Fractal Antennas
Antenna design is a very tricky problem. Common designs are sensitive to only a narrow range
of frequencies, and are not efficient if they are smaller than a quarter of the wavelength. This is a
problem for small, portable antennas, such as those on cellular phones.
Fractal antenna designs (see Hohlfeld and Cohen) can overcome some of these problems.
Experiments have shown that antennas built with only a small number of iterations of a fractal
process can exhibit sensitivity at several frequencies. As the number of iterations increases, the
lowest frequency of the antenna gets lower, and additional higher frequencies are added. Also,
fractal antennas can operate efficiently at one-quarter the size of more traditional designs.
Properly harnessed, these features represent real advantages. Several companies already are
using fractals for compact, multifrequency antennas in cellular phones and military
communications hardware. Fractal Antenna Systems, http://www.fractenna.com, a company
founded by Nathan Cohen, has built a Sierpinski carpet cellular phone antenna fitting inside the
body of the phone, and the multifrequency aspect of the antenna will allow GPS to be
incorporated in the phone. Other applications include compact, multifrequency wireless LAN
and maritime antennas. Several Fractal Antenna System designs are shown below.
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Fractus Technology
Overview
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Overview
Patents
Fractal Antenna Technology
Fractus applies the space-filling and multiple-scale properties of fractal geometries to the
development of fractal antennas for mobile telecommunications devices and infrastructure. This
enables Fractus to produce maximum antenna performance with minimum antenna space.
The key benefits of fractal antenna technology are:
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Reduced antenna size
Multi-band functionality
Improved antenna performance
Robust communications links are achieved with fractal-shaped antennas by not only using
repeating and self-similar shapes, but also with irregular shapes that may not be immediately
recognised as fractal.
Fractal antenna technology is geometry-based, not material based. Therefore, fractal antennas are
manufactured from standard materials and substrates, using standard processes. OEMs, ODMs
and CEMs are able to take advantage of maximum flexibility and cost-effectiveness, from design
through to final assembly, with no need to change processes or deal with special materials to
produce Fractus fractal antennas.
Fractus pioneered the use of fractal antenna design and development, and employs an
experienced and highly qualified team of antenna design engineers committed to continual
development of Fractus' fractal antenna technology and to customer service and support. R&D
plays an integral role at Fractus. This way, Fractus ensures that new products have the right
fractal antenna at the right price and the right time.
Fractus commitment to fractal antenna R&D resulted, in 2006, in the announcement of the first
fractal based antenna integrated into a semiconductor package, enabling true Antenna-inPackage technology for the first time.
Fractals
Fractals are patterns that feature geometric
elements at ever smaller scales to produce both
self-similar and irregular shapes and surfaces.
Fractal shapes are often self-similar (segments look
like each other and like the whole object) and
independent of scale (they look similar, no matter
how close you zoom in).
Fractals found in naturally occurring phenomena
such as lightning and snowflakes, take fractal
forms because they provide structural efficiency.
Plants like ferns and capillary patterns in skin have
evolved fractal forms because they effectively
exploit all the available space to maximize their
functions.
Fractal properties are defined by the underlying mathematics however, not by perceived shapes,
and fractals can define much less formal geometries including shorelines and irregular shaped
fractal antennas.
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