Anti-predator defense drives parallel morphological evolution in flea beetles
Deyan Ge, Douglas Chester, Jesús Gómez-Zurita, Lijie Zhang, Xingke Yang, Alfried P.
Vogler
Supporting Information
Table S1. Flea beetle genera groups proposed by Furth based on morphological characters of metafemoral spring.
Table S2. Primers used for PCR.
Table S3. Samples and GenBank Accessions.
Table S4. Summary of the Beast analysis for the age of important nodes.
Table S5. Slowinsky-Guyer test of imbalance of the net diversification rate of sister clades.
Table S6 Absolute diversification rates and 95% confidence intervals of expected diversity of
Chrysomelinae at different ages.
Table S7. Number of known species and estimated age of main subfamilies in Chrysomelidae.
Figure S1. Enlarged metafemoral spring for key taxa.
SI References
1
Table S1. Flea beetle genera group proposed by Furth et al. based on morphological characters of metafemoral spring.
Palearctic region (Furth 1985)
Group 1. Arrhenocoela, *Blepharida, *Hermeaophaga,
Mantura, Orestia, *Podagrica,
Group 2. *Altica, *Asiorestia, Cardax, *Crepidodera,
Derocrepis, *Epitrix, *Hippuriphila, *Lythraria, Minota,
Mniophila, Ochrosis,
Group 3. *Phyllotreta
Group 4. *Longitarsus
Group 5. Anthobiodes, *Aphthona, *Argopus, *Chaetocnema,
Heyrovskya, *Oedionychus, *Sphaeroderma
Group 6. Apteropeda, *Batophila, *Dibolia, *Psylliodes
Nearctic region (Furth 1985)
Group 1. Acrocyum, *Blepharida, Mantura, Orestiodes,
Pseudorthygia
Group 2. *Altica, *Crepidodera, Derocrepis, *Disonycha,
*Epitrix, Hemiglyptus, *Hippuriphila, Hornaltica,
Luperaltica, *Lysathia, *Macrohaltica, Monomacra,
Phrynocepha, Strabala, *Syphrea, Trichaltica
Group 3. Dysphenges, Glenidion, Lupraea, Pachyonychus,
Phydanis, *Phyllotreta, Pseudolampsis, *Systena,
Group 4. *Longitarsus
Group 5. *Aphthona, *Asphaera, Capraita, *Chaetocnema,
Euplectroscelis, *Glyptina, Kuschelina, Pachyonychis,
*Sphaeroderma,
Group 6. *Argopistes, *Dibolia, Distigmoptera, *Psylliodes
Neotropical region (Furth 1989)
Group 1. Acrocyum, *Blepharida, Cacoscelis, Crimissa,
Elithia, Iphitroides, Nitozona
Group 2. Acanthonycha, *Altica, Aphanocera, Caeporis,
Calliphron, Chlamophora, *Diphaltica, Diphaca, *Epitrix,
Forsterita, Hemiglyptus, Leptophysa, Lysathia, *Macrohaltica,
Mesodera, Phyrnocepha, Plectrotetra, Pseudogona, Strabala,
*Syphrea, Trichaltica
Group 3. *Agasicles, Apraea, *Asiorestia, Cornulactica,
Cyrsylus, *Disonycha, Dysphenges, Exoceras, Glenidion,
Hemilactica, Homoschema, Lactina, Lupraea, Monomacra,
Nasigona, Nephrica, Ocnoscelis, Pedilia, Phenrica, Phydanis,
*Phyllotreta, Platiprosopus, Prasona, Propiasus,
Pseudodisonycha, Ptocadica, *Systena
Group 4. *Longitarsus
Group 5. *Alagoasa, *Asphaera, *Aspicela, Capraita,
*Chaetocnema, *Glyptina, Kuschelina, *Omophoita,
Paranaita, Walterianella
Group 6. Aedmon, Allochroma, Apalotrius, *Argopistes,
Atyphus, Cerichrestus, *Dibolia, Distigmoptera,
Exartematopus, *Heikertingerella, Homotyphus, Hydmosyne,
Megistops, Ptocadica, Octogonotes, Omototus, Orodes,
Phylacticus, Physimerus, Pseudodibolia, Pseudolampsis,
*Psylliodes, Rhinotmetus, Roicus, Sphaeronychus,
Tetragonotes
* Taxa included in present study
2
Oriental-Australia region (Furth and Suzuki 1998)
Blephrida group. Amphimeloides, Asialtica, *Chabria, *Clitea,
Erystus, *Lactica, *Lipromela, *Lypnea, Mellipora,
Myrcinoides, Orphrida, *Pentamesa, *Podagricomela,
*Podontia, *Sinocrepis, Tonfania, Xuthea, Zipangia
Buphonella group. Chaloenus, Eudolia, *Hespera
Sangariola group. *Laboissierea, Liprus, * Pseudodera,
Sangariola
Mandarella group. Mandarella, *Stenoluperus
Altica group. Neodera
Phyllotreta group. *Aphthonaltica, * Manobia, Pedethma,
Sutrea, Xenidea, Yunohespera
Chaetocnema group. *Bhamoina, Eucyclomela, Halticorcus,
*Hyphasis, Lipromima
Chalaenosoma group. Chalaenosoma
Chalaenosoma group. *Luperomorpha
Nonarthra group. Glaucosphaera, *Nonarthra,
*Trachyaphthona, Typhodes
Psylliodes group. *Aphthonoides, *Arsipoda, Goweria,
Schenklingia
Pseudoliprus group. Lipromorpha, Pseudoliprus
Sphaerometopa group. *Sphaerometopa
Luperus-like genus. Luperus-like
Licyllus group. Licyllus, Parhespera, Thrasychroma
Garuda group. Garuda
Pyrrhalta like genus. Pyrrhalta-like
Acrocrypta group. *Acrocrypta
Table S2. Primers used for PCR
Markers
cox1
rrnL
SSU
LSU
Primers names
Sequences
Reference
Pat
Jerry
Johannes*
16Sarc*
16Sb2
16SB2
18Sb 2.5
18Sb5.0
18Sai
18sa1.0
18sbi
18sa2.0
18s3’l
18S5P’
28S DD
28S FF
5’TCCAATGCACTAATCTGCCATATTA3’
5’CAACATTTATTTTGATTTTTTGG3’
5’ CCAATGCACTAATCTGCCATATTAG 3’
5’CGCCTGTTTATTAAAAACAT3’
5’TTTAATCCAACATCGAGG3’
5’CTCCGGTTTGAACTCAGATCA3’
5’TCTTTGGCAAATGCTTTCGC 3’
5’TAACCGCAACAACTTTAAT 3’
5’CCTGAGAAACGGCTACCACATC 3’
5’GGTGAAATTCTTGGACCGTC 3’
5’GAGTCTCGTTCGTTATCGGA 3’
5’ATGGTTGCAAAGCTGAAAC 3’
5’CACCTACGGAAACCTTGTTACGTC 3’
5’GACAACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT 3’
5’GGGACCCGTCTTGAAACAC 3’
5’TTACACACTCCTTAGCGGAT 3’
(Hunt et al. 2007; Simon et al. 1
994)
* Primers newly designed in present study.
3
(Hunt et al. 2007; Simon et al.
1994)
(Hunt et al. 2007; Simon et al.
1994; Shull et al. 2001)
(Monaghan et al. 2007)
Table 3. Samples and GenBank Accessions
Species
Acrocrypta assamensis
Vocher specimen
BMNH831362
Locality
China, Guiyang, Mayanghe lijiaba
SSU
FJ973885
LSU
FJ973683
rrnL
Missing
cox1
Agasicles hygrophila
BMNH831363
China, Shanxi, Agriculture University
FJ973886
FJ973684
FJ973792
FJ977926
Agetocera mirabilis
BMNH831709
China, Hainan, Yinggeling
FJ973887
FJ973685
FJ973793
FJ977927
Alagoasa sp
BDF-2000
Unknown
*AF267447
Missing
Missing
Missing
Altica viridicyanea
BMNH831365
China, Beijing, Badaling
FJ973888
FJ973686
FJ973794
FJ977928
Alticinae sp. 1
BMNH835471
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
FJ973904
FJ973701
FJ973808
Missing
Alticinae sp. 2
BMNH835476
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
FJ973905
FJ973702
FJ973809
Missing
Alticinae sp. 3
IBE-JGZ-01000
Japan, Shiga Pref., Mikunidake, Kyoto Univ. Nat. Reserve
FJ973990
FJ973785
FJ973878
FJ977997
Alticinae sp. 4
IBE-JGZ-01003
Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Malinalco, Río Hondo
FJ973991
FJ973786
FJ973879
Missing
Alticinae sp. 5
IBE-JGZ-01009
Papua New Guinea, Madang, Adalbert Mts., Keki
FJ973992
FJ973787
FJ973880
FJ977998
Alticinae sp. 6
IBE-JGZ-01012
FJ973993
FJ973788
FJ973881
FJ977999
Alticinae sp. 7
IBE-JGZ-00988
South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal Prov., Nature
(Louwsburg)
Australia, QLD, Daintree, Silky Oaks Lodge
FJ973994
FJ973789
FJ973882
Missing
Alticinae sp. 8
IBE-JGZ-00989
Australia, QLD, Daintree, Silky Oaks Lodge
FJ973995
FJ973790
FJ973883
Missing
Amphimela sp.
BMNH831668
Madagascar, Masoala National Park, south of Marofototra
FJ973889
FJ973687
FJ973795
FJ977929
Aphthona strigosa
BMNH831370
China, Hainan, Jianfengling Chahekou
FJ973891
FJ973689
FJ973797
FJ977931
Aphthonoides beccarii
BMNH831371
China, Hubei, Shenlongjia Xinhuaxiang
FJ973892
FJ973690
FJ973798
FJ977932
Aphthonomorpha collaris
BMNH831366
China, Guiyang, Mayanghe lijiaba
FJ973890
FJ973688
FJ973796
FJ977930
Aplosonyx ancora
BMNH831702
China, Hainan,Yinggeling
FJ973893
FJ973691
FJ973799
FJ977933
Apterocuris sibirica
BMNH704367
Kazakhstan, Ivanovsky
*AJ841416
*AJ841543
*AJ841300
*AM283116
Argopistes biplagiatus
BMNH831374
China, Beijing, Donglingshan
FJ973894
FJ973692
FJ973800
FJ977934
Argopus bidentatus
BMNH831377
China, Yunnan, Zhongdian Bianhaita
FJ973895
FJ973693
FJ973801
FJ977935
Arsipoda concolor
IBE-JGZ-01015
Australia, W VIC, Grampians, Wannon River
FJ973896
FJ973694
FJ973802
FJ977936
Arthrotidea ruficollis
BMNH831746
China, Shaanxi, Ningshan, Xunyangba
FJ973897
FJ973695
FJ973803
FJ977937
Arthrotus chinensis
BMNH831725
China, Zhejiang, Wuyanling
FJ973898
FJ973696
Missing
FJ977926
Asiorestia transversa
BMNH704447
Portugal, Viana do Castelo
*AJ841466
*AJ841595
*AJ841348
*AM283186
Asphaera sp.
BMNH704448
France, Guiana,Tresor Mts.
*AJ841467
*AJ841596
*AJ841349
*AM283187
4
Farm
Missing
Species
Aspicela bourcierii
Vocher specimen
BMNH835475
Locality
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
SSU
FJ973899
LSU
FJ973697
rrnL
Missing
cox1
Atrachya menetriesi
BMNH835073
China, Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Laoxiancheng
FJ973900
FJ973698
FJ973804
Missing
Batophila aerate
BMNH831688
United Kingdom, Cambridge
FJ973901
FJ973699
FJ973805
Missing
Bhamoina varipes
BMNH831380
China, Hainan, Bawangling Donger Linchang
FJ973902
FJ973700
FJ973806
Missing
Blepharida rhois
BMNH704449
United States of America, New Jersey
*AJ841468
*AJ841597
*AJ841350
*AM283188
Calomela juncta
BMNH704371
Australia, Queensland
*AJ841420
*AJ841547
*AJ841304
*AM283120
Calomicrus circumfusus
BMNH704463
Spain, Avila, Puerto de las Fuentes
*AJ841484
*AJ841613
*AJ841365
*AM283201
Cassena tricolor
BMNH831713
China, Hainan, Mt. Wuzhishan
FJ973906
FJ973703
FJ973810
Missing
Chabria angulicollis
IBE-JGZ-00993
Malaysia, Pahang, Kuala Lipis env., Kg. Malaka env.
FJ973908
FJ973704
Missing
FJ977938
Chabria group
IBE-JGZ-00998
Indonesia, W Java, Puncak Pass,
FJ973909
FJ973706
FJ973812
FJ977940
Chabria nr angulicollis
BMNH704450
Malaysia, Pahang, Kuala Lipis env., Kg. Malaka
*AJ841469
*AJ841598
*AJ841351
*AM283189
Chabrisoma sp.
IBE-JGZ-01017
Philippines, Mindanao, Bagongsilang
FJ973910
FJ973707
Missing
FJ977941
Chaetocnema chlorophana
BMNH704451
Spain, Avila, Aveinte
*AJ841470
*AJ841599
Missing
*AM283190
Chalcoides fulvicornis
BMNH 673331
United Kingdom, Dinton Pastures boundary, SU7871
FJ973997
FJ973813
FJ973813
*DQ155758
Chrysolina femoralis
BMNH704372
Spain, Segovia, Cuellar
*AJ841421
*AJ841548
*AJ841305
*AM283121
Chrysomela mainensis
BMNH704374
Canada, Quebec, L'Outaouais, Quyon
*AJ841423
*AJ841550
*AJ841307
*AM283124
Clitea fulva
BMNH831386
China, Chongqing, Fengjie Yongfengzhen Yongle
FJ973911
FJ973708
FJ973814
FJ977942
Clitenella fulminans
BMNH835072
China, Shaxi,zhouzhi, Houzhenzhi
FJ973912
FJ973709
Missing
Missing
Cneorane femoralis
BMNH831710
China, Hainan, Mt. Diaoluoshan
FJ973913
FJ973710
FJ973815
FJ977943
Crepidodera pluta
BMNH831388
China, Longlang Montain
FJ973914
FJ973711
FJ973816
FJ977944
Decaria sp.
IBE-JGZ-01011
South Africa, Limpopo Prov., Rust de Winter Nature Reserve
FJ973915
FJ973712
FJ973817
FJ977945
Decertina sp.
BMNH835067
China, Shanxi, Zhouzhi Houzhengzi
FJ973916
FJ973713
FJ973818
FJ977946
Desmogramma ljunghi
BMNH704375
Brazil, Paraiba, Areia Branca
*AJ841424
*AJ841551
*AJ841308
*AM283125
Diacantha unifasciata
Unknow
Madagascar, Amparihibe
*AJ841485
*AJ841614
*AJ841366
Missing
Dibolia sp.
IBE-JGZ-00983
Spain, Murcia, Yecla
FJ973917
FJ973714
FJ973819
FJ977947
Diphaltica sp.
BMNH704453
France, Guiana, Tresor Mts., Camp Caiman
*AJ841471
*AJ841600
*AJ841352
*AM283191
Disonycha sp
BMNH704454
United States of America, Ohio, Pike Co., Jackson Lake
*AJ841472
*AJ841601
*AJ841353
*AM283192
5
Missing
Species
Disonycha xanthomelas
Vocher specimen
IBE-JGZ-00984
Locality
United States of America, WV, Mason Co., Bellmeade
SSU
FJ973918
LSU
FJ973715
rrnL
FJ973820
cox1
Doryphora sp.
BMNH704376
Brazil, Betania, Colombo
*AJ841425
*AJ841552
*AJ841309
*AM283126
Epitrix abeillei
BMNH831393
China, Beijing, Yuanmingyuan
FJ973919
FJ973716
Missing
FJ977948
Euphitrea wallacei
BMNH704455
Malaysia, Sabah, Batu Punggul env
*AJ841473
*AJ841602
*AJ841354
*AM283193
Exora obsoleta
BMNH704465
Costa Rica, Heredia, Selva Verde Lodge
*AJ841486
*AJ841615
*AJ841367
*AM283203
Exosoma lusitanicum
BMNH704466
Spain, Madrid, El Pardo
*AJ841487
*AJ841616
*AJ841368
*AM283204
Galeruca pomonae
BMNH704467
Spain, Ciudad Real, Embalse de Pearroya
*AJ841488
*AJ841617
*AJ841369
*AM283205
Galerucella pusilla
BMNH 673337
United Kingdom, London
FJ973920
FJ973717
Missing
*DQ155764
Galerucinae sp. 1
BMNH704477
South Africa, East Cape, Tsitsikamma Natl. Pk.
*AJ841500
AJ841629
*AJ841381
*AM283215
Galerucinae sp. 2
BMNH835065
China, Tibet, Linzhi, Motuo, Duoxionglashanyakou
FJ973921
FJ973719
Missing
FJ977949
Galerucinae sp. 3
BMNH835469
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
FJ973903
Missing
FJ973807
Missing
Galerucinae sp. 4
BMNH835472
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
FJ973922
FJ973718
FJ973821
FJ977950
Gallerucida bifasciata
BMNH835057
China, Taiwan, Kaosiung county Jongjhihguan
FJ973923
FJ973720
FJ973822
Missing
Gastrophysa viridula
BMNH676943
United Kingdom, W.Clare
FJ973924
FJ973721
FJ973823
*DQ156057
Glyptina cyanipennis
IBE-JGZ-00986
United States of America, OH, Ross Co., Chillicothe
FJ973925
Missing
FJ973824
FJ977951
Gonioctena olivacea
BMNH704377
United Kingdom, Surrey, Sunningdale, Chobbam Common
*AJ841426
*AJ841553
*AJ841310
*AM283127
Griva regularis
BMNH831395
China, Hubei, Shenlongjia Xinhua
FJ973926
FJ973722
FJ973825
FJ977952
Hecataeus sp.
BMNH704468
France, Guiana, S Cayenne
*AJ841489
*AJ841618
*AJ841370
*AM283206
Heikertingerella sp.
IBE-JGZ-00992
Brazil, Río de Janeiro, Corcovado
FJ973927
FJ973723
FJ973826
FJ977953
Hemipyxis plagioderoides
BMNH831397
China, Sichuan, Wolong
FJ973928
FJ973724
FJ973827
FJ977954
Hemistus sp.
BMNH704469
Malaysia, Sabah, Batu Punggul env.
*AJ841490
*AJ841619
*AJ841371
*AM283207
Hermaeophaga mercurialis
BMNH675568
SU3660 (No detailed information available)
FJ973929
FJ973725
FJ973828
FJ977955
Hespera lomasa
BMNH831408
China, Shanxi, Houzhenzi Zhi Shaliangzi
FJ973930
FJ973726
FJ973829
FJ977956
Hippuriphila modeeri
BMNH724209
United Kingdom, Queen Mary resevoir
FJ973931
FJ973727
Missing
Missing
Hoplasoma unicolor
BMNH835077
China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang
FJ973932
FJ973728
FJ973830
Missing
Hoplosaenidea subcostata
BMNH704470
Malaysia, Sabah, Batu Punggul env
*AJ841491
*AJ841620
*AJ841372
*AM283208
Hyphasis indica
BMNH831409
China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna
FJ973933
FJ973729
FJ973831
FJ977957
6
Missing
Species
Issikia dimidiaticornis
Vocher specimen
BMNH835075
Locality
China, Hainan, Mt. Wuzhishan
SSU
FJ973934
LSU
FJ973730
rrnL
Missing
cox1
Jacobyana sp.
BMNH835069
China, Guangdong, Chebaling
FJ973935
FJ973731
Missing
Missing
Jacobyanella hexaspilota
Unknown
Madagascar, Amparihibe
*AJ841492
*AJ841621
*AJ841373
Missing
Johannica gemellata
BMNH704378
Australia, Queensland
*AJ841427
*AJ841554
*AJ841311
*AM283128
Labidomera clivicollis
BMNH704379
Unknown
*AJ841428
*AJ841555
*AJ841312
*AM283129
Laboissierea sculpturata
BMNH831457
China, Hainan, Bawangling
FJ973936
FJ973732
FJ973832
FJ977959
Lactica sp.
BMNH831413
China, Guizhou, Mayanghe, Lijiaba
FJ973937
FJ973733
FJ973833
Missing
Lamprolina sp.
BMNH704380
Australia, Queensland, Brisbane
*AJ841429
*AJ841556
*AJ841313
*AM283130
Lanka ramakrishnai
BMNH835063
India, Kerala vellagani
FJ973938
FJ973734
FJ973834
Missing
Laotzeus sp.
BMNH831414
China, Yunnan, Gongshan Pulahekou
FJ973939
FJ973735
FJ973835
Missing
Larphris emarginata
BMNH831743
China, Zhejiang, Mt. Fengyangshan
FJ973940
FJ973736
FJ973836
FJ977960
Leptaulaca undecimpunctata
Unknown
Madagascar, Amparihibe
*AJ841493
*AJ841622
*AJ841374
Missing
Leptinotarsa juncta
BMNH704381
United States of America, West Virginia
*AJ841430
*AJ841557
*AJ841314
*AM283131
Linaeidea aenea
BMNH704382
Germany, Upper Bavaria, Benediktbeuern
*AJ781619
*AJ781682
*AJ781556
*AM283132
Lipromela decemmaculata
BMNH831429
China, Hainan, Diaoluoshan, Daxiagu
FJ973941
FJ973737
FJ973837
FJ977961
Lochmaea capreae
BMNH831691
United Kingdom, Anglesey
FJ973942
FJ973738
FJ973838
FJ977962
Longitarsus sp.
IBE-JGZ-01018
Philippines, Mindanao, New Bataan
FJ973943
FJ973739
FJ973839
Missing
Luperomorpha kurosawai
BMNH835061
China, Taiwan, Nantou County, Lei-ai village, sheep farm
FJ973944
FJ973740
FJ973840
FJ977963
Luperomorpha xanthodera
BMNH831425
China, Beijing, Yanqing, Taotiaogou
FJ973945
FJ973741
FJ973841
FJ977964
Lypnea pubipennis
BMNH831427
China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang
FJ973946
FJ973742
FJ973842
FJ977965
Lythraria salicariae
BMNH831689
United Kingdom, Cambridge
FJ973947
FJ973743
Missing
Missing
Macrima sp.
BMNH835074
China, Xizang, Hanmi, Tongmai
FJ973948
FJ973744
FJ973843
Missing
Macrohaltica subplicata
BMNH704457
United States of America, Ohio, Pike Co, Jackson Lake
*AJ841476
*AJ841605
*AJ841357
*AM283195
Manobia sp.
IBE-JGZ-01002
Malaysia, Pahang, Tanah Rata, Gn Jasar
FJ973949
FJ973745
FJ973844
FJ977966
Meristoides grandipennis
BMNH835071
China, Hainan Sanjiang
FJ973950
FJ973746
Missing
Missing
Mimastra limbata
BMNH835082
China, Guizhou, Mayanghe
FJ973951
FJ973747
Missing
FJ977967
Monolepta nigripes
BMNH704471
Malaysia, Sabah, Keningan env, Taman Bandukan
*AJ841494
*AJ841623
*AJ841375
*AM283209
Monoplatus group 1
BMNH835473
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
FJ973952
FJ973748
FJ973845
Missing
7
FJ977958
Species
Monoplatus group 2
Vocher specimen
BMNH835474
Locality
Ecuador (Pichincha), Bellavista Cloudforest Reserve
SSU
FJ973953
LSU
FJ973749
rrnL
FJ973846
cox1
Morphosphaera sp.
BMNH831711
China, Hainan, Mt.Diaoluoshan
FJ973954
Missing
Missing
Missing
Nisotra gemmella
BMNH831430
China, Yunnan, Xiangshuangbanna
FJ973955
FJ973750
FJ973847
FJ977968
Nonarthra pulchrum
BMNH831433
China, Guangxi, Rongan Xian Linchang
FJ973956
FJ973751
FJ973848
FJ977969
Nonarthra sp. 1
IBE-JGZ-00996
Malaysia, Sabah, ca. 25km SE Sapulut, Batu Punggul env.
FJ973960
FJ973755
FJ973851
Missing
Nonarthra sp. 2
BMNH831434
China, Yunnan, Dali Cangshan
FJ973957
FJ973752
FJ973849
FJ977970
Nonarthra sp. 3
BMNH831435
China, Yunnan, Dali Cangshan
FJ973958
FJ973753
FJ973850
FJ977971
Nonarthra sp. 4
BMNH831436
China, Sichuan, Luding Hailuogou
FJ973959
FJ973754
Missing
FJ977972
Oedionychus cinctus
IBE-JGZ-00978
Spain, Cuenca, 2 km N Tragacete
FJ973962
FJ973757
FJ973853
FJ977974
Oedionychus group
BMNH831669
Madagascar, Zahamena National Park, Analamaintsoa Forest
FJ973961
FJ973756
FJ973852
FJ977973
Oides tarsata
BMNH831737
China, Guizhou, Mayanghe
FJ973963
FJ973758
Missing
Missing
Omophoita sp.
BMNH704458
France, Guiana,S Cayenne
*AJ841478
*AJ841607
*AJ841359
*AM283196
Ophraella sp.
BMNH704472
United States of America, Ohio, Pike Co, Jackson Lake
*AJ841495
*AJ841624
*AJ841376
*AM283210
Ophrida scaphoides
BMNH831437
China, Hainan, Bawangling Donger Linchang
FJ973964
FJ973759
FJ973854
FJ977975
Oreina cacaliae
BMNH704383
Germany, Bavaria, Oberammergau, Lain Valley
*AJ841431
*AJ841558
*AJ841315
*AM283133
Orthocrepis hanoiensis
BDF-2000
Unknown
*AF267445
Missing
Missing
Missing
Paragetocera flavipes
BMNH831726
China, Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Huoditang
FJ973965
FJ973760
FJ973855
FJ977976
Parathrylea septempunctata
BMNH831438
China, Guangxi, Xingan Maoer Shan Tiziling
FJ973966
FJ973761
FJ973856
FJ977977
Paropsis maculata
BMNH704384
Australia, Queensland, Brisbane, Mt. Coottha
*AJ841432
*AJ841559
*AJ841316
*AM283134
Pentamesa group
IBE-JGZ-00997
Malaysia, Sabah, ca. 25km SE Sapulut, Batu Punggul env.
FJ973907
FJ973705
FJ973811
FJ977939
Pentamesa nigrifasciata
BMNH831439
China, Sichuan, Siguniangshan
FJ973967
FJ973762
FJ973857
FJ977979
Periclitena vigorsi
BMNH831740
China, Yunnan, Kunming, Mt. Xishan
FJ973968
FJ973763
FJ973858
FJ977978
Phaedon armoraciae
BMNH704385
United Kingdom, Surrey, Dorking, Ranmore Common
*AJ841433
*AJ841560
*AJ841317
*AM283135
Philopona pseudomouhoti
BMNH831441
China, Hainan, Tianchi
FJ973969
FJ973764
FJ973859
FJ977980
Phratora laticollis
BMNH704386
United Kingdom, London, Natural History Museum
*AJ841434
*AJ841561
*AJ841318
*AM283136
Phygasia fulvipennis
BMNH831444
China, Beijing, Yuanmingyuan
FJ973970
FJ973765
FJ973860
FJ977981
Phyllotreta striolata
BMNH831450
China, Hainan Yinggen
FJ973971
FJ973766
FJ973861
FJ977982
Physoma sp.
BMNH831675
Madagascar, Ampasy
FJ973972
FJ973767
FJ973862
FJ977983
8
Missing
Species
Plagiodera versicolora
Vocher specimen
BMNH704387
Locality
Canada, Ontario, Lanark Co, Almonte
SSU
*AJ841435
LSU
*AJ841562
rrnL
*AJ841319
cox1
Podagrica malvae
BMNH704460
Unknown
*AJ841480
*AJ841609
*AJ841361
Missing
Podagricomela shirahtai
BMNH831451
China, Gansu, Wudu Dongjiang Wanggou chun
FJ973973
FJ973768
FJ973863
FJ977984
Podontia lutea
BMNH831454
China, Guangxi, Rongshui Yuanbaoshan
FJ973974
FJ973769
Missing
FJ977985
Prasocuris distincta
BMNH704388
Tunisia, Beja-Teboursouk Oued
*AJ841436
*AJ841563
*AJ841320
*AM283138
Proseicela bivittata
BMNH704389
France, Guiana, Cayenne Harbour, Mt. Rorota
*AJ841437
*AJ841564
Missing
*AM283139
Pseudodera sp.
BMNH831455
China, Yunnan, Weixi lidiping
FJ973975
FJ973770
FJ973864
FJ977986
Psylliodes brettinghami
IBE-JGZ-01023
Nouvelle Caledonie, Prov. Nord, Col des Roussettes
FJ973976
FJ973771
FJ973865
FJ977987
Pyrrhalta rufosanguinea
BMNH704473
Unknown
*AJ841496
*AJ841625
*AJ841377
*AM283211
Sermylassa halensis
BMNH831690
United Kingdom, Tide Mills, Newhaven
FJ973978
FJ973773
FJ973867
FJ977988
Sermyloides inornata
BMNH831707
China, Hainan, Bawangling
FJ973977
FJ973772
FJ973866
Missing
Sinocrepis fulva
BMNH835060
China, Taiwan, Pingtung County Eluanbi Park
FJ973979
FJ973774
Missing
FJ977989
Sinoluperus subcostatus
BMNH831712
China, Hainan, Mt. Wuzhishan
FJ973980
FJ973775
FJ973868
FJ977990
Sphaeratrix sp.
BMNH704390
South Africa, Kruger Park, Punda Maria
*AJ841438
*AJ841565
*AJ841321
Missing
Sphaeroderma sp.
BMNH828164
China, Hainan, Bawangling
FJ973981
FJ973776
FJ973869
FJ977991
Sphaerometopa sp.
IBE-JGZ-0994
FJ973982
FJ973777
FJ973870
Missing
Sphenoraia bicolor
BMNH704475
*AJ841498
*AJ841627
*AJ841379
*AM283213
Stenoluperus sp.
BMNH831453
Malaysia, Sabah, Crocker Range, Tenom env., Kalang
waterfall
India, Chattisgarh, Durg, Bhilai Steel Township, Sector 8
Park
China, Zhejiang, Xitianmu shan
FJ973983
FJ973778
FJ973871
FJ977992
Sutrea sp.
IBE-JGZ-01016
Philippines, Sibuyan Isl., San Fernando
FJ973984
FJ973779
FJ973872
FJ977993
Syphraea sp
IBE-JGZ-00990
France Guyana, 30 km S Cayenne, Crossroad N1-D5
FJ973985
FJ973780
FJ973873
FJ977994
Systena blanda
IBE-JGZ-00981
United States of America, OH,Wood Co., Pemberville
FJ973986
FJ973781
FJ973874
FJ977995
Taiwanhespera sasajii
BMNH835056
FJ973987
FJ973782
FJ973875
Missing
Tegyrius keralaensis
BMNH835064
China, Taiwan, Nantou County, Rueiyan River Major
Wildlife Habitat Trail
India, Kerala vellagani
FJ973988
FJ973783
FJ973876
Missing
Timarcha cerdo
BMNH704397
Waldport, Oregon
*AJ622054
*AJ841572
*AJ278898
*AM283146
Trachyaphthona bidentata
BMNH831694
China, Yunnan, Lijiang Yulong Snow Montain
FJ973989
FJ973784
FJ973877
FJ977996
Trachymela sp.
BMNH704391
Australia, Queensland, Brisbane, McGregor Park
*AJ841439
*AJ841566
*AJ841322
*AM283141
9
*AM283137
SSU
*AJ841499
LSU
*AJ841628
rrnL
*AJ841380
cox1
IBE-JGZ-00991
Locality
United States of America, Ohio, Lucas Co, Maumee Bay St.
Park
Brazil, Florianópolis
FJ973996
FJ973791
FJ973884
FJ978000
BMNH704392
Mexico, Guerrero, Mezcala Bridge overlook
*AJ841440
*AJ841567
*AJ841323
*AM283142
Species
Trirhabda virgata
Vocher specimen
BMNH704476
Wanderbiltiana sp.
Zygogramma clathrata
*Sequences from GenBank.
10
*AM283214
Table S4. Nucleotide substitution model chosen by MrModeltest 2.0.
-lnL
CD
SSU
LSU
rrnL
cox1
cox1_1
cox1_2
cox1_3
70040.91
9300.91
4830.30
17391.52
33142.64
6996.05
2956.90
21694.60
Base frequency
Substitute model Rate matrix
A
C
G
A-C
A-G
A-T
C-G
C-T
0.34
0.24
0.28
0.45
0.45
0.38
0.22
0.46
0.14
0.23
0.26
0.02
0.11
0.15
0.23
0.10
0.16
0.27
0.20
0.06
0.04
0.12
0.12
0.03
1.82
1.32
1.36
0.95
0.70
0.97
2.24
0.00
7.48
2.91
11.17
6.15
7.22
4.68
7.72
16.27
7.28
1.90
3.02
1.43
0.59
1.28
4.24
0.05
1.45
0.31
0.41
1.47
4.24
0.08
7.97
0.00
16.39
9.48
5.96
3.50
11.09
10.50
4.39
9.69
Pinvar
Shape
0.63
0.72
0.68
0.27
0.38
0.49
0.62
0.01
0.57
0.40
0.51
0.59
0.42
0.70
0.45
0.51
-lnL, log likelihood scores; Pinvar, proportion of invariable sites; Shape, gamma distribution shape parameter; CD, combined matrix; cox1_1,
cox1_2, cox1_3, first, second and third coding position of cox1.
11
Table S5. Summary of the Beast analysis for the age of important nodes
Acrocrypta
Alticinae
Mean
24.1699
58.5418
Stderr of mean
0.4882
Median
Chrysomelinae
Galerucinae
Hespera group
61.9997
53.3553
26.2458
0.1717
0.2496
0.1124
25.1161
58.5283
61.9465
Geometric mean
23.218
58.4316
95% HPD lower
10.7582
95% HPD upper
Nonarthra
group
Oedionychus
group
18.2578
21.0176
39.4722
0.2137
0.151
0.1621
0.232
53.3175
26.144
18.0369
20.8097
39.422
61.823
53.2578
25.9382
17.9164
20.6934
39.2667
51.6079
52.6299
47.2622
18.4893
11.7015
14.1109
31.8069
34.4076
65.6046
71.0668
59.9038
33.9253
25.2616
28.2077
47.7022
Auto-correlation time (ACT)
2.185E5
82487.52
1.0283E5
43831.4672
1.0323E5
66067.4015
69456.381
1.2009E5
Effective sample size (ESS)
165.2586
436.4418
350.096
821.3506
348.7386
544.9132
518.3253
299.7731
12
Luperomorpha
group
Table S6. Slowinsky-Guyer test of imbalance of the net diversification rate of sister clades
1
2
3
4
SlowinskyGuyer test
0.667
0.462
0.007
0.32
Sister clade
Described number of species
A: Galerucinae
6000
B: Chrysomelinae
3000
A: Alticinae
10000
B: Chrysomelinae
3000
A: Chrysomelinae, Eumolpinae, Cryptocephalinae,
Galerucinae, Alticinae, Lamprosomatinae
B: Sagrinae
22680
A: Galerucinae, Alticinae
16000
B: Chrysomelinnae
3000
13
74
Table S7. Absolute diversification rates and 95% confidence intervals of expected diversity of
Chrysomelinae at different ages
ε
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
r (ε=0)
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
K(Upper)
5.9635076
12.4706686
24.6865193
47.9077111
92.1548474
176.51346
337.368857
644.100245
1229.00509
2344.36084
4471.2357
8526.97986
16260.8913
31008.7116
59131.3774
112758.579
215020.462
410023.974
781876.796
K(Lower)
1.03406594
1.0787264
1.16256718
1.3219407
1.62562113
2.2045978
3.30859323
5.41377625
9.42814122
17.0831387
31.6804737
59.5161765
112.596166
213.814568
406.828263
774.886697
1476.7385
2815.10196
5367.23154
ε
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
14
t
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
r(ε=0.9)
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.092
K Upper
24.3408523
58.4980585
112.56872
198.208736
333.862331
548.742312
889.122062
1428.30053
2282.38681
3635.30366
5778.39419
9173.16102
14550.6483
23068.868
36562.1714
57936.2662
91793.945
145426.27
230382.665
K Lower
1.16019478
1.3946252
1.76572722
2.35349853
3.28452697
4.75930817
7.09542928
10.7959614
16.6577937
25.9432391
40.6518668
63.9510979
100.858292
159.321209
251.929511
398.625882
631.000569
999.094168
1582.17359
Table S8. Number of known species and estimated age of main subfamilies in Chrysomelidae
Subfamilies
Number of species
Age
Synetinae
Spilopyrinae
Sagrinae
Donaciinae
Lamprosomatinae
Bruchinae
Criocerinae
Chrysomelinae
Eumolpinae
Cryptocephalinae
Cassidinae
Galerucinae
Alticinae
Galerucinae+Alticinae
10
20
74
160
190
1500
1500
3000
3500
4000
5500
6000
10000
16000
53
53
53
67
65
53
53
62
58
50
50
53
58.5
59
Figure. S1. Enlarged metafemoral springs from Fig. 1 of main text.
SI References
Hunt, T., Bergsten, J., Levkanicova, Z., Papadopoulou. A., John, O. S., Wild, R., Hammond, P. M.,
Ahrens, D., Balke, M., Caterino, M. S. et al. 2007 A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles
reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science, 318, 1913-1916.
Monaghan, M. T., Inward, D. J. G., Hunt, T. & Vogler, A. P. 2007 A molecular phylogenetic
analysis of the Scarabaeinae (dung beetles). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45, 674-692.
Shull, V. L., Vogler, A. P., Baker, M. D., Maddison, D. R. & Hammond, P. M. 2001 Sequence
alignment of 18S ribosomal RNA and the basal relationships of Adephagan beetles:
Evidence for monophyly of aquatic families and the placement of Trachypachidae. Syst. Biol.
50, 945-969.
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. 1994 Evolution, weighting,
and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene-sequences and a compilation of conserved
polymerase chain-reaction primers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 87, 651-701.
15