INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 21 and 22
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIALISM- IS A SYSTEM OF SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION BASED ON HIGHLY
MECHANIZED PRODUCTION
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND, AROUND 1750
• KEY FACTORS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:LANDFARMING, RESOURCES, BUILDING SPACE; LABORPOPULATION GROWTH(NATURAL, MIGRATION);
CAPITAL-MONEY AVAILABLE FOR INVESTMENTS(LAWS,
GROWING MIDDLE CLASS)
• INFLUENCES FOR I.R. SUCCESS: SEAPOWER, POLITICAL
STABILITY, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, AGRICULTURAL
IMPROVEMENTS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• MERCANTILISM-ECONOMIC LAWS
• NATIONS TRYING TO PROTECT THEIR
INDUSTRIAL SECRETS; PASSED A VARIETY OF
PROTECTIVE LAWS
• PROHIBITED THE EXCHANGE OF
INFORMATION, LIMITED THE MOVEMENT OF
SKILLED WORKERS
• SAMUEL SLATER-FOUNDER OF AMERICAN
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•
•
•
•
JAMES HARGRAVES-SPINNING JENNY
EDMUND CARTWRIGHT-WATER POWERED LOOM
JAMES WATT-STEAM POWERED ENGINES
HENRY CORT-PUDDLING(PROCESS OF PURIFYING
IRON BY OXIDATION)
• HENRY BESSEMER-PURIFYING IRON INTO STEEL
• RICHARD TREVITHICK-STEAM LOCOMOTIVE(THE
ROCKET)
• ROBERT FULTON-STEAMBOAT(CLERMONT)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• EARLY MANUFACTURING WAS DONE BY HAND
BY CRAFTSMEN, COTTAGE INDUSTRY WAS
COMMON(AT HOME WORK)
• FACTORY WORK: CHILD LABOR, WORK AWAY
FROM HOME(SOMETIMES LIVED AWAY),
LONG HOURS, LOW
WAGES(CHILDREN/WOMEN), NO SAFETY
RULES(NOISE, VENTILATION, POOR
SANITATION)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIAL TOWNS BEGAN TO DEVELOPLOCATED NEAR THE SOURCE OF POWER(RIVERS,
LATER COAL MINES)
• HOUSING WAS SMALL, EXTENDED FAMILIES
LIVING TOGETHER
• TOWNS BECAME POLLUTED WHEN COAL BECAME
THE SOURCE OF POWER(ENGLANDS BLACK
COUNTRY)
• DISEASE WAS COMMON-POOR SANITATION,
FACTORY CONDITIONS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• REACTION TO INDUSTRIAL LIFE VARIED:
• LUDDITES-GROUP OF COTTAGE INDUSTRY WORKERS
ATTACKED AND DESTROYED SOME FACTORIES(18111812)
• WORKERS FORMED UNIONS AND USED STRIKES TO
FORCE OWNERS TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS AND PAY
• OWNERS-USED WOMEN AND CHILDREN, VIOLENCE
TO BREAK STRIKES, REPLACEMENT WORKERS
(SCABBS)
• GOVERNMENT-AT FIRST SIDED WITH BUSINESS,
LATER BEGAN TO PASS LAWS TO PROTECT WORKERS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• AS INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGED, SOCIETY
CHANGED ALSO:
• MANAGERS, SUPREVISORS-BETTER PAY
• SKILLED WORKERS-ENGINEERS, AND
MECHANICS
• MERCHANTS-MARKETS TO SELL
• LABORS-FACTORY WORKER
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CHANGED WITH
TECHNOLOGY
• INTERCHANGABLE PARTS
• (ELI WHITNEY)
• ASSEMBLY LINE
• MASS PRODUCTION
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• CAPITALISM-AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHERE
BUSINESSES ARE PRIVATELY OWNED
(ENTREPRENEURS)
• ADAM SMITH(WEALTH OF NATIONS) SUPPORTED
ECONOMIC MARKETS FREE OF GOVERNMENT
INTERFERENCE, LAISSEZ-FARE(FREE TO DO).
• THOMAS MALTUS-POPULATION WOULD
INCREASE FASTER THAN FOOD PRODUCTION,
MISERY AND POVERTY WOULD ALWAYS EXIST,
GOVERNMENTS SHOULD NOT HELP THE POOR
AND WAGES SHOULD REMAIN LOW
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• SOCIALISM- SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DOCTRINE THAT
CALLS FOR PUBLIC RATHER THAN PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES; INDIVIDUALS LIVE IN COOPERATION
WITH ONE ANOTHER
• COMMUNISM- THE POLITCAL AND ECONOMIC
DOCTRINE THAT AIMS TO REPLACE PRIVATE
PROPERTY AND A PROFIT –BASED ECONOMY WITH
PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND COMMUNITY CONTROL OF
THE MAJOR MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND NATURAL
RESOURCES OF A SOCIETY(FACTORIES, MINES, MILLS,
ETC…)KARL MARX-COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
Organizing the Working Classes
• The desire for improved working conditions,
wages, standard of living results in formation of
socialism and trade unions.
• Karl Marx & Frederick Engels write the
Communist Manifesto in 1848
– History is the history of the struggle between the
oppressor (owners of means of production) and the
oppressed (workers/owners of only their labor)
– Industrial society bourgeoisie and proletariat because
of capitalism; which must be destroyed
– Fight between B & P = revolution and the
development of a classless society
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• SOCIAL DEMOCRACY- POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
THAT ADVOCATES A PEACEFUL, AND
EVOULTIONARY TRANSITION OF SOCIETY
FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM USING
ESTABLISHED POLITICAL
• UTOPIA- AN IDEAL, A COMMONWEALTH
WHOSE INHABITANTS EXIST UNDER
SEEMINGLY PERFECT CONDITIONS(THOMAS
MORE)
The New Urban Environment
• There was rapid urban growth in Europe after
1850
• This led to improvements in public health and
sanitation.
– Pushed by public health reforms as a way to
combat disease – especially Cholera
– Boards of health, building inspections, health
regulations, clean water and sewage systems
ART AND MUSIC
• EARLY 1800’S ROMANTICISM-IT HAD AN
EMPHASIS ON INTUITION AND FEELINGS
• ARTIST: WATERHOUSE, GERICAULT, FREIDRICH
• POET: WORDSWORTH, KEATS, LORD BYRON
• MUSIC: BEETHOVEN
WATERHOUSE
FREIDRICH
GERICAULT
KEATS
WORDSWORTH
LORD BYRON
BEETHOVEN
ART AND MUSIC
• BY THE MID 1800’S REALISM BEGAN TO REPLACE
ROMANITICISM IN THE AREA OF LITERTURE
• IT DEPICTED ORDINARY LIFE, NO MATTER HOW
UNPLEASANT IT WAS
• MARK TWAIN-HUCK FINN, TOM SAWYER
• STEPHEN CRANE-RED BADGE OF COURAGE(HORRORS
OF WAR)
• CHARLES DICKENS-OLIVER TWIST, A CHRISTMAS CAROL
• LEO TOLSTOY-WAR AND PEACE(HORRORS OF WAR)
• HENRIK ISBEN-A DOLL’S HOUSE(UNFAIR TREATMENT OF
WOMEN WITHIN THEIR FAMILIES)
TOLSTOY
TWAIN
IBSEN
CRANE
DICKENS
ART AND MUSIC
• BY THE MID 1800’S ART BEGAN TO CHANGE;
IT MOVED INTO A NEW ERA CALLED
IMPRESSIONIST
• THE IDEA WAS TO CAPTURE THE IMPRESSION
OF A SCENE THROUGH LIGHT, VIVID COLORS,
AND MOTION
• ARTIST: MONET, RENIOR, VAN GOGH, RODIN
RENOIR
VAN GOGH
MONET
RODIN
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• WORLD EFFECTS: NATIONS BEGAN TO DEVELOP
GLOBAL ECONOMICS, ACQUIRING LANDS TO
SUPPLY THEIR INDUSTRIES; INCREASED
MILITARIES TO GAIN AND PROTECT MARKETSCAUSING TENSION BETWEEN NATIONS THAT
WOULD LEAD TO WARFARE
• DOMESTIC EFFECTS: BETTER INFRASTRUCTURES,
STANDARD OF LIVING INCREASED, NEW
PRODUCTS FOR HOME USE, THEME PARKS, CITY
PARKS, INCREASED EDUCATION,