Ch.8
Representation and Organization of
Knowledge in Memory:
Concepts, Category, Networks, and
Schemas
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Conceptsan idea about something that provides means of
understanding the world
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Category –
a concept that functions to organize or point out aspects
of equivalence among other concepts based on common
features or similarity to a prototype
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Category

Natural categories

Artifact categories
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Category
Ad hoc categoriesCategories that are formed with a particular
purpose in mind

Nominal kindThe arbitrary assignment of label to an entity that meets a
certain set of prespecified conditions

Ex) widow is a woman whose husband is deceased
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Feature-Based Categories: A Defining View
These components are singly necessary and jointly sufficient to
define the category
결혼하지 않은
여자
성인
독신녀

Some categories do not readily lend themselves to featural
analysis ex) Game
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Prototype Theory: A Characteristic View
Categories are formed on the basis of a model of the category
Bird
Rating
Robin
6.89
Swallow
6.16
Falcon
5.74
Owl
5.00
Chicken
3.95
Penguin
2.63
Bat
1.53
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

A Synthesis: Combing Feature-Based and Prototype Theories
A full theory of categorization might need to combine both
defining and characteristic features


Core – must have
Prototype – features that tend to be typical of an example
but not necessary
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Theory-Based View
-
People understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories, or
general idea they have regarding those concept
10
Control
Categotization Rationg
8
Similatiy Rating
6
4
2
0
Essential change
Accidental change
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Semantic Network Models
-
A web of interconnected elements of meaning
•
Nodes – the elements of network.
Network – provides a means for organizing concepts
•
“박지성은 축구선수 이다”
“Relationship”
“Nodes”
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Hierarchical network representation
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Organized based on comparison of semantic features
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Basic level
- a level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other levels

Apple
A fruit or a red
delicious apple
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Schematic Representations

-
-
-
Schemas
A mental framework for organizing knowledge.
1. schema can include other schemas.
2. schema encompass typical, general facts that can vary slightly form
one specific instance to another
3. schema can vary in their degree of abstraction
Schema can include information about relationships
 Concepts
 Attributes within concepts
 Attributes in related concepts
 Concepts and particular context
 Specific concepts and general background knowledge
Organization of Declarative Knowledge

Schematic Representations

-
Scripts
A structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in
a particular context
1. Props- tables, a menu,…
2. Role- customer, a waiter
3. Opening- the customer is hungry
4. Result- the customer is no longer
hungry
Representation of Procedural Knowledge

Serial processing- (like computer programs)
-
Information is handled through a linear sequence of operation, one operation
at a time
“if-then” rule
•
Red
STOP
Green
MOVE
Sometimes, production systems contain Bugs
Production
Systems
Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

Combining Representations: ACT-R
-A model of information processing that integrates a network representation
for declarative knowledge and a production system representation for procedural
knowledge .
Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

Models Based on the Human Brain
-
Nondeclarative knowledge may encompass a broader range of mental
representation than just procedural knowledge.
•
Perceptual, motor, cognitive skills
Simple associative knowledge
Simple nonassociative knowledge
Priming
•
•
•
ZAZIP, GASPETHIT ,POCH YUSE, OWCH MINE ,ACOT
TECKAJ, STEV, ASTEREW, OLACK, ZELBAR, ACOT
Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

Parallel Processing: The connectionist Model
- Multiple operations go on all at once
Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

Comparing Connectionist with Network Representations
Network
Connectionist
Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

How Domain General or Domain Specific is Cognition?
1960-197o
Domain-general
1970-1980
Recently
Domain-specific
Integrate
domain-general and
domain-specific
(Modular)