips
measurements
504 Densitometer,
Each
shown
each
development time
approximately 225ml
reel
of
need
Nikor
with
a
the
separate
temperature adjusted
Agitation
n=3,
to
attempt
keeping
and
other
an
R.I.T.
a
stop
bath,
were
then
allowed
were
made
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Todd
maximum
by
highlights
pictorial
problem
at
points
the requisite
that
states
which
useful
the minimum
image
range
to
of
in
films
the
'
a
the
response
be
of
latitude,
exposure
ficed for the
suggested,
speed
the
maximum
as
the
base
the
point,
point
purpose
minimum
and
where
are
that
exposure
plus
Table V.
fog.
By
of
any
exposure
of
this
useful
was
needed
to
A summary
exposure
repeating
the
produce
of
the
a
was
taken
was
exposure
speed
a
value
point
density
latitudes
plotting
29
As Jones
research.
The
measurement
established
decreased to
curve.
useful
for the
precedent
criterion
a
slope
for the
slope
doubt
no
provides
useful
the maximum useful
the
which
in shadow and
For negatives of
the minimum
due to lack
subject
defining
is defined by the speed point, the maximum
exposure has never been well defined.
Therefore,
latitude
say that the
exposures
slope
exposure
contrast
respectively.
subjects
the
arises
continues
latitude
exposure
been clearly defined
never
32
The
unacceptable.
minimum
has
"maximum luminance
accommodated."
exposure
comes
emulsion
literature.
is
for measuring the
criterion
photographic
DISCUSSION
and
was
of
is
slope
of
.1
which
suf-
33
at
the
defined
.3x
as
the
defined
above
given
in
determination
30
TABLE V
Exposure
and Gamma as a Function
Development Time for the Various
Development Formulations
Latitude, Speed,
No bu Efer
Borax
of
Kodalk
Carbonate
'
Dev.
Dev.
Formulation
time
Lat.
Speed
6
time
Dev.
Lat.
Speed
6
time
Dev.
Lat.
Speed
2
160
2.2
.34
2
152
3.16
.60
1
150
2.8
4
180
3.2
.42
3
238
6.0
.65
2
232
5.8
POTA
5
214
4.4
.46
4
198
7.6
.78
3
200
7.2
1.5g/l Phen.
7
230
6.6
.66
5
188
8.3
1.00
4
170
9.1
9
228
7.6
.85
11
194
9.1
1.01
.38
6
time
Lat.
Speed
6
|
-
.33
.68
.88
1.13
2
144
6.92
3
178
9.1
4
198
11.6
.80
1.2
2
170
2.4
2
188
5.3
.70
1
162
4.0
.50
1
230
5.5
3
208
4.0
.56
3
212
7.9
.93
2
182
7.2
.92
2
184
7.9
1.0
2.5g/l Phen.
4
218
5.0
.65
4
200
9.1
1.18
3
204
9.1
1.2
3
161
7.2
1.6
5
208
6.0
5
188
11.0
1.38
4
190
10.5
1.4
4
154
12.6
1.8
3
164
1.74
.24
2
116
1.5
.23
2
154
3.2
2
188
5.5
4
162
2.5
.30
3
186
2.8
.31
3
170
5.0
3
224
7.9
1.0
5
208
4.6
.35
4
188
4.4
.40
4
180
6.6
.42
4
130
7.2
1.6
6
204
5.5
.40
5
204
6.0
.50
5
172
7.6
.56
5
146
12.6
1.8
4
166
1.3
.60
3
158
2.6
.69
6
166
1.7
.76
5
170
4.2
.98
7
182
5.8
POTA
.5g/l
Phen.
POTA
POTA + H
Q
1:1
(1.5g/lPhen.)
POTA + H
Q
3:1
(1.5g/lPhen.)
POTA +
2
204
4.79
3
208
6.30
4
222
7.59
5
182
9.55
2
186
3.63
3
216
4.79
(.5g/lPhen.)
D-19
7.2
7.2
1.67
7
176
7.6
1.64
170
6.92
1.46
1
178
6.3
1.13
1
200
7.24
1.17
3
160
9.12
1.70
2
164
10.0
1.70
1.5
160
10.47
1.63
4
138
2.0
3
142
12.6
1.86
2
150
11.48
1.84
4
132
13.8
2.04
2.5
132
11.48
2.0
1.2
.40
.58
.50
.66
.80
218
8.3
1.0
1
118
2.01
2.25
2
104
3.02
2.80
4
102
4.37
2.72
5.50
3.10
94
1.40
2
5
6
6.9
.76
.78
220
176
.60
.70
4
6
166
7.59
6.0
.96
1.40
9
11.0
12.6
1.84
5
146
2
202
6.31
.88
1
192
5.24
3
192
8.32
1.13
2
226
9.12
4
184
10.47
1.30
3
186
5
162
10.96
1.50
4
146
2
3
4
5
196
160
156
142
5.75
7.59
9.12
10.0
1.34
1
192
1
74
15.8
1.0
2
224
14.5
11.48
1.32
4
216
9.6
1.0
12.02
1.6
5
198
6.9
1.3
1.40
6.03
.56
1
156
158
8.7
1.80
9.33
1.80
164
7.94
1.42
1.78
3
132
9.55
2.16
2
145
1.82
4
124
2.45
2.5
124
12.0
.76
1.06
2
1.65
10.0
1
.52
6.3
1.5
1
.50
1.18
6.03
226
5.0
2.8
230
3
3.0
170
2.2
H2Q
1:3
174
168
228
5.5
2
4
164
1.0
!
.58
10
5
196
.30
8
4
2
.25
.58
1.02
2g/l Br.
'
i
POTA
.80
!
.96
2.08
1
31
for five replicates,
obtained
would
the
and
be considered
should
but
to
one
method
for the
Several
characteristic
A
point.
was
sure
to
used
values
curve,
varied
a
the
linearly
through a
then
were
chosen:
In
linear
as
a
rate.
and
2/3
absolute
various
method
of
that
similar,
derived from
at
constant
which
the
of
set
to
curvature,
in
the
sum
the
D-Log
density
was
data
the
of
expo
general
of
slope
obtain
residual
exposure
cases,
of
this
Three
shoulder
Each
The
greater
of
minimum
the
fog
plus
therefore,
line fit.
a
a
the
development.
program
of
a
1.3,
.5,
and
at
regression
measure
corresponding to
of
over
time,
development
of
straight
used
with
of
altered
that were
time
rate
1.7,
addition
clarification
toe, mid-density,
respectively.
measure
squares
determine the
varia
experiment.
require
vs.
the
the use
the results
measurements
curve
the
of
relationship among
entire
density
of
plot
represented
E
other
by
determination
and
in latitude
latitude
that
was
data indicate,
Because the base
easier
+.04
of
.08
the
produced
noted
the
retained
is
kept
was
was
speed
another.
speed
measuring
exposure
be
also
for
method
values
speeds
the
the
on
of
As
significant.
effect
It
gradient
speed
difference
a
in the POTA formula
bromide.
deviation
standard
therefore,
greatest
tions
a
used
was
as
run
least
squares
higher the
deviation from linearity.
was
number
Those
32
plots
which
after
normalization
initial
gave
residual
a
were
development
a
of
development for Microfile
Effect
of
of
the
increasing
a
pH
did
constant
not
or
show
the
is 1.5
E
Log
the
pH
of
was
used
6
shows
the
rate
in D-19
increase the
E
POTA.
and
plus
2
when
is
the
is
which
The
The
present
pH
bromide
effect
is
and
of
somewhat
plus
the
more
hydroquinone
the
mark
pH
a
and
9
the
a
pH
large
the 0.0
curve
the
on
log
exposure
has
represents
is the fastest.
hydroquinone
by
slope
Phenidone
the
symbol
The
indicated
8
symbols
which
when
given
when
is
the
square
involved.
is
and
before the
carbonate,
varying
of
there
by
symbols
curve
10
Figures
constant
but
a
through
Similarly,
.
represented
10.
for
concentration
7.
Figure
changing the
agent
either
toe.
or
unaffected
In Figure
g/1
constant,
speed
curve,
shoulder
for the corresponding
POTA
being
developing
bromide is held
in Figure
shifted.
between
of
of
D-Log
the
latitude
been
is
slope
factors
2.5 g/1, respectively
speed,
axis
points
the
softening
effect
in
squares
increased the development rate,
pH
alter
concentration
shift
the
processed
other
concentration
g/1 and
raised,
all
significantly
or
contrast,
change
and
nonlinear
Figure
rate.
5.0
than
greater
pH
In general,
At
squares
least
the
as
measure
of
considered
than
rather
slope
sum
interaction
the
33
>H
H
M
CO
w
Q
4
6
DEVELOPMENT TIME
Figure
6:
Development
D-19
()
various
rate
and
of
POTA
exposure
10
(MIN)
Microfile processed in
Numbers indicate
(A).
levels.
34
POTA
POTA +
1
g/1
Br
cr'
POTA (2.5
g/1
Phenidone)
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
10
10
11
11
pH
Figure
7
:
Change in development rate with pH for several
Numbers indicate various
developer formulations.
exposure
levels.
35
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increase in
considerable
the
when
pH
However,
as
the
once
rate
trated
by
Similar
Hydroquinone
the
for
results
addition
to
at
higher
initiating
of
low
the
exhaustion
exposure,
shown
regions.
This
compared
more
pronounced
tion
that
the
as
developer
of
raised
effects
1.5
to
g/1 and
2,
and
approximately
appear
at
the
hydro
for the
other
rate
can
carbonate
sodium
hydroquinone
of
effects.
in the
the
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can
is
curves
g/1
10,
lower
are
at
(.5 g/1)
regions
be
if Figure
seen
that
the
supports
effect
the
12
is
observa
place.
Phenidone
negligible
which
high
in those
taking
with
of
density
fact
increases,
exhaustion
2.5
illus
also
Phenidone
loss
density
Variation between
tions
and
of
in
pH
latitude,
the
is
and
Concentration
extreme
Figure
with
speed
of
ionization
is occurring
decrease
adding
large increase in
The
superadditive
Agent
the
by
on
This
obtained
concentration
developer
is
were
increased
the
Developing
At
effect
borax, Kodalk,
of
attributed
pHs
no
g/1 concentration
concentrations.
be
Effect
1
a
by
increased the
pH
data in Table V.
the
9.2
to
raised
increase in
in Figure 11
quinone.
had been
pH
decrease in latitude
and
buffer capacity increased.
the
and
development but had
of
indicated
with
raised
any further
borax,
the
was
contrast
point
concentration.
concentra
the
until
the
pH
is
exhaustion
This
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14
concentration
the
effect
exhaustion
This
of
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development
sure
At
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Figure
17
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the
exhaus
reduces
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15
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at
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This
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1.5
with
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those
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by
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as
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increased
was
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large
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pH
Phenidone
silver
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by
of
increasing
of
time
levels,
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shown
hydroquinone
of
once
in Figure
rates
the
high
at
14.
buffer, Figure 15,
a
of
development
had
except
hydroquinone had
development
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rate
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development
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agent
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in Figure
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addition
addition
when
latitude,
developing
in
rate
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Hydroquinone
of
the
exposure
developing
the
increase the
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is
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pH
13.
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A
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is
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period.
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increase in
only decreased the
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no
in
development
a
as
initiation
above
the
scale,
as
shown
in
Table V.
23 indicate
addition
the
an
had
and
rate
higher
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the
interesting
also
upon
results
at
of
observation
development
the
pH
exposure,
contradict
effects
development times,
vs.
of
concentration
and
In
took
density
in the toe than in the
It
Figure
levels
usual
increasing
bromide
constant
levels.
exposure
directly
however,
at
bromide ion
the
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at
uniform
occurring
is
all
As
speed.
density
of
that
reveals
significant
decreased
and
plot
investigated,
most
bromide
of
losses
speed
four factors
the
curve
the
visualize
of
E
change
the
Notice
begins
response
curves
in
were
slope
that
to
differences that
plotted.
that
with
take
curves,
on
occurs
several
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21, 22
the
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the
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.idU'iS
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Additional Research
Although
by
this research,
answered.
to
Among
extensive
there
are
some
that
are
two
The
and/or
particles,
(2)
average
or
of
principle
more
in the
the
un
how
density
of
probably in
may be the
of
size
increase
an
left
mechanisms
density
of
generated
was
questions
many
specific
growth
increase in the
an
still
data
of
occurring separately
combination.
(1)
amount
is the fundamental
these
differentiate between
growth
of
an
result
developing
number
developed
of
n I
or
developing
between these
power
data.
function
density
the
density
of
mechanism
constant
If the
is
power
the
developing
constant.
increases
average
is
monitored
during
change
the
with
silver
explaining
the
power
result
of
an
increase
other
size
average
hand,
this
is
size
that
in
remaining
if the covering
would
indicate that
decreasing.
mechanisms
ability to increase the
a
remains
likely
the
the
which
is
differentiation between these two
in
to
as
it
development,
particle
covering
as
power
then
grains,
On the
in covering
indication
an
is primarily the
35
relatively
covering
increasing density,
growth
of
extensive
If
predominant.
with
number
be
will
distinguishing
requires
power
covering
the
for
method
two mechanisms
development,
of
course
One
grains.
The
may be
exposure
useful
scale
of
55
150
?
100
CM
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5H
50
DENSITY
2
Figure
24'
Mg
of
silver/ft
development
in
as
(O)
function of density for
D-19 and () POTA.
a
56
film
Microfile
without
Covering
power
loss
of
data
was
toe
obtained
levels for the two development
Table VI
and
development,
difference is
the
certainly is only
contrasts
obtained
that
note
a
the
increasing density,
finer
more
In
This may in
used.
part
because both bromide
the
It
emulsion.
what
are
results
It
is
also
and
for D-19
values
the
to
interesting
increase
image
experiments,
is
with
composed
of
be due to
hydroquinone
and
would
"he
be useful,
obtained
H.R.
when
results
negative
developer formulations
the
with
that
evident
high densities.
the preliminary
obtained
were
is
It
in
outlined
significant,
suggesting that
at
grains
not
each.
power
covering
is
density
factor in the difference between
small
with
24.
several
less than that for D-19
is
power
at
and
systems
in Figure
plotted
POTA covering
the
while
also
speed.
and
developer
were
emulsion
composition,
present,
therefore,
to
or
to
observe
film is developed in
POTA.
Although
concentration
this
factor
Microfile
effect
into
of
was
should
with
effect
no
found
be
POTA.
the
variation
in
sulfite
in the preliminary experiments,
carried
over
From this
solution-physical
account.
with
into
the
information
development
can
development
of
concerning the
be
fully
taken
57
TABLE VI
Covering
Density
mg
of
Ag/ft
D-19
2.14
142.5
1.50
2.10
142
1.47
1.47
105
.
5
Power
102
x
POTA
1.40
1.28
97.5
1.18
90
1.3
1.08
82
1.3
.54
.50
41
40
1.3
1.3
1.27
58
Lastly,
caused
on
the
interesting
would
have
to
on
due to the
restraint
of
investigate
this
process.
predominant
effect
development,
it
what
other
effects
that
would
bromide
be
antifogants
V.
Of
the
of
four factors investigated,
the
had the
concentration
general
shape
bromide had
rates,
a
levels,
exposure
large
which
effects
low
hindered
pHs
form
silver
of
rate
of
The
curve.
effect
at
and
addition
all
in decreased development
given
Phenidone
the
of
5
of
decreased
and
gamma,
caused
speeds
effect
Exposure
development
exhaustion
of
of
pH
rate
available
g/1
developer
where
at
high
to
until
exposure
speeds
excessive
except
with
exhaustion
levels.
increas
remained
un
formed
at
fog
decrease.
and
of
however,
produced
curve,
development increased
Hydroquinone
development
latitude
was
concentration
characteristic
formation
contrast
equal
increased the
contrast.
rate
the
for
The
Both
a
Phenidone concentration;
changed
high
the
of
concentration
In general,
ing
at
latitude
the
upon
restraining
resulted
losses
speed
effect
characteristic
predominant
in the
changes
the
the
of
Variation
at
greatest
bromide ion
the
latitude.
exposure
few
CONCLUSIONS
was
not
increased to
silver
59
were
and
speed
decreased
such
occurred
at
very
an
for
until
extent
heavy
similar.
a
given
the
that
exposures.
60
The ability to
while
first,
exposure
range
high
increased
maintaining threshold toe
factors:
(1)
obtain
sufficient
exposure
exhaustion
bromide
during
of
should
the
must
rate
be
creating
and
available
be
development.
(2)
other
over
within
enough
Secondly,
than
what
latitude
result
the
two
developer
slow
silver.
present
is the
development
maintained
without
levels,
of
speed
exposure
of
entire
extremes;
exhaustion
to
no
is
avoid
at
the
soluble
liberated
two
FOOTNOTES
1.
M.
Levy,
(1967).
2.
"Wide Latitude Photography
p
& E.
c
^^
11, 46
,
A. Shepp and W. Kammerer, "Increased Detectivity
Processing,"
Gamma
P. &. & E.
14, 363 (1970).
by
Low
,
3.
4.
R. M. Schaffer
P. S. & E. , 15,
C.E.Mees
Process,
5.
D.M. Dutton,
317 (1971).
and
and T. H.
James, The Theory of the Photographic
3rd Edition, Macmillan Company, N.Y., 1966. p. 87.
T. H.James and G. C. Higgins, Fundamentals
Theory, Morgan and Morgan, New York, 1968,
6.
Mees
7.
Dainty & R. Shaw,
1974, p. 36.
8.
Mees
9.
Ibid.
and
and
,
10.
Dainty
11.
A.
9,
12.
"Extended Range Oscillography
James,
James,
p.
Photographic
4~2~!
74.
p.
Image
p.
Science, Academic Press, New York,
75.
76.
p.
and
Shaw,
Marriage,
p.
36.
"How Many
Quanta,"
J.
Photographic
Science,
(1961).
93
J. B.
G. C.Farnell
and
Photographic
Emulsion
9,
of
Chanter,
Grains,"
(161).
73
James,
13.
Mees
14.
James
15.
Mees
16.
Ibid.
,
p.
88.
17.
Ibid.
,
p.
88.
18.
Ibid.
,
p.
88.
19.
Ibid.
,
p.
90.
and
and
and
p.
Higgins,
James,
p.
77.
p.
24.
88.
61
"The Quantum Sensitivity
Photographic Science,
J.
'
of
"
,
62
20.
Ibid.
21.
Mees
22.
Ibid.
23.
C.
E.Ives,
24.
T.
H.James, The Theory
102.
p.
,
James,
and
352.
350.
p.
,
p.
Phot
.
Eng
.
.
2,
116
(1951).
of
the
Photographic Process,
1977, p. 440.
edition,
Macmillan Company,
25.
Mees
and
James,
26.
T. H.
James,
27.
Ibid.
,
p.
417.
28.
Ibid.
,
p.
325.
29.
Dainty
30.
L. F. Mason,
31.
New
Holden
H. & W.
et
1973,
32.
350.
p.
45.
Photographic Processing Chemistry,
1966, p. 133.
Focal
York,
al.,
United
Company,
p.
4th
442.
Shaw,
and
Press,
p.
p.
'
N.Y.,
Inc.,
States Patent 3,772,019 to The
St. Johnsbury, Vt , November 13,
.
3.
St.urge, Neblettes Handbook of Photography and
7 th Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
Reprography
N.Y.
1977, p. 191.
John M.
,
,
33.
Ibid.
34.
Mees
35.
Ibid.
,
p.
and
,
p.
191.
James,
333.
p.
350.
,