11th LPR Network seminar,
Tallinn, September 18, 2014
Use of Parental leave policies in
the Russian Federation
Oxana Sinyavskaya,
High School of Economics (Moscow)
[email protected]
11th LPR Network seminar
Maternity and parental leaves in Russia
Minimum differentiated
by birth order – 2007+
100% wage
Maternity leave
10 weeks
10 weeks
Childbirth
40% wage
Paid Parental leave
Child 1.5 years old
Extended to not employed
women from 2007
11th LPR Network seminar
Unpaid Parental leave
Child 3 years old
Formal childcare coverage by child’s age
Coverage of children by preschool institutions 9kindergartens)
100
90
80
Unpaid
leave
70
60
50
Paid leave
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
urban
2010 Census data
4
rural
11th LPR Network seminar
5
6
Minimum and maximum parental leave benefits
as a percentage of average wage and children
subsistence minimum
70
60
90
% of
average
wage
66
84.8
77.2
80
77.1
77.6
59
40
38
40
30
20
10
70
% of child subsistence minimum
44
71.6
70.1
55
53
50
76.6
60
50
42.4
38.6
40
38.6
38.8
38.3
35
35.8
30
20
6
0
10
0
2007
min 1st child
min 2nd child
max
11th LPR Network seminar
Rosstat data
2008
2009
for the 1st child
2010
2011
2012
for the 2nd+ child
2013
Average monthly benefits to care for children
below 18 months, 2012
RUB
EURO
In % to
children
subsistence
minimum
for the 1st child
6092
148.6
97.3
22.9
for the 2nd+ child
6477
158.0
103.5
24.3
for the 1st child
2326
56.7
37.2
8.7
for the 2nd+ child
4652
113.5
74.3
17.5
Average size of monthly benefits for care for a child
under 18 months
In % to
average
wage
to insured women (paid parental leave benefits)
to not insured women
Social Insurance Fund data
11th LPR Network seminar
Use of leaves – data problems
• Very limited statistical information
– Social Insurance Fund data are not often reliable
• A small number of observations in a limited number
of sociological surveys
– Russian Generations and Gender Survey, wave 3, 2011
(N=11,174)
– Sample of female respondents 17-44 years old with
biological and adopted children from 0 to 35 months in
the household (N=374)
– Examples from other data (source is indicated)
11th LPR Network seminar
Duration of leave after the 1st birth
1965-1990
1991-2005
Per cent of all women who had one child
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
none
EES 2005
0-3 months
4-12 months
13-18 months
11th LPR Network seminar
19-36 months
36+ months
Number of monthly benefits for care for a child
under 18 months
2009
2010
2011
2012
1 761 687
1 788 948
1 796 629
1 902 084
Number of lump-sum birth grants paid:
1 579 007
1 678 957
1 731 188
incl.: to employed women
1 157 920
1 248 041
1 277 993
421 087
430 916
453 195
3 629 560
3 823 090
3 870 726
1 107 662
1 180 634
1 167 794
925 811
1 041 967
1 107 852
Number of births
to not employed women
Number of monthly benefits for care for
a child under 18 months:
incl.: to insured women (paid parental leave benefits)
for the 1st child
for the 2nd+ child
1 595 080
to not insured women
for the 1st child
820 018
789 014
for the 2nd+ child
776 069
811 475
11th LPR Network seminar
Rosstat data, based on SIF
Proportion of “paid parental leaves” in total
number of benefits for care for a child under 18
months
61
60
59
58
57
1st child
56
59.9
55
54
2nd+ child
57.5
56.2
53
54.4
52
51
2,010
2,011
11th LPR Network seminar
Author’s calculation based on
Potential availability of certain statutory
arrangements related to childbirth, by type of
contract, 2007-2011
Does your job provide access to … ?
Statutory arrangements
Type of contract
maternity
leave
parental
leave
both
sick leaves
85.3
82.5
82.3
86.5
permanent labor contracts
91.9
88.9
88.7
92.8
temporary labor contract or subcontract
73.5
70.1
69.3
74.6
verbal agreement
19.6
20.3
19.6
24.1
Private firm / person
71.8
67.7
67.2
73.6
Public
98.4
97.1
97.0
98.9
Mixed
95.4
91.2
91.2
95.4
Total
81.1
78.4
78.2
82.2
Employees,
- by the type of contract:
- by firm ownership:
GGS 2007-2011 (from:
Sinyavskaya, Billingsley 2014)
11th LPR Network seminar
Female activity status by the age of the
youngest child, 2011
46.0
Age of the youngest child, months
24-35
28.0
17.1
18-23
55.3
student
employed
7.4
12-17
67.9
on leave
unemploye
6-11
9.7
0-5
1.8
0%
OLF
72.6
67.3
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
11th LPR Network seminar
GGS, 2011
70%
80%
90%
100%
Proportion of women reported being on leave
or receiving leave benefits by the age of the
youngest child, 2011
90
78.3
80
70
57.5
60
47.5
50
%
41.4
40
0-18
32.6
30
23.5
20
14.6
10
9.6
0
On maternity leave On paid parental leave Got maternity leave
Got parental leave
benefits during last 12 benefits during last 12
months
months
11th LPR Network seminar
GGS, 2011
0-36
Conclusions
• Coverage – almost universal (at the expense of
extending coverage to not employed)
• The biggest problem – level of compensation
• Potential availability of parental leaves – no effect
on fertility intentions (due to the size?) (Sinyavskaya,
Billingsley 2011)
• However, using of leaves (not too long) has positive
effect on both subsequent fertility and return to
employment (Gerber, Perelli-Harris 2012)
11th LPR Network seminar