Writing the Research Paper
Using Citations and Quotations
English 9
Mrs. Zaso
What to cite?
• Information found in research, and then
paraphrased in own words
• Direct quotes pulled from research and used in
paper
• Another writer’s ideas or thoughts about a particular
topic that you did not come up with on your own
• Terms, definitions, concepts that are not common
knowledge
In-Text Citations
• Also known as parenthetical citations
• References in text MUST point to specific sources in
works cited (MATCH!)
• Any title on works cited page MUST be cited in
paper
• Any title cited in paper MUST be on works cited
page
In-Text Citations
• Use author’s last name (if known) and page
number (if known)
Ex: Although abstract art deems itself confusing to
most viewers, nearly all artists claim that their
emotion can be felt when viewing the painting or
sculpture (Hamlin 24).
* Punctuation goes AFTER the citation.
In-Text Citations
• With unknown or no page numbers, just use
author’s name
• Do NOT put a comma between author and
page number like this…
(Williams, 27).
Ex: After a single bone injury, the risk for future
injury is greatly increased, particularly when
the original injury does not heal properly
(Marks).
(Example with no pg #)
In-Text Citations
• When author is unknown, use title or shortened
version of title
• Be sure to punctuate title properly – match
punctuation on works cited page (What is it? Book?
Article? Poem?)
Article Ex: Golf is considered the safest sport because
it imposes a very low risk of bodily injury to its
athletes (“Benefits of Golf” 47).
Source cited is an article – put in quotes in citation!
In-Text Citations
• When author is unknown and title is very long,
shorten the title in citation, using first word of title
• Book Title name: Brain Tumors and the Direct
Correlation to Seizures
Book Example: Research has proven that the early
detection of a brain tumor can decrease the
likeliness of seizures in a patient (Brain Tumors 82).
* Source cited is a book – Use italics in citation!
Using Direct Quotations
• Effective when used selectively
• Quote ONLY what is particularly apt, interesting, or
unique (words, phrases, passages, etc.)
• DO NOT OVERQUOTE!
–
–
–
–
Lack of knowledge
Unoriginal thinker
Unskillful writer
Boring construction
Using Direct Quotations
• Accuracy within quotes is a MUST (spelling,
capitalization, punctuation, wording, etc.)
• Do not “drop” quotes!
• Use signal phrases to introduce quotations
Ex: Although many believe that anorexia is easily
curable, “most eating disorder survivors argue that
the disease has addictive qualities, which make it
difficult to overcome” (Smith 13).
Using Direct Quotations
• Only put quotation marks around the words, lines,
punctuation, etc. that are being quoted
• When integrating quotations, a colon, no
punctuation, or a comma may precede the quotation
Ex: Shelley held a bold view: “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of
the World” (Meyer 213).
Ex: Shelley thought poets to be the “unacknowledged legislators of the
World” (Meyer 213).
Ex: According to Shelley, “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the
World” (Meyer 213).
Using Direct Quotations
• Punctuation NOT a part of original quote should
remain OUTSIDE of quotation marks
• If quote or sentence ends in question mark or
exclamation point, period outside of citation should
still be present
Ex: He declared, “I believe taxation without representation is
tyranny!” (Goodwin 118).
Ex: How dare they attack “taxation without representation”!
(Goodwin 118).
Using Direct Quotations
• Be careful! Is the punctuation YOURS or part of
the original quote?
Ex: Did he attack “taxation without representation”?
(Goodwin 118).
Ex: As the legislation was debated, Mr. Smith asked
a very important question: “How will we enforce
taxation without representation?” (Goodwin 118).
Citations and Quotations
• If you are UNSURE of what to do – ASK!
• There are MANY different situations that can
arise when you are writing – DO NOT
ASSUME*
* We all know what happens when you
assume…